Banded iron formation (BIF) is the most commonly mined source of iron ore, but the details of its genesis are poorly defined. Algoma-Type BIF is a predominantly chemical sedimentary rock comprising iron-rich phases (hematite, magnetite, chlorite) and chert as distinct laminae associated with deep marine lithologies, especially volcanic rocks and black shales. The iron minerals are thought to be direct chemical precipitates from Fe-enriched bottom waters or formation waters, most probably related to proximal volcanic activity. Key questions examined in this study are the paragenetic relationships and origins of mineralogically distinct layers in the Temagami BIF and the possible mechanism of replacement of primary hematitic layers by magnetite. The latter is a fundamental process in generating ore-grade BIF. The mineralogical and geochemical fingerprints of the different components of the BIF are also examined as clues to their likely sources (i.e., from upflowing hydrothermal fluids, contemporaneous volcaniclastic material, or precipitation from the local bottom water). Field observations indicate three separate depositional horizons for BIF in the area and exclude previous suggestions of fold repetition. Documented relationships between different types of layers and different facies of BIF in outcrop and in samples of the ore material, including petrographic features and aspects of the mineral chemistry and whole rock geochemistry, were used to construct a detailed paragenesis of the Temagami BIF. Two paragenetically distinct types of hematite and three types of magnetite are distinguished by different habits, grain size, cross-cutting relationships and growth features. Whole rock geochemical data confirm that the different facies of BIF were mainly products of redox-driven precipitation, combined with local hydrothermal and clastic input.

While the technological infrastructure that enables collaboration between municipalities, counties and private health care providers improves, so does the need for health-care providers to gain access to the right patient journal at the right time. For doctors, nurses and other health-care organization employees this goal is achieved by NPÖ, National Patient Summary. NPÖ effectively enables health-care records to be shared across organizational boundaries. This thesis is based on a demand by a mobile application that can give district nurses access to health-care records wherever they are. This thesis describes the development of a prototype of a mobile application aimed for NPÖ. This includes investigating a suitable mobile platform, investigating available card readers for reading electronic identification from SITHS cards and the ability to connect to external services such as NPÖ. The thesis also analyzes use of the security services that NPÖ is based on. From interviews with Jan Edquist, IT architect at Örebro County Council and Lennart Holeby, project manager of NPÖ roll out, the appropriate information sets for the mobile application has been identified. The thesis includes an investigation of two test frameworks for automated testing of the mobile application. Both frameworks could automate about 70 percent of the test cases that were identified for the application. The test frameworks proved rather different with respect to the requirements an organization has regarding learning curve, support and the mobile platforms the testing frameworks supports. During the implementation part of this thesis, the mobile application could not be finished due to some limitations regarding security and compatibility. The security services required for connections to NPÖ could not be implemented because SITHS card readers do not yet support mobile devices. Also, the SDK required on the mobile devices to implement security requirements cannot yet run in the mobile devices available to the market. Additionally, NPÖ does not support connections from public networks which are required for a mobile application. / Samtidigt som den tekniska infrastrukturen som möjliggör samverkan mellan kommuner, landsting och privata vårdgivare växer, ökar behovet för vård- och omsorgsgivaren att kunna komma åt rätt patientinformation vid rätt tidpunkt. För personal på sjukhus möjliggörs detta genom ett gemensamt journalsystem som kan ge tillgång till kritisk patientinformation över organisationsgränserna. Denna tjänst kallas nationell patientöversikt, NPÖ. Detta examensarbete grundar sig på en efterfrågan av en mobil applikation som kan ge distriktssjuksköterskor tillgång till patientinformation, var de än befinner sig. Examensarbetet beskriver framtagandet av en prototyp för en mobil applikation mot NPÖ. Inledningsvis analyseras möjligheter som finns för att utveckla applikationen. Detta innefattar utredning av lämplig mobil plattform, utredning av tillgängliga kortläsare för läsning av elektronisk identifikationshandling i form av SITHS-kort och möjligheten att ansluta sig till externa tjänster så som NPÖ. Rapporten beskriver även användning av de säkerhetstjänster som NPÖ bygger på. Med hjälp av en intervju med Jan Edquist, IT-arkitekt vid Örebro läns landsting och Lennart Holeby, projektledare vid införandet av NPÖ, har lämpliga informationsmängder för mobil applikationen valts ut. Examensarbetet har utrett två testramverk för automatiserad testning av den utvecklade applikationen. Båda ramverken kunde automatisera ca 70 procent av de testfall som var skrivna för applikationen. Testramverken skiljer sig främst med avseende på vilka krav en organisation har på bland annat testramverkens inlärningströskel, support och vilka mobilplattformar testramverken har stöd för. Det har i examensarbetet inte varit möjligt att utveckla en färdig applikation. Detta främst i och med att säkerhetslösningen inte har kunnat implementeras på grund av begräsningar i kortläsare. Säkerhetslösningen är inte heller kompatibel med mobila enheter. Därtill finns ännu inte NPÖ tillgängligt över publika nätverk.

