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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
391

The effects of transforming growth factor-β2 on synaptic transmission at the mammalian neuromuscular junctions

Fong, Sitt Wai January 2009 (has links)
Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) are highly expressed in neural development but why the adult nervous system continues to express them is unclear. TGF-β2 is concentrated at mature neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of mammalian skeletal muscle fibres, and the nerve terminal expresses TβR-II receptors. To test the role of TGF-β2 at mammalian NMJs, I performed four experiments. The first study tested whether TGF-β2 acutely modulates synaptic transmission at mature mammalian NMJs. Second, I asked if chronically reduced TGF-β2 expression disrupts synaptic transmission. Third, I asked if TGF-β2’s effects differ in terminals adapted to different activity patterns in vivo. Lastly, I asked whether TGF-β1, a related peptide to TGF-β2, is distinct in terms of its effects on transmitter release. Using single electrode potential recording, I found TGF-β2 significantly increased the amplitude of spontaneous released single neurotransmitter vesicles (miniature endplate potentials, MEPPs) and nerve stimulation evoked multi-vesicular release (endplate potentials, EPPs). These effects were blocked by L-vesamicol, a vesicular acetylcholine transporter inhibitor, and bafilomycin, a proton pump inhibitor, suggesting the increase in MEPP/EPP amplitude is due to increased vesicle filling presynaptically. These effects were also blocked by the MARK inhibitors, UO126 and PD98059, suggesting TGF-β2 acts via a MARK-dependent pathway. Postsynaptically, two electrode recording showed postsynaptic potential amplitude was enhanced by an increased fibre input resistance, suggesting TGF-β2 also acts postsynaptically. TGF-β2 reduced the number of vesicles released per stimulus (quanta content, QC) but this was blocked by atropine, showing this was indirect through autoreceptor negative feedback. Voltage clamp recording showed TGF-β2 significantly increased the miniature end plate currents (MEPCs), but not the end-plate currents (EPCs), supporting my initial hypothesis that TGF-β2 acts mainly presynaptically to increase vesicle filling. In TGF-β2+/- mice, I found greater MEPP amplitude variability. This supports my previous findings that TGF-β2 modulates vesicle filling. Unexpectedly, there was an excess in larger MEPP sizes (>0.88 mV), perhaps reflecting upregulation of either presynaptic signalling or another synaptic mediator. Two MEPP amplitude populations were induced in TGF-β2-treated TGF-β2+/- mouse NMJs, similar to the bimodal vesicle population in electroplaques. The extensor digitorum longus (EDL, ~95% fast fibres) and soleus (SOL, ~95% slow fibres) were used to investigate whether the TGF-β2-mediated effect differed between fibre types. Overall, TGF-β2 increased the quantal size (MEPP amplitude) in NMJs of both muscles, suggesting this effect is not fibre-type specific and, together with results in mice, that the TGF-β2-mediated increase in vesicle filling is common to all mammalian neuromuscular terminals. With respect to EPP amplitude and QC, the results differed between muscles. In EDL, the EPP amplitude was not significantly changed, whereas it increased in SOL. In EDL, QC was reduced but not in SOL. These difference compared to diaphragm perhaps do reflect muscle fibre-type dependent differences. TGF-β1, at 0.1 ng/ml, significantly reduced quantal size – the opposite of TGF-β2 at any concentration. One explanation would be that a receptor inhibition by TGF-β1 at low concentration interferes with endogenous TGF-β2 binding/receptor activation at the NMJ. However, when the TGF-β1 concentration was raised to 1 ng/ml, like TGF-β2, it significantly increased MEPP amplitude. This suggests that perhaps sufficient binding of TGF-β1 results in the receptor activation of TGF-β2 like signalling. Overall, I conclude that TGF-β2 enhances the size of spontaneous synaptic potentials in all types of muscle fibres, and this is much more rapid (1 hr vs 1 day) than at central neurone synapses in culture. Detailed study in the rat diaphragm shows it increased the evoked EPP amplitude, reduced QC and increased postsynaptic input resistance. Together, TGF-β2 would therefore enhance the postsynaptic depolarisation increasing synaptic strength, and by reducing QC, increase the efficiency of neurotransmission at mammalian NMJs. While unimportant for single stimuli in healthy terminals, by conserving vesicle use, it may help maintain release during stimulus trains, especially during neuromuscular disease.
392

The TGF-β signalling pathway in Trichinella spiralis : phylogenetic and functional analysis of TGF-β ligands

