Plagioclase is the most abundant mineral in the lower crust and it is thus important to constrain the behaviour of plagioclase during deformation. Anorthosites, which are plagioclase-rich rocks, are common in Archaean cratons but their origin and rheological importance is still debated. The aims of this thesis are to 1) describe a newly discovered Archaean anorthosite complex (Naajat Kuuat, SW Greenland), investigate its origin and a possible genetic relationship between the anorthosite and associated mafic-ultramafic rocks and 2) to study the rheology and deformation mechanisms in plagioclase-rich rocks. The main focus of this thesis is on the deformation studies. (1) Geochemical whole-rock analyses from the Naajat Kuuat complex are indicative for an origin near a subduction zone setting. A genetic link by crystal fractionation between the anorthosite and associated mafic-ultramafic units is inferred. (2) Deformation behaviour of plagioclase is assessed from analyses of three anorthosite units deformed during different conditions. Samples were analysed using the electron backscatter diffraction technique (EBSD) in combination with optical and chemical analyses. All three case studies show significant strain localisation related to grain size reduction. A wet anorthosite deformed at dry conditions (T ~675-700°C) was dynamically recrystallised. Continuous bands of recrystallised grains developed a texture yet display microstructures and grain relationships indicative for grain size sensitive creep, suggesting that the rheology followed a Newtonian flow law. In the other two studies, samples with initially dry and wet composition, respectively, have experienced deformation during fluid present conditions at T ~550-620°C. These two samples show that fluids effectively caused reactions, replacements and aided strain localisation during deformation at mid crustal conditions. / At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript; Paper 2 Manuscript; Paper 3 Manuscript.

Linking diagenesis to depositional facies and sequence stratigraphy enables better prediction of spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations, and thus of evolution of reservoir quality in sandstones. This thesis demonstrates that employing this approach is possible because depositional facies and sequence stratigraphy can provide useful information on parameters controlling the near-surface diagenesis, such as changes in: (i) pore-water chemistry, (ii) residence time of sediments under certain geochemical conditions, (iii) detrital composition and proportion of extra- and intra-basinal grains, and (iv) types and amounts of organic matter. Evidence from four case studies enabled the development of conceptual models for distribution of diagenetic alterations and of their impact on evolution of reservoir quality in sandstones deposited in paralic, shallow marine and fluvio-lacustrine environments. Diagenetic alterations that have been constrained within the context of depositional facies and sequence stratigraphy include: (i) carbonate cement (microcrystalline and equant calcite spars dolomite over poikilotopic calcite), pyrite and glaucony are most abundant in progradational braid-delta fan sequences, particularly along the topsets (i.e. maxiumum flooding surface, MFS) and along parasequences boundaries in the deltaic facies of the early highstand systems tract HST, (ii) cementation by coarse spar calcite, dolomite, and the formation of moldic porosity by the dissolution of framework carbonate grains are most abundant in the aggradational fan deltas sequences, (iii) eogenetic kaolinitization of framework silicates is largely restricted to the fluvial and paralic HST sandstones, whereas telogenetic kaolinite may occur in the transgressive systems tract TST sandstones too, (iv) formation of goethite ooids in the TST sediments, (v) formation of glaucony, siderite spherules, and extensive grain-coatings, grain-replacing and ooidal berthierine, more in the TST than in the HST sediments, particularly below the transgressive surface TS and MFS, (vi) cementation by calcite with (δ18OV-PDB = -11.5‰ to -5.4‰) and Fe-dolomite/ankerite (δ18OV-PDB = -10.8‰ to -9.6‰) occurs in both TST and HST sandstones, (vii) syntaxial quartz overgrowths are most extensive in the HST sandstones owing to the presence of incomplete grain-coating berthierine/chlorite, (viii) greater amounts of micro-porosity in the TST sandstones than in the HST sandstones are related to the greater amounts of berthierine/chlorite in the former sandstones, and (ix) chlorite rims around quartz grains retarded the precipitation of quartz overgrowths, and hence prevented a greater loss of primary intergranular porosity in fluvio-lacustrine sandstones. Therefore, constraining the distribution of diagenetic alterations in the contexts of depositional facies and sequence stratigraphic context is a powerful approach to be used in hydrocarbon exploration.