Nutrient dynamics in the Archean-Paleoproterozoic oceans strongly influenced primary productivity and the rise of atmospheric O2. Reconstructing the cycling of key nutrients such as dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) at this time is important for our understanding of the timing, rate and extent of atmospheric oxygenation at this time. Banded iron formations (BIF) can be used as proxies for global DIP content in Precambrian marine waters. Estimating Precambrian DIP requires understanding of the mechanisms by which Fe(III)(oxyhydr)oxides scavenge DIP which has come mainly from experimental studies using NaCl solutions that mimick Precambrian marine conditions with for example, elevated Si and Fe(II) concentrations. The two DIP binding modes suggested for Early Proterozoic marine waters are 1) Adsorption - surface attachment on pre-formed Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides, and 2) Coprecipitation - incorporation of P into actively growing Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides. It has been suggested that the elevated Si concentrations suggested for Precambrian seawater, strongly inhibit adsorption of DIP in Fe(III)(oxyhydr)oxides. However recent coprecipitation experiments show that DIP is strongly scavenged by Fe(III)(oxyhydr)oxides in the presence of Si, seawater cations and hydrothermal As. In this study we show that the DIP uptake onto Fe(III)(oxyhydr)oxides by adsorption is less than 5% of that by coprecipitation. The data imply that in the Early Proterozoic open oceans, the precipitation of Fe(III)(oxyhydr)oxides during mixing of deep anoxic Fe(II)-rich waters with oxygenated ocean surface waters caused DIP removal from surface waters through coprecipitation rather than adsorption. Local variations in DIP and perhaps even stratification of DIP in the oceans were likely created from the continuous removal of DIP from surface waters by Fe(III)(oxyhydr)oxides, and its partial release into the anoxic bottoms waters and in buried sediments. In addition to a DIP famine, the selectivity for DIP over As(V) may have led to As enrichment in surface waters both of which would have most likely decreased the productivity of Cyanobacteria and O2 production. / Näringscirkulationen i haven under arkeikum och paleoproterozoikum påverkade primärproduktionen och uppkomsten av atmosfärisk syrgas (O2). För att förstå när och hur fort koncentrationen av O2 i atmosfären ökade behöver vi rekonstruera hur viktiga näringsämnen, t.ex. löst oorganiskt fosfor (engelska “Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorous”, DIP) cirkulerade. Bandad järnmalm (engelska “Banded Iron Formations”, BIF) kan användas som en markör för DIP i de prekambriska haven. För att kunna använda DIP som markör måste man förstå hur prekambrisk DIP tas upp av järn(III)(oxyhydr)oxider. Hittills har detta studerats med natriumkloridlösningar som ska efterlikna förhållande i de prekambriska haven, med t.ex. förhöjda kisel- och järn(II)-koncentrationer. Ur sådana studier har två bindningsmekanismer föreslagits för paleoproterozoiskt havsvatten 1) Adsorption, d.v.s. DIP binds till ytan på redan bildade kristaller av järn(III)(oxyhydr)oxid, och 2) samutfällning, d.v.s. upptag av fosfor i kristaller av järn(III)(oxyhydr)oxid medan kristallerna bildas. Det har föreslagits att de höga kiselkoncentrationerna som tros ha funnits i de prekambriska havsvattnet hämmade adsorption av DIP på ytan av järn(III) (oxyhydr)oxidkristaller. Men de senaste samutfällningsexperimenten tyder på att järn(III) (oxyhydr)oxid effektivt tar upp DIP även i närvaro av kisel, arsenik från hydrotermala källor och de katjoner som dominerar i havsvatten. I här presenterad studie var mängden DIP som bands till järn(III)(oxyhydr)oxidkristaller genom adsorption mindre än 5 % av den DIP som togs upp av kristallerna via samutfällning. Våra data tyder på att när järn(III) (oxyhydr)oxid fälldes ut i tidiga-proterozoiska hav när järn(II)-rikt djupvatten blandades med syrerikt ytvatten, och att DIP avlägsnades från ytvattnet genom samutfällning snarare än adsorption. Lokala variationer av DIP-koncentrationer i haven, möjligen även skiktning, kan ha orsakats av kontinuerlig utfällning av järn(III)(oxyhydr)oxider ur ytvattnet följt av partiell frigörelse av DIP i syrefria djupvatten och sediment. Kristallisationsprocessen, som gynnar inbindning av DIP och misgynnar inbinding av arsenik (V) kan ha orsakat brist av DIP och anrikning av arsenik i ytvattnet, vilket troligen minskade tillväxten av cyanobakterier med lägre syrgasproduktion som följd. / CLAPO

