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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1962. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-64).

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Jim Nelssen / A thorough literature review on feeding vitamin D₃ and 25(OH)D₃ revealed a large amount of research conducted in swine and poultry. In general, increasing vitamin D₃ concentrations or adding 25(OH)D₃ to the maternal diet increases the vitamin D₃ status of the dam and often the progeny as well. Varying results have been reported on the practical and valuable impacts of this elevated status with some topics including improved sow performance, changes in muscle fiber morphometrics, and growth performance to market. The first experiment used a total of 69 sows and the progeny from one group of 22 sows to determine the effects of feeding a combination of vitamin D₃ and 25(OH)D₃ to the sow. Differences in sow productivity and growth performance of progeny due to dietary treatment were not observed (P > 0.05). When pigs were sacrificed at birth, there were no treatment effects for all fiber morphometric measures (P > 0.170), except primary fiber number and the ratio of secondary to primary muscle fibers (P < 0.014). Pigs from the CON and DL fed sows had less primary fibers than pigs from sows fed the DH treatment (P < 0.046), but did not differ from each other (P = 0.732). These results suggest progeny went through a longer prenatal period of primary myogenesis which delayed the onset of secondary myogenesis. Pigs from DL fed sows had a smaller secondary to primary muscle fiber ratio compared to pigs from sows fed the CON treatment (P = 0.016), with pigs from sows fed DL treatment not differing from either (P > 0.057). There were treatment x time interactions for all sow and pig serum metabolites (P < 0.001). Therefore, we chose to compare treatment means within time period. At all time periods, sow serum 25(OH)D₃ concentrations differed for all treatments with the magnitude of difference largest at weaning (P < 0.011). The second and third experiment investigated the impact of adding benzoic acid and an essential oil blend to diets and creep feed. When these additives were included in growing pig diets in a 28-d trial, a main effect of time (P < 0.001) was detected where there was no evidence of difference during the first 3 weeks for ADG and G:F, however both responses decreased during the final week of the experiment (P < 0.001) and average pen BW increased (P < 0.001) for all time points. There was a treatment x time interaction (P = 0.003) for ADFI where during the first 3 weeks, there was no evidence of difference due to dietary treatment, but during the final week of the study, pigs consumed more (P = 0.007) of the control diet (2.38 kg/d control vs. 2.24 kg/d benzoic acid paired and essential oil blend). Fecal samples collected provided no evidence of differences (P > 0.05) in fecal pathogens due to dietary treatment. When these additives were included in the maternal diet and in the creep feed, they did not (P > 0.05) affect sow performance or preweaned piglet performance. Fecal swabbing of pigs the day before weaning showed they did not eat the creep feed and, therefore, no (P > 0.05) improvements in growth performance were observed in the nursery. In conclusion, adding benzoic acid and an essential oil blend to diets and creep feed did not affect growth performance and combining vitamin D₃ and 25(OH)D₃ in the maternal diet improved the vitamin D₃ status of the dam and progeny and increased primary muscle fibers at birth.

No / The formation of crystalline molecular complexes of benzoic acid and isonicotinamide with 1:1 and 2:1 compositions has been investigated through solution cocrystallization. The 1:1 complex was solely obtained from ethanol solutions, while either complex could be grown from aqueous and methanol solution by variation of the initial composition. The crystal structures of the 2:1 complex and a monohydrate of isonicotinamide were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The intermolecular interactions in the crystal structure of the complex were compared with other published carboxylic acid:isonicotinamide molecular complexes, which highlights the robust nature of the acid · · · pyridine and acid · · · amide hydrogen bond, which exist in most cases. Complementary computational studies into the binding of pairs of these molecules by ab initio calculations were found to support the experimental observations and highlight the role of solvent in controlling the final crystalline form for multicomponent systems, through altering the hierarchy of intermolecular interactions.