Sheils, Emma January 2011 (has links)
The release of genome sequence information is revolutionising the study of helminth parasites by providing important datasets for comparative genomics, allowing the comprehensive analysis of signalling pathways that regulate nematode development. Much of the current knowledge of nematode signalling pathways is based on studies of the free-living model Caenorhabditis elegans. The recent availability of the Trichinella spiralis genome sequence presented an opportunity to study signalling pathways of this, and other, parasitic nematodes, providing a phylum-wide overview of a given signalling pathway. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) ligands are a superfamily of structurally related polypeptides that regulate a wide range of cellular processes in animal tissues. Since the discovery that the TGF-β daf-7 regulates the developmentally-arrested dauer stage in C. elegans, there is the potential for TGF-β signalling to regulate developmental arrest, parasite development and even host-parasite communication in T. spiralis and other nematodes. In the present study, thirteen genes encoding putative TGF-β signalling components, from T. spiralis, have been identified and characterised. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that daf-7 is not conserved beyond C. elegans and that functional extrapolation from C. elegans biology to distantly-related nematodes is difficult. Furthermore, the analysis herein shows a high level of divergence among parasitic nematode TGF-βs. Since the last common ancestor of T. spiralis and C. elegans was the ancestor of the entire nematode phylum, these comparisons allow speculation on the TGF-β signalling networks of the ancestral nematode and provide information on the emergence of TGF-β signalling in animals. ES products from T. spiralis are shown to be capable of interacting directly with mammalian cell receptors and utilise their receptors to control gene expression in vitro. This presents the possibility that these TGF-β ligands may play a part in the formation and maintenance of the host-parasite complex.
393

Estudio del rol de la celobiohidrolasa del hongo Phanerochaete chrysosporium en la sacarificación de residuos forestales de Nothofagus pumilio

Lozada González, Patricia Emita January 2013 (has links)
Magíster en Bioquímica, Especialización en Bioquímica Ambiental / Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento / En la actualidad el uso de combustibles alternativos al petróleo ha tomado auge por el agotamiento de los combustibles fósiles y por el daño al medio ambiente que éstos provocan. Por esta razón la búsqueda de nuevos combustibles ha adquirido gran relevancia. La producción de etanol a partir de biomasa, conocido como bioetanol, surgió como una posible solución al problema de los combustibles; sin embargo, la materia prima para su producción proviene de cultivos de origen alimenticio, utilizando para esto grandes zonas de cultivo, lo que genera una gran controversia. Debido a esto surgió el bioetanol de segunda generación, que utiliza para su producción biomasa lignocelulósica. Esta biomasa se encuentra en grandes cantidades, principalmente como desechos de la industria del papel y de residuos agrícolas. Para la producción de bioetanol desde material lignocelulósico, son necesarias dos etapas adicionales en comparación con la producción de bioetanol de primera generación: una etapa de pretratamiento del material lignocelulósico, y una etapa de hidrólisis de la celulosa. Para la segunda etapa se utilizan celulasas, enzimas que hidrolizan la celulosa para la generación de azúcares simples. El problema es el alto costo de producción asociado a la utilización de estas enzimas. Las investigaciones se han enfocado en el mejoramiento de las celulasas para optimizar el proceso de la hidrólisis de celulosa, con el fin de disminuir los costos de producción del bioetanol de origen lignocelulósico. En la etapa de hidrólisis de la celulosa actúan tres celulasas en forma sinérgica: endoglucanasas, celobiohidrolasas y ß-glucosidasas. Phanerochaete chrysosporium es un hongo que produce varias celulasas, entre ellas el complejo enzimático CBH-I constituido por varias celobiohidrolasas, que constituye el 12% de proteínas totales secretadas por este hongo. El objetivo general de este trabajo es estudiar el rol de CBH-I del hongo P. chysosporium en el proceso de hidrólisis del material lignocelulósico de Nothofagus pumilio (lenga), utilizando una fracción altamente enriquecida con CBH-I proveniente de P. chrysosporium y distintas concentraciones de una endoglucanasa comercial de T. viride, con el fin de obtener un mejor rendimiento de sacarificación que el preparado comercial de T. reesei. Se eligió lenga por ser la segunda especie nativa más abundante en Chile y que presenta residuos abundantes, cuya biomasa puede ser ocupada para la producción de bioetanol de segunda generación Se comparó la sacarificación de lenga por el tratamiento con extractos enzimáticos provenientes del hongo P. chrysosporium versus un preparado comercial de T. reesei. Al comparar la sacarificación, no se observaron grandes diferencias, solo se observó un aumento significativo en la sacarificación por T. reesei a las 48 horas de incubación con 40 μg de proteínas por mg de sustrato. Para determinar si era factible mejorar el proceso de sacarificación del material lignocelulósico, que utiliza enzimas comerciales del organismo T. reesei y estudiar el rol de CBH-I en la sacarificación, se aisló y purificó CBH-I desde un cultivo P. chrysosporium y se realizaron experimentos de comparación de la sacarificación entre CBH-I con una endoglucanasa de T. viride versus el preparado comercial de T. reesei, además se estudió la acción conjunta entre CBH-I y la endoglucanasa comercial T. viride. CBH-I en combinación con una endoglucanasa de T. viride produce una sacarificación mayor que el preparado comercial de T. reesei a las 72 horas de incubación. Se observó sinergismo a concentraciones menores de celulasas (20 μg/ml), encontrándose una disminución de la cooperación a concentraciones mayores (100 μg/ml). Se concluye que CBH-I proveniente de P. chrysosporium podría ser una alternativa para preparaciones enzimáticas comerciales para la degradación de lignocelulosa Además, con el fin de producir celobiohidrolasas CBH-I en mayor cantidad, se realizaron experimentos de expresión de proteínas recombinantes en el organismo E. coli Rosetta-gamiTMB. Para esto se ocuparon dos secuencias génicas de CBH-I aisladas desde el hongo P. chrysosporium denominadas CBH-I cel 7-1 y CBH-I cel 7-2. El uso del sistema de E. coli Rosetta-gami™B, permitió producir CBH-I cel 7-1, aunque en forma inactiva. No se produjo CBH-I cel 7-2 recombinante
394