See file / Se bif. dokument

The topological diversity of lithium-boron imidazolates LiB(imid)4 was studied by combining topological enumeration and ab initio DFT calculations. The structures based on zeolitic rho, gme and fau nets are shown to be stable and have high total hydrogen uptake (6.9–7.8 wt.%) comparable with that of MOF-177. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Apoptosis is an inherent suicide mechanism that cells invoke for a variety of reasons including embryo cavitation, tissue homeostasis, excessive DNA damage and aberrant oncogene activation. Apoptosis is regulated by a diverse set of proteins including, but not limited to, the Bcl-2 family. This family set is comprised of both pro-death and pro-survival proteins whose relative expression, localization and/or modifications regulate the balance between life and death for each cell. The keystones to this system are the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bak, which are regulated by their conformation and localization. However, the exact mechanisms by which Bax and Bak become activated remains to be resolved. Similarly, research focusing on the cancer cell's ability to deregulate apoptosis by preventing the activation of Bax or Bak will provide further insight into the development of targeted therapies for cancer that will hopefully contribute to the cure of this formidable disease. Src, the classic oncogenic kinase, has been found to deregulate Bax activation in response to the detachment of a cell from its substratum support thereby preventing anoikis, the Bax-dependent apoptotic response involved in the impairment of metastatic dissemination of cancer. Our findings indicate that Src deregulates this response by altering the relative expression of Bcl-2 family members Mcl-1 and Bim through the PI3-K/Akt and Erk1/2 pathways. However, Src retains its ability to prevent anoikis even in the setting of Akt and Erk1/2 signaling inhibition. Further evaluation of the role of Src in this process revealed that Bif-1, a protein known to associate with and activate Bax, could be directly phosphorylated by Src which prevented the association of Bax with Bif-1 and impaired the anoikis response. In addition, our studies have also found that Bax activation in response to treatment with type I and II histone deacetylase inhibitors is dependent on the expression of the tumor suppressor p53. Acetylation of p53 at carboxy-terminal lysine residues enhances its transcriptional activity associated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate that p53 acetylation at K320/K373/K382 is also required for its transcription-independent functions in Bax activation, ROS production, and apoptosis in response to the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) SAHA and LAQ824. Knockout of p53 in HCT116 cells markedly reduced HDACi-induced apoptosis. Unexpectedly, expression of transactivation-deficient p53 variants sensitized p53-null cancer cells to HDACi-mediated Bax-dependent apoptosis, whereas knockdown of endogenous mutant p53 inhibited HDACi-induced apoptosis. Evaluation of the mechanisms controlling this response led to the discovery of a novel interaction between p53 and Ku70. The association between these two proteins was acetylation independent, but acetylation of p53 could prevent and disrupt the Ku70/Bax complex and enhance apoptosis. These results suggest a new mechanism of acetylated p53 transcription-independent regulation of apoptosis.