A tomografia computadorizada (CT) representa a maior fonte de exposição aos raios X médicos e seu uso continua crescendo rapidamente, devido aos aparelhos de última geração com alta resolução de contraste. Uma avaliação dos parâmetros que influenciam a dose absorvida na tomografia asseguram o controle de qualidade e aceitação do equipamento. Os protocolos de CT utilizam câmara de ionização e filme radiográfico para esta avaliação e pela primeira vez, neste trabalho, o dosímetro químico Fricke Benzóico Xilenol Gel (FBXG) foi utilizado. Este dosímetro ao ser irradiado, produz um complexo colorido (Fe^{+3}-AX) possível de ser medido através de técnicas ópticas, acústicas e de ressonância magnética. A leitura do filme e FBXG por fotografia, também foi empregada pela primeira vez neste trabalho indicando ser adequada. Da utilização do FBXG para avaliação do CT, foi possível obter os parâmetros de espessura de corte, homogeneidade de campo e curvas de isodose, além da promissora indicação dos índices de dose em tomografia. / Computed tomography now represents the single largest source of medical exposure and its use is increasing rapidly, because of new generation units and hight contrast image. The acceptance and quality control tests of this equipment can be inferred through some parameters that influence the absorbed dose, such as axial and transaxial dose profile and CT dose indexes. Although ionization chamber and radiographic films are indicated by protocols for these evaluations, in this present work, beside this two dosimeters, we use the chemical dosimeter Fricke Benzoic Xylenol Gel (FBXG). This dosimeter when irradiated produces a colored complex (Fe^{+3}-XO), that in this work was measured photographically to obtain the parameters, once this technique as well the FBXG are linearly dependent on the absorbed dose. This reading technique was adequate to obtain the calibration curve, the axial and transaxial dose profile for the FBXG, besides to let us visualize the future acquiring of tomographic dose indexes.

Um experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes alternativas nutricionais no controle de diarréia de leitões. Foram utilizados 128 leitões de uma linhagem comercial, desmamados com idade média de 21 dias, sendo metade de cada sexo. Os leitões foram distribuídos em 32 baias, sendo cada unidade experimental composta por quatro leitões. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com os animais distribuídos em oito tratamentos e quatro repetições de quatro animais (dois machos e duas fêmeas). Tratamentos: T1 - alto calcário, sem óxido de zinco, sem ácido benzóico; T2 - alto calcário, com óxido zinco, sem ácido benzóico; T3 - baixo calcário, sem óxido de zinco, sem ácido benzóico; T4 - baixo calcário, com óxido zinco, sem ácido benzóico; T5 - alto calcário, sem óxido zinco, com ácido benzóico; T6 - alto calcário, com óxido de zinco, com ácido benzóico; T7 - baixo calcário, sem óxido de zinco, com ácido benzóico; T8 - baixo calcário, com óxido de zinco, com ácido benzóico. As dietas foram fornecidas em dois períodos: de 1 a 14 dias pós-desmame (Fase I) e de 15 a 28 dias pós-desmame (Fase II). A partir do 29º dia os animais receberam uma mesma dieta até os 70 dias de idade. As características zootécnicas avaliadas foram: o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração, índice de conversão alimentar e a incidência de diarréia. Além disso, foram avaliadas a altura das vilosidades do duodeno, a profundidade das criptas e a relação altura de vilosidades/profundidade de cripta. Ao final do experimento, foi coletada a tíbia para a avaliação da densidade óssea. O óxido de zinco diminuiu a incidência de diarréia e foi mais eficiente em melhorar o GPMD e o CRMD de 1 a 14 dias pós-desmame. O ácido benzóico associado ao baixo calcário melhorou o GPMD de 15 a 28 dias pós-desmame e teve efeito positivo na morfologia duodenal. A diminuição do nível de calcário não prejudicou a densidade mineral óssea dos animais. / One trial was conducted to evaluate different nutritional alternatives for diarrhea control in weanling piglets. One hundred twenty eight piglets (half male and half female) were weaned with approximately 21 days of age. The piglets were distributed in 32 pens and each one was an experimental unit with four piglets. In a block design, the animals were distributed in eight treatments and four replications with four animals each (two male and two female). Treatments: T1 - high limestone, without zinc oxide and benzoic acid; T2 - high limestone, with zinc oxide and without benzoic acid; T3 - low limestone, without zinc oxide and benzoic acid; T4 - low limestone, with zinc oxide and without benzoic acid; T5 - high limestone, without zinc oxide and with benzoic acid; T6 - high limestone, with zinc oxide and benzoic acid; T7 - low limestone, without zinc oxide and with benzoic acid; T8 - low limestone, with zinc oxide and benzoic acid. The diets were given in two periods: d 1 - 14 postweaning (Phase I) and d 15 - 28 postweaning (Phase II). The animals were fed with common diet from d 29 until 70 days of age. Parameters evaluated were: body weight gain, fed conversion, and diarrhea incidence. In addition, duodenum\'s villus height, crypt depth, and villus height/crypt depth were evaluated. At the end of time trial, tibia was collected for bone density analyze. Zinc oxide reduced diarrhea incidence and improved GDW and DC from d 1 - 14 postweaning. Benzoic acid with low limestone level improved GDW from d 15 - 28 postweaning and duodenal morphology was affected positively. The lower level of limestone did not affect mineral bone density of the animals.