Under en berggrundsgeologisk fältkurs år 2007 påträffandes spodumenförande granitpegmatitblock i området kring Bergby-Hamrånge, denna händelse markerade starten på det prospekteringsarbete efter Litium-Cesium-Tantal-pegmatiter som sedan skedde i området. Allteftersom prospekteringsarbetet fortlöpt i området har det framkommit allt fler indikationer på att den rådande berggrundskartans (SGU:s karta Ai 28) geologiska gränsdragningar kan uppdateras och justeras. Den borrdata som samlats in i samband med prospekteringsarbetet har sammanställts och sedan använts i Seequents programvara Leapfrog Geo för att skapa 3D-modeller över områdets LCT- och granitpegmatiter samt berggrund.Modelleringen av berggrunden med tillhörande geologiska enheters gränser och påverkan av lokala deformationszoner har varit begränsad till de områden där prospektering genomförts och har lett fram till slutsatsen att den nuvarande kartan till viss del kan uppdateras. LCT-pegmatiternas geografiska utbredning har tillfogats till den geologiska modellen och kan adderas till berggrundskartans omtolkningar då denna tidigare saknade granitpegmatiter. Avslutningsvis har uppsatsen bidragit med att ge en ökad förståelse av den lokala geologin inom Bergby-Hamrånge. / During a bedrock geology field course in 2007, spodumene-bearing granite pegmatite blocks were encountered in the area around Bergby-Hamrånge, this event marked the start of the exploration work for Lithium-Cesium-Tantalum pegmatites that then took place in the area. As exploration work has continued in the area, more and more indications have emerged that the geological boundaries of the current bedrock map (SGU's map Ai 28) can be updated and adjusted. The drill data collected in connection with the exploration work has been compiled and then used in Seequent's Leapfrog Geo software to create 3D models of the area's LCT and granite pegmatites and bedrock. The modeling of the bedrock with associated geological unit boundaries and the influence of local deformation zones has been limited to the areas where exploration has been carried out and has led to the conclusion that the current map can be updated to some extent. The geographical distribution of the LCT pegmatites has been added to the geological model and can be added to the reinterpretations of the bedrock map as it previously lacked granite pegmatites. In conclusion, the essay has contributed to an increased understanding of the local geology within Bergby-Hamrånge.

Stockholm är en mycket expansiv region med flera större infrastrukturella projekt plane- rade vilket kommer att medföra arbeten i och vid berg. Utan nödvändiga förundersökningar ökar risken för ras i samband med byggnationen och en fara för framtida stabilitet förelig- ger. En ingenjörsgeologisk förundersökning där man kartlägger strukturer i det påtänkta området bör genomföras och som beskriver de bergtekniska parametrar enligt Q- och RMR-systemen för bergkvalitetsklassificering.  Detta arbete fokuserar på ett område norr om Månskärsvägen och söder om Skär- holmsvägen i södra Stockholm där Huddinge kommun planerat anlägga en gång- och cy- kelväg samt en bro. Området, benämnt kvadraten 3 av Huddinge kommun, karterades mellan den 25 – 27 mars och 2 april 2013 då området fortfarande var snötäckt. Kartering- en, efter projicering av sprickdata i Stereo32, visar att det råder fyra dominerande sprick- riktningar i området; en nordväst-sydostlig, en nordost-sydvästligt, en nord-sydlig sprick- riktning och en foliationsparallell sprickgrupp i öst-västlig riktning. Den sistnämnda böjer av ca 15° mot öst vid förflyttning mot den nordöstra delen av området, möjligtvis förklaras detta av en observerad veckomböj. Övriga sprickgruppers strykningar varierar inom ett spann av 40° och stupar ca 50°. Dessa spricksystem i kombination med hållfasthetssän- kande sprickfyllnadsmineral och metertjocka sprickzoner med i stort sett helt krossat berg kommer att utgöra stora risker vid bygget i form av ras och potentiella kilutglidningar. Arbe- ten i detta berg bör göras under stor försiktighet och i kombination med fortsatta geolo- giska undersökningar under det att projektet fortlöper.