Hydrogen is an appealing energy carrier for clean energy use. However, storage of hydrogen is still the main bottleneck for the realization of an energy economy based on hydrogen. Many materials with outstanding properties have been synthesized with the aim to store enough amount of hydrogen under ambient conditions. Such efforts need guidance from material science, which includes predictive theoretical tools. Carbon nanotubes were considered as promising candidates for hydrogen storage applications, but later on it was found to be unable to store enough amounts of hydrogen under ambient conditions. New arrangements of carbon nanotubes were constructed and hydrogen sorption properties were investigated using state-of-the-art simulation methods. The simulations indicate outstanding total hydrogen uptake (up to 19.0 wt.% at 77 K and 5.52wt.% at 300 K), which makes these materials excellent candidates for storage applications. This reopens the carbon route to superior materials for a hydrogen-based economy. Zeolite imidazolate frameworks are subclass of MOFs with an exceptional chemical and thermal stability. The hydrogen adsorption in ZIFs was investigated as a function of network geometry and organic linker exchange. Ab initio calculations performed at the MP2 level to obtain correct interaction energies between hydrogen molecules and the ZIF framework. Subsequently, GCMC simulations are carried out to obtain the hydrogen uptake of ZIFs at different thermodynamic conditions. The best of these materials (ZIF-8) is found to be able to store up to 5 wt.% at 77 K and high pressure. We expected possible improvement of hydrogen capacity of ZIFs by substituting the metal atom (Zn 2+) in the structure by lighter elements such as B or Li. Therefore, we investigated the energy landscape of LiB(IM)4 polymorphs in detail and analyzed their hydrogen storage capacities. The structure with the fau topology was shown to be one of the best materials for hydrogen storage. Its total hydrogen uptake at 77 K and 100 bar amounts to 7.8 wt.% comparable to the total uptake reported of MOF-177 (10 wt.%), which is a benchmark material for high pressure and low temperature H2 adsorption. Covalent organic frameworks are new class of nanoporous materials constructed solely from light elements (C, H, B, and O). The number of adsorption sites as well as the strength of adsorption are essential prerequisites for hydrogen storage in porous materials because they determine the storage capacity and the operational conditions. Currently, to the best of our knowledge, no experimental data are available on the position of preferential H2 adsorption sites in COFs. Molecular dynamics simulations were applied to determine the position of preferential hydrogen sites in COFs. Our results demonstrate that H2 molecule adsorbed at low temperature in seven different adsorption sites in COFs. The calculated adsorption energies are about 3 kJ/mol, comparable to that found for MOF systems. The gravimetric uptake for COF-108 reached 4.17 wt.% at room temperature and 100 bar, which makes this class of materials promising for hydrogen storage applications.

Data de aprova??o retirada da vers?o impressa do trabalho. / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-01-04T19:50:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) edgard_ronny_delgado_huamani.pdf: 5898825 bytes, checksum: 78eee370de5fed297b3181e82d98f63d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-01-17T18:40:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) edgard_ronny_delgado_huamani.pdf: 5898825 bytes, checksum: 78eee370de5fed297b3181e82d98f63d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-17T18:40:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) edgard_ronny_delgado_huamani.pdf: 5898825 bytes, checksum: 78eee370de5fed297b3181e82d98f63d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Neste trabalho, Carbon Dots (CD) oxidados foram preparados a partir de rea??es de desidrata??o/oxida??o ?cida da celulose, e posteriormente desoxigenados em meio alcalino e rea??o com sulfato de hidrazina. As caracteriza??es dos CD foram feitas com Microscopia eletr?nica de Transmiss?o, FTIR, titula??o potenciom?trica, Resson?ncia Magn?tica Nuclear de 13C e espectroscopia UV-Vis e fluoresc?ncia. Os resultados obtidos com estas caracteriza??es mostraram que a amostra oxidada apresenta um tamanho m?dio aproximadamente de 2,7 nm com uma significativa quantidade de grupos funcionais oxigenados ?cidos, dos quais 63% s?o ?cidos carbox?licos. Ap?s as rea??es