Bermuda, settled in l6l2, was the second successful English colony founded in the New World. The islands appeared to provide investors in England with an excellent opportunity to make a profit, but the colony failed to generate the anticipated profits because the investors failed to allow sufficient incentive for the colonists to produce high quality cash crops. Little research has been conducted on the early history of Bermuda, and the little that has been done has focused on political events within the colony and colonizing company. This work uses letters, petitions, contemporary accounts, and other colonial and company documents to examine the interaction between the colonists in Bermuda and the investors in England and to determine the impact of this interaction on the failure of the colony. / Master of Arts

Examination of use of terminology using "carbohydrates" to describe reserve energy to plants. / Master of Science

The most important problem in using bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.) for turf at the northern limit of its adaptation is winter survival. Bermudagrass used for athletic complexes is exposed to the additional problem of uncontrolled or excessive traffic. This research was conducted to determine the effects of: 1) traffic and mineral nutrition; 2) clear plastic covers and cultural treatments and; 3) overseeding and late winter freezing on bermudagrass winter survival. Four separate experiments were conducted on field cultured Midiron bermudagrass. Various regimes of traffic, N and K fertility, clear plastic covers, cultural treatments and growth regulators were utilized to determine their affect on bermudagrass winter survival. A laboratory freeze was used, in two experiments, on plant samples taken from the field. Following the freezing procedure, the samples were then grown in the greenhouse. From these experiments, it was found that traffic applied just as turf growth initiates in the spring was the most damaging. Potassium fertility had no effect on post dormancy growth. Nitrogen did improve post dormancy growth of bermudagrass exposed to a late winter laboratory freeze and when plastic covers were applied during winter dormancy. Plastic covers enhanced post dormancy growth and offset the detrimental effect of imposed traffic. 'Stayz Green' turf colorant did increase early post dormancy growth. While, the cultivation treatments using a vertical mower alone and with an aerifier reduced early green up. Flurprimidal reduced early post dormancy growth of bermudagrass; while, mefluidide had no detrimental effect. Both growth regulators reduced the growth of the overseeded ryegrass, and mefluidide enhanced the competitiveness of bermudagrass in the ryegrass canopy. / M.S.

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Free education has been attempted since Bermuda’s 17th century settlement. This thesis examines government’s role in education and establishment of schools by government and religious societies. Early education taught slaves about salvation, frightened whites, and threatened established authority. Christianity made blacks aware of freedom. By the 1940s, black scholars pushed for equality and focused concern for students denied education with their intellectual peers. Intelligence tests determined entrance to secondary school. Whites were relinquishing public education to blacks and were resistant to black’s aspirations. Integration was thrust to the forefront. In the 1980s, the secondary entrance exam was denounced for young black males and as promoting a drug culture. In 1987, the government restructured with integration as a fiscal necessity and a failed social-political exercise. Outside consultants guided the changes in ways less than suitable to Bermuda’s circumstance. A large single secondary school was created that has been viewed as promoting private education more than anything in Bermuda’s history.¹

The Western Ledge Reef Wreck, discovered and later excavated in Bermuda between 1989 and 1991, is a prime example of Iberian shipbuilding within a broader Atlantic context. Operating during the late 16th-century, arguably one of the most fascinating periods of Spanish maritime history, the ship epitomizes the culture and technology identified with the celebrated fleets of the Carrera de Indias. By combining the new and previously unavailable data with that of the original reports, this dissertation outlines the structural details of this small utilitarian vessel which plowed the Atlantic Ocean between Spain and the Spanish America. Regarded as one of the better preserved Iberian shipwrecks in the New World, the hull timbers were disassembled and raised to the surface for detailed recording and analysis; the most comprehensive being the study and reconstruction presented in this dissertation. This data not only illustrates the transition from late medieval ship construction founded on the unempirical and intuitive style of local shipwrights to that of the geometrically- and scientific-rooted Renaissance design philosophy, but also to a frame-led assembly sequence. The hull remains and associated cultural material excavated from the site prove to be an important 16th- and 17th-century collection of Spanish and New World origin, which collectively reinforce the notion that the Western Ledge Reef Wreck was on its homebound course when it sunk among treacherous Bermuda reefs sometime between 1560 and 1600.

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