De sulfidgruvor belägna i Långbantrakten som studien behandlar ligger i den västra delen av Bergslagen utanför Filipstad i Värmlands län. Opaka mineral (malm) från två mindre mineraliseringar, Näset och Getberget, har studerats med malmmikroskop och mikrosond för att beskriva mineralogin i området. Båda områdena domineras av olika (Cu-Fe-Pb-Zn)-sulfider, i Näset av kopparkis (CuFeS2), blyglans (PbS) och zinkblände ((Zn,Fe)S) och i Getberget av blyglans, zinkblände, kubanit (CuFe2S3) och magnetkis (Fe1-xS). I Näset finns en del mindre frekventa mineral, två olika faser av Co-pentlandit (en nickelrik och en utan nickel), gedigen Sb och Bi, (Ni-Co)-sulfid, breithauptit (NiSb) och magnetkis. Kubanit är även ett viktigt mineral som speglar mineraliseringens bildning. I Getberget finns liknande mindre frekventa mineral, kopparkis, nickelrik Co-pentlandit, gedigen Bi och Sb, silverglans (Ag2S), breithauptit och magnetit (Fe3O4). En sen utfällning av kubanit har skett i båda områdena och visar att mineraliseringarna har genomgått en liknande bildning och det stämmer även in på mineralogin, som även den är likartad. / The small sulphide mines, Näset and Getberget that have been investigated are located just outside the main mineralization of Långban, near the city of Filipstad in Värmland County. Opaque minerals have been studied in reflected light microscopy and with an electron microprobe analysis to describe the mineralogy. Both areas are dominated by various (Cu-Fe-Pb-Zn)-sulphides, Näset with chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), galena (PbS) and sphalerite ((Zn,Fe)S) and Getberget with, galena, sphalerite, cubanite (CuFe2S3) and pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS). The sulphides are also accompanied by various accessory minerals, in Näset by two different phases of Co-pentlandite (on rich in nickel and one without), native Sb and Bi, a (Ni-Co)-sulphide, breithauptite (NiSb) and pyrrhotite. Cubanite is also a very important mineral that reflects the formation of the mineralization. In Getberget there are similar accessory minerals, chalcopyrite, nickel rich Co-pentlandite, native Bi and Sb, acanthite (Ag2S), breithauptite and magnetite (Fe3O4). A late precipitation of cubanite has occurred in both areas, suggesting that the mineralizations has been formed in similar conditions. This also holds true when comparing the mineralogy, which also is similar.

This work focuses on crustal interaction in magmatic systems, drawing on experimental petrology and elemental and isotope geochemistry. Various magma-chamber processes such as magma-mixing, fractional crystallisation and magma-crust interaction are explored throughout the papers comprising the thesis. Emphasis is placed on gaining insights into the extent of crustal contamination in ocean island magmas from the Canary Islands and the processes of magma-crust interaction observed both in nature and in experiments. This research underscores that the compositions of ocean island magmas, even primitive types which are classically used as probes of the mantle, are susceptible to modification by crustal contamination. The principal mechanisms of contamination identified from work on both Tenerife and Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) are assimilation and partial melting of the pre-existing island edifice and intercalated sediments by newly arriving magma (i.e. “island recycling”). The information that we can gain from studying solidified magma and entrained crustal xenoliths concerning the rates and mechanisms of crustal assimilation is, however, limited. To address this shortcoming, a series of time-variable crustal carbonate assimilation experiments were carried out at magmatic pressure and temperature using natural materials from Merapi volcano, Indonesia. A temporally constrained reaction series of carbonate assimilation in magma has hence been constructed. The experiments were analysed using in-situ techniques to observe the progressive textural, elemental, and isotopic evolution of magma-carbonate interaction. Crucially, carbonate assimilation was found to liberate voluminous crustally-derived CO2 on a timescale of only seconds to minutes in the experiments. This points to the role of rapid crustal degassing in volcanic volatile budgets, and, pertinently, in magnifying hazardous volcanic behaviour. This thesis, therefore, delivers detailed insights into the processes of magma-crust interaction from experiments and geochemistry. The outcomes confirm that crustal processes are significant factors in both, i) ocean island magma genesis, and ii) magma differentiation towards compositions with greater explosive potential which can, in turn, manifest as hazardous volcanism. / Felaktigt tryckt som Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 707