Kinetic stabilization of transthyretin and its role as an inhibitor of Aβ amyloid formation

Nilsson, Lina January 2017 (has links)
Amyloid formation occurs when normally soluble proteins and peptides misfold and aggregate into intractable threadlike structures called fibrils. There are currently more than 30 proteins associated with this aberrant structure, including the Aβ peptide in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and transthyretin (TTR) in TTR amyloidosis. TTR is a homotetrameric transporter protein present in both cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Dissociation of its tetrameric structure is required for the formation of amyloid fibrils. Small molecule ligands able to bind and stabilize the tetrameric structure of TTR thus represent a potential therapeutic intervention. Interestingly, apart from TTR’s role as a toxic agent in TTR amyloidosis, it also has a role as an inhibitor of the Aβ toxicity associated with AD. The work presented in this thesis focused on small molecules that have the potential ability to prevent TTR amyloidosis. We also sought to gain a greater understanding of the interaction between TTR and the Aβ peptide with respect to Aβ fibril formation. The ability of a drug to stabilize TTR is directly correlated to its binding affinity. However, since TTR is a plasma protein, it is of great importance that the drug binds selectively to TTR. In paper I, we used a newly developed urea denaturation assay, in combination with isothermal titration calorimetry, to show that, in a complex environment such as plasma, the enthalpy of binding correlates better with a drug’s ability to stabilize TTR than the binding affinity. In paper II, we modified the highly selective but rapidly degraded TTR ligand luteolin in order to increase its resistance against biotransformation. Using a liver-based microsome assay, in combination with HPLC, we show how the luteolin analogues have gained increased stability. However, using the urea assay, we also show that the analogues have lost much of luteolin’s selectivity. In paper III, we show that tetrabromobisphenol A is a highly selective binder of TTR in plasma and is able to rescue cells from TTR-induced toxicity. In paper IV, we studied the interaction of TTR with Aβ and its effect on Aβ fibril formation. We used a ThT fluorescence-based assay and dot blotting to show that TTR inhibits Aβ amyloid formation and promotes the formation of high molecular weight assemblies with an open N-terminus. Using surface plasmon resonance, we further show how TTR is unable to inhibit fibril elongation and instead targets the nucleation processes, both primary and fibril-catalyzed secondary nucleation. To conclude, we present new molecules with the ability to selectively stabilize TTR that can serve as scaffolds in drug design. We also elucidate TTR’s inhibiting effects on toxic Aβ amyloid formation.
395

Les feuillets beta dans les protéines : annotation, comparaison et construction

Parisien, Marc January 2005 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
396

Moderní způsob výpočtu koeficientů CAPM: aplikace na zajištění rizika pomocí koeficientu Beta / Modern way of calculation of CAPM coefficient: Beta hedging application