Abstract not available

The aim of the present investigation is to increase theunderstanding of the role played by the solvent in inhibitingor enhancing crystal growth. Drowning-out crystallizationexperiments has been performed by the controlled addition ofwater or ethanol water mixtures to a saturated solution ofbenzoic acid in ethanol-water mixtures. Crystal habitcontrolling factors have been identified.Seededcrystallization experiments have been carried out to evaluatethe effect of solvent composition on crystal habit at constantsupersaturation. The solubility of benzoic acid inethanol-water mixtures at the working temperatures has beendetermined. Electro-zone sensing determinations and microscopicmeasurements are used to characterize the final crystallineproduct. It has been found that the shape of the benzoic acidcrystals grown from ethanol-water solutions ranges from needlesto platelets. Platy particles possess a predominant basal plane(001), bound by (010) and (100) faces, while needles aredeveloped along the b-axis. Long needle-shaped particles havebeen produced at low initial bulk concentration and highethanol concentration in the feed. Small platelets are obtainedat high initial bulk concentrations and high waterconcentration in the feed. The effect of solvent composition on the growth rate hasbeen evaluated at constant supersaturation. Seed crystals arecharacterized by image analysis measurement both before andafter each experiment. Length and width dimensions have beenmeasured on the particle silhouette. The growth rate, thesolid-liquid interfacial energy and the surface entropy factorfor the (010) faces (length dimension) and (100) faces (widthdimension) have been estimated. The interfacial energy andsurface entropy factor decreases in the direction of increasingethanol concentration due to increasing solubility. The results suggest that at low ethanol concentration(xEtOH&lt;60%) growth proceeds by screw dislocation mechanism,and adsorption of ethanol molecules may reduce the growth rate.As the ethanol concentration increases above a critical value(xEtOH ≥60%), the growth mechanism shifts to surfacenucleation and the growth rate increases with increasingethanol concentration. It has been suggested that the observedeffect of the solvent composition on crystal habit is theresult of two conflicting effects here referred as the kineticand interfacial energy effects. High interactions of the pairethanol-benzoic acid seem to be responsible of the growthretardation (kinetic effect) exerted by the solvent. On theother hand, increased ethanol concentration leads to reduceinterfacial energy and increasing surface nucleation whichmight contribute to enhance growth kinetics. <b>Keywords:</b>drowning-out crystallisation, solventcomposition, benzoic acid, solubility, crystal growth,interfacial energy, surface entropy factor, growth mechanism,crystal shape distribution.

<p>The aim of the present investigation is to increase theunderstanding of the role played by the solvent in inhibitingor enhancing crystal growth. Drowning-out crystallizationexperiments has been performed by the controlled addition ofwater or ethanol water mixtures to a saturated solution ofbenzoic acid in ethanol-water mixtures. Crystal habitcontrolling factors have been identified.Seededcrystallization experiments have been carried out to evaluatethe effect of solvent composition on crystal habit at constantsupersaturation. The solubility of benzoic acid inethanol-water mixtures at the working temperatures has beendetermined.</p><p>Electro-zone sensing determinations and microscopicmeasurements are used to characterize the final crystallineproduct. It has been found that the shape of the benzoic acidcrystals grown from ethanol-water solutions ranges from needlesto platelets. Platy particles possess a predominant basal plane(001), bound by (010) and (100) faces, while needles aredeveloped along the b-axis. Long needle-shaped particles havebeen produced at low initial bulk concentration and highethanol concentration in the feed. Small platelets are obtainedat high initial bulk concentrations and high waterconcentration in the feed.</p><p>The effect of solvent composition on the growth rate hasbeen evaluated at constant supersaturation. Seed crystals arecharacterized by image analysis measurement both before andafter each experiment. Length and width dimensions have beenmeasured on the particle silhouette. The growth rate, thesolid-liquid interfacial energy and the surface entropy factorfor the (010) faces (length dimension) and (100) faces (widthdimension) have been estimated. The interfacial energy andsurface entropy factor decreases in the direction of increasingethanol concentration due to increasing solubility.</p><p>The results suggest that at low ethanol concentration(xEtOH<60%) growth proceeds by screw dislocation mechanism,and adsorption of ethanol molecules may reduce the growth rate.As the ethanol concentration increases above a critical value(xEtOH ≥60%), the growth mechanism shifts to surfacenucleation and the growth rate increases with increasingethanol concentration. It has been suggested that the observedeffect of the solvent composition on crystal habit is theresult of two conflicting effects here referred as the kineticand interfacial energy effects. High interactions of the pairethanol-benzoic acid seem to be responsible of the growthretardation (kinetic effect) exerted by the solvent. On theother hand, increased ethanol concentration leads to reduceinterfacial energy and increasing surface nucleation whichmight contribute to enhance growth kinetics.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>drowning-out crystallisation, solventcomposition, benzoic acid, solubility, crystal growth,interfacial energy, surface entropy factor, growth mechanism,crystal shape distribution.</p>

<p>Spherical agglomerates of benzoic acid crystals have been successfully prepared by drowning-out crystallization in three solvent partial miscible mixtures. Benzoic acid is dissolved in ethanol, bridging liquid is added and this mixture is fed to the agitated crystallizer containing water. Fine crystals are produced by crystallization of the substance, and the crystals are agglomerated by introduction of an immiscible liquid called the bridging liquid. The concentration of solute, agitation rate, feeding rate, amount of bridging liquid and temperature are found to have a significant influence on the physico-mechanical properties of the product. The product particle characterization includes the particle size distribution, morphology and mechanical strength.</p><p>Many of the solvents such as chloroform, toluene, pentane, heptane, cyclo hexane, diethyl ether and ethyl acetate were used as bridging liquids. Among the selected solvents ethyl acetate and di ethyl ether could not form the spherical agglomerates. Characteristics of the particles are changing with the bridging liquid used. Range of the operation for spherical agglomeration is very narrow and was shown that only at certain conditions the spherical agglomerates are produced. Increased amount of bridging liquid, decrease in feeding rate and temperature causes the particle size to increase. Particle morphology depends on the bridging liquid used, amount of bridging liquid and the temperature. Particles look completely spherical from the experiments where toluene is used as bridging liquid. </p><p>The mechanical strength of single agglomerates has been determined by compression in a materials testing machine, using a 10N load cell. For single particle compression an approximate estimation of the true stress is presented. Compression characteristics for single agglomerates are compared with data on particle bed compression. Low elastic recovery and high compressibility of the single particles and of bed of particles reveals that the spherical agglomerates prepared in this work have a plastic behavior which is expected to be favorable for direct tabletting. Some of the stress–strain curves are J-shaped with no clear fracturing of the particles, and are well correlated by an exponential–polynomial equation. </p>