Šopov, Daniel January 2013 (has links)
Model CAPM je považován za základní model při oceňování systematického risku aktiv a jeho provázanosti s výnosností trhu. Tato práce využívá této struktury a použitím různých metod, mezi které patří OLS, DCC MGARCH a SSF modelovaní, se snaží najít nejvhodnější metodu z výše zmíněných, která dokáže nejlépe odhadnout koeficienty systematického risku. Tyto koeficienty jsou dále použity pro zajištění rizika portfolií, které jsou vytvořeny z akcií obchodovaných na různých burzách- NYSE Composite a NASDAQ Composite. Na základě obdržených výsledků o výkonu zajištění rizika v každém portfoliu budeme schopni vyhodnotit, která z metod je nejvhodnější pro odhad systematické risku v modelu CAPM. Klíčová slova: CAPM, Systematický risk, Portfolio risk hedge, OLS, DCC MGARCH, SSF model JEL Classification: C22, C58, G11, G12, G15 Author's e-mail: danielsopov@email.cz Supervisor's e-mail: andrlikova@gmail.com
397

Desempeño de cinco métodos fenotípicos para la detección de metalobetalactamasas en bacilos gram negativos tipificados genotípicamente

Yauri Condor, Katherine Silvia January 2016 (has links)
Evalúa el desempeño de cinco métodos fenotípicos para la detección de metalobetalactamasas (MBL) en bacilos gram negativos. Es un estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal. Utiliza 100 aislamientos de bacilos gram negativos tipificados genotípicamente en estudios preliminares. Los métodos que se evalúan son: Prueba de discos combinados con inhibidor (EDTA), Prueba de sinergia de doble disco, Test de Hodge Modificado (cepa E. coli ATCC 25922), Test de Hodge Modificado (cepa K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603) y Blue Carba Test. De los 32 aislamientos productores de MBL, 27 son del tipo IMP, 3 del tipo VIM y 2 del tipo NDM. De los 68 aislamientos no productores de MBL, 66 son aislamientos no poseedores de MBL, 1 del tipo CTX + impermeabilidad y 1 aislamiento del tipo. El método de discos combinados con inhibidor y el método de sinergia de doble disco son los más específicos (100%) y el Blue Carba Test el más sensible (100%). Respecto a los discos de EDTA se encuentra un índice Kappa de 1.0 entre los discos comerciales y los discos in-house, es decir una concordancia perfecta. En conclusión, los cinco métodos presentaron un buen desempeño para la detección de MBL. Se recomienda la implementación de un método fenotípico para la detección de MBL en los laboratorios clínicos de rutina. El método debe ser elegido según costo-beneficio de acuerdo a las características de la cepa MBL prevalente.
398

The beta spectrum study of radioactive phosphorus

Murphy, Randall Edward. January 1959 (has links)
Call number: LD2668 .T4 1959 M87
399

Identificación de genes de Metalo β-lactamasas en Pseudomonas aeruginosa de aislados clínicos hospitalarios 2016

Salvador Luján, Gina Nilda, Salvador Luján, Gina Nilda January 2017 (has links)
Identifica la prevalencia de genes que codifican carbapenemasas de tipo metalo β-lactamasas (MBL) en aislados clínicos de P. aeruginosa. Analiza 76 aislados clínicos de P. aeruginosa resistentes a Ceftazidima y “no sensibles” (intermedio o resistentes) a Imipinem y/o Meropem colectados en el Hospital Militar Central de enero a setiembre del 2016. Muestras de secreciones respiratorias, heridas, orinas y hemocultivos de pacientes hospitalizados son procesadas en el Laboratorio de Microbiología. Determina la sensibilidad antimicrobiana por el método de disco de difusión según los criterios del Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Realiza la detección fenotípica de MBL por el test de sinergia de doble disco con imipenem, meropenem y EDTA. La detección genotípica se realiza amplificando por PCR multiplex, los genes blaIMP y blaVIM, mientras que para el gen blaNDM se hizo PCR convencional. Obtiene fenotípicamente 25 de 76 pruebas positivas para MBL, 24(31.58%) de las cuales se confirmaron genéticamente, encontrando el gen blaIMP (23/24, 95.83%) y el gen blaVIM (1/24, 4.17%). La sensibilidad de la prueba fenotípica es del 100% y la especificidad del 98%. Concluye que el 31.58% de los aislamientos clínicos de P. aeruginosa recuperados de pacientes hospitalizados en el HMC, presentan MBL, siendo el gen blaIMP el más prevalente. / Tesis
400

Induktion einer dilatativen Kardiomyopathie am Modell der Lewis-Ratte durch Antikörper gegen die zweite extrazelluläre Domäne des humanen Beta1-adrenergen Rezeptors / Induced antibodies in the Lewis-Rat against the second extracellular loop of the beta1-adrenergic receptor as a cause of dilateted cardiomyopathy

Triebel, Sven January 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Vor etwas mehr als 20 Jahren wurden erstmals an das Myokard bindende beta1-Rezeptorantikörper im Zusammenhang mit der Chagas-Krankheit beschrieben. Die Arbeiten der beiden folgenden Jahrzehnte konnten zeigen, dass solche beta1-Rezeptorantikörper mit einer Prävalenz von ca. 30 bis 95% (in Abhängigkeit vom verwendeten Nachweisverfahren) v.a. auch bei Patienten mit dilatativer Kardiomyopathie (DCM) nachgewiesen werden können. Insbesondere Antikörper gegen die zweite extrazelluläre Domäne des beta1-adrenergen Rezeptors (beta1-ECII) scheinen dabei in der Lage zu sein, den Rezeptor funktionell zu beeinflussen und zu aktivieren. Beta1-ECII wurde in der Folge als potentes Autoantigen mit T- und B-Zell-Epitopen identifiziert. Erste klinische Untersuchungen an Patienten mit DCM haben gezeigt, dass das Vorhandensein zirkulierender b1-ECII-Antikörper mit einer schlechteren linksventrikulären Funktion, dem Auftreten ventrikulärer Arrhythmien sowie mit einer erhöhten kardiovaskulären Mortalität verbunden ist. Der Verdacht, dass beta1-Antikörper bei der DCM nicht nur ein Epiphänomen, sondern bei einem Teil der betroffenen Patienten auch mögliche Krankheitsursache darstellen könnten, verstärkten dann in jüngster Zeit die Bestrebungen, ein Tiermodell für die Antikörper-induzierte Genese einer Kardio-myopathie zu generieren. So fanden 1997 Matsui et al. im Kaninchenmodell nach Immunisierung mit einem beta1-ECII-homologen Peptid über 12 Monate eine biventrikuläre Dilatation und kompensatorische Hochregulation der beta-Adrenozeptoren im Myokard. Im Gegensatz dazu fanden Iwata et al. wenige Jahre später im gleichen Tiermodell nach 6-monatiger Immunisierung eine linksventrikuläre Hypertrophie bei beta1-ECII-Antikörper-positiven Tieren und eine Downregulation der beta-Rezeptoren. Diese Diskrepanzen ließen das Kaninchenmodell daher als fraglich geeignet erscheinen. Im Zusammenhang mit der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Lewis-Ratte zur Generierung eines Kardiomyopathiemodells gewählt, da die beta1-ECII-Sequenz bei Ratte und Mensch 100% homolog ist. Zur Immunisierung verwendeten wir ein Fusionsprotein aus GST und der humanen beta1-ECII-Sequenz. Der Schwerpunkt des Vorhabens lag auf der Charakterisierung der durch die Immunisierung induzierten morphologischen und funktionellen Veränderungen am Herzen der Versuchstiere. Echokardiographisch konnte bei immunisierten Tieren bereits nach 9 Monaten eine linksventrikuläre Erweiterung nachgewiesen werden, die sich nach 12 bzw. 15 Immunisierungsmonaten durch das Auftreten einer progredienten linksventrikulären Dysfunktion (Echokardiographie/Herzkatheteruntersuchung) auch funktionell manifestierte. Makroskopisch-morphometrisch ließ sich an Paraffinschnitten eine Erweiterung des linken Ventrikels bei relativer Abnahme der Wanddicke nachweisen und bestätigte somit histologisch die echokardiographischen Messungen. Die mikroskopische Analyse zeigte eine relative Vergrößerung der Kardiomyozytenkerne ohne signifikante Zellhypertrophie. Durch Radioligandenbindungsversuche konnte zudem in beta1-ECII-immunisierten Tieren eine Downregulation der kardialen beta1-Rezeptoren nachgewiesen werden. Durch die Immunisierung mit beta1-ECII-Antigen konnte der Phänotyp einer DCM somit erstmals in der Ratte induziert werden. Dieser Phänotyp ist vermutlich überwiegend auf die agonist-ähnliche funktionelle Aktivität der durch spezifische Immunisierung induzierten beta1-Rezeptorantikörper zurückzuführen. Das vorgestellte Tiermodell erfüllt dabei einerseits die immunologischen Kriterien des 1. Koch’schen Postulats für den „indirekten“ Nachweis einer Kardiomyopathieinduktion durch Antikörper, die gegen die zweite extrazelluläre Domäne des b1-adrenergen Rezeptors gerichtet sind. Andererseits lieferte es im Anschluss auch die direkte Evidenz für eine kausale Rolle solcher Antikörper bei der Induktion einer Autoimmunkardiomyopathie durch den Transfer induzierter Antikörper auf genetisch identische, herzgesunde Ratten (Nachahmen von Rezeptor-Autoantikörpern). Zukünftig könnte dieses Tiermodell auch dazu dienen, weitere immunologische Faktoren, die an der Entwicklung einer Autoimmunkardiomyopathie durch beta1-Rezeptor-antikörper beteiligt sind, zu untersuchen. Ferner können mit diesem Modell neue therapeutische Ansätze für die Behandlung der Rezeptorantikörper-positiven Kardiomyopathie entwickelt werden, mit dem Ziel einer späteren Anwendung im Tiermodell erprobter Strategien auch bei Antikörper-positiven Patienten. / About 20 years ago antibodies binding to the beta1-adrenergic receptor have been described in Chagas disease. In following decades different authors were able to prove, that these beta-1-adrenergic receptor antibodies are prevalent especially in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in 30 to 95%, depending on the proving method. Especially antibodies directed against the second extracellular loop of the beta-1-receptor (beta1-ECII) seemed to be able to modulate and to activate the receptor. In the past years the second extracellular loop could be identified as a potent (auto-)antigen containing T- and B-cell epitopes. Clinical studies in DCM-patients associated a significant poorer left ventricular function, a higher prevalence of serious ventricular arrhythmias and a higher cardiovascular mortality with the presence of anti-beta1-ECII-antibodies. In the following it was necessary to develop sufficient animal model proving that the presence of these antibodies might not be a side effect and furthermore to prove that these antibodies might causal in developing a DCM. In 1997 Matsui et al. could show a biventricular dilatation and a up-regulation of beta1-receptors in the myocard using rabbits immunised over 12 months with a synthetic peptides corresponding to beta1-ECII. Using the same animal model few years later Iwata et al. recognized a left-ventricular hypertrophy after 6 months of immunisation and a downregulation of beta-receptors. Actually it is not sure, if this animal model might be sufficient to answer question for the causal role of beta1-receptor-antibodies. Therefore, in the present sudy we attempted to create experimental immune-cardiomyopathy in the rat using human beta1-ECII (100% sequence identity human/rat) fused to bacterial GST as an antigen. The main aspect in our study was to characterize the different morphological und functional findings in the rat heart. Compared with the control animals, echocardiographic follow-up revealed significant left ventricular dilatation from the ninth study-month on, which slowly and steadily progressed in the course of the study. The final echocardiographic findings were furthermore supported by left ventricular pressure curves obtained in the left heart catheterization at study end (fifteenth month). The anatomic measurements, performed in hematoxylin an eosin-stained paraffin sections, showed a left ventricular dilatation and a relative increase in left ventricular wall-thickness which furthermore emphasized the echocardiographic results. Histomorphological analysis revealed significantly enlarged polymorphous nuclei, but not a cardiomyocyte-hypertrophy. The radioligand-binding studies showed a down-regulation of the beta1-adrenergic receptor in the cardiomyocyte membrane. We were able to show the first time the phenotype of DCM in the rat by immunization against the second extracellular loop of the beta1-adrenoceptor. It seems conceivable that the generated cardiomyopathic phenotype has to be attributed mainly to the sustained sympathomimetic activity of the produced activating anti-beta1-ECII-antibodies. Our animal model fulfills the first Witebsky postulate for autoimmune disease (indirect evidence) including antibodies against an identified corresponding (auto-)antigen. Furthermore it is the basis for the direct evidence proving a causal role of these beta1-ECII-antibodies in developing a autoimmune cardiomyopathy by transferring induced antibodies on healthy animals of the same strain. In the future this animal model might be used to detect further immunological elements that might be causal to develop a autoimmune cardiomyopathy associated with the evidence of beta1-adrenoceptor-antibodies. Furthermore this animal model might be useful to develop new strategies in the treatment of the beta1-adrenoceptor-positive DCM.

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