de modifica??o superficial foi verificado que em meio alcalino ocorre somente uma elimina??o de nanoestruturas mais oxidadas, enquanto que na rea??o com hidrazina ocorre a redu??o de alguns grupos carbox?licos e ep?xidos com forma??o de grupos funcionais hidrazonas. Como consequ?ncia da modifica??o superficial, as propriedades ?pticas dos CD s?o alteradas significativamente. Com a redu??o, o band gap diminui e a energia da emiss?o aumenta, deslocando-se para a regi?o azul do espectro eletromagn?tico. Uma vez caracterizados, a parti??o de todos os CD preparados foi investigada em diferentes Sistemas Aquosos Bif?sicos (SAB), nos quais foram avaliados os efeitos dos c?tions e ?nions dos sais, dos pol?meros e do pH inicial do sistema no coeficiente de parti??o (K). Em adi??o foi avaliado o efeito da modifica??o superficial das nanopart?culas. A rela??o do K com comprimento da linha de amarra??o (CLA), o par?metro termodin?mico dos SAB foi estudado para todos os sistemas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a melhor separa??o ocorreu com o sistema PEO1500+sulfato de l?tio+?gua em pH=3 e usando os Carbon Dots reduzidos com hidrazina. O valor do K para este sistema foi de 64,4. Por outro lado, o menor valor de K foi 0,79, foi obtido para o sistema PEG1500+tartarato de s?dio+?gua em pH=6 e usando Carbon Dots oxidados. As an?lises detalhadas das fases superior e inferior de alguns destes sistemas com espectroscopia de fluoresc?ncia mostraram que os SAB s?o capazes, al?m de particionar, separar as nanopart?culas com diferentes propriedades ?pticas, as quais est?o diretamente associadas ?s propriedades superficiais e tamanho de part?culas. Por fim, n?s avaliamos a atividade catal?tica foto-Fentom dos CD na degrada??o do corante ani?nico ?ndigo de carmim e os resultados mostraram que os CD apresentam atividade fotocatal?tica neste sistema. Devido ? alta parti??o verificada para o sistema PEG1500+ sulfato de l?tio+?gua, este foi usado para avaliar a potencialidade de seu uso em cat?lise de transfer?ncia de fase usando CD como fotocatalisador e o corante ?ndigo de carmim como mol?cula modelo. Apesar da complexidade e da dificuldade de caracteriza??o dos produtos da foto-oxida??o no SAB, os resultados obtidos indicam que o sistema testado pode ser usado em rea??es de transfer?ncia de fase fotocatalisadas. Como conclus?o final, acredita-se que os resultados apresentados, em especial, a parti??o/sele??o das nanopart?culas com distintas propriedades ?pticas s?o de extrema import?ncia para o desenvolvimento de novas e eficazes aplica??es dos CD. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Qu?mica, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / In this work, oxidized Carbon Dots (CD) were prepared by a dehydration/oxidation reaction of cellulose and subsequently deoxygenated in alkaline medium and reaction with hydrazine sulfate. The CD characterizations were made with Transmission Electron Microscopy, FTIR, potentiometric titration. 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results obtained with these characterizations showed that the oxidized sample has an average size of 2.7 nm with a significant amount of acid oxygenated functional groups, of which 63% are carboxylic acids. After the superficial modification reactions, it was verified that in alkaline conditions only one elimination of more oxidized nanostructures occurs, whereas in the reaction with hydrazine the reduction of some carboxylic groups and epoxides with formation of hydrazones functional groups. As a consequence of the surface modification, the optical properties of the CD are significantly changed. The band gap decreases and the emission energy increases, shifting to the blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Once characterized, the partitioning of all CD prepared was investigated in differente Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS), in which the effects of the cations and anions of salts, of the polymers and the initial pH of the system in the partition coefficient (K) were evaluated. In addition, the surface modification effect of the nanoparticles was evaluated. The relationship of K with Tie Line Length (TLL), the thermodynamic parameter of the ATPS was studied for all systems. The results showed that the best separation occurred with the system PEO1500 + lithium sulfate + water at pH = 3 and using the reduced carbon dots with hydrazine. The K value for this system was 64,4. On the other hand, the lowest K value was 0,79, it was obtained for the system PEG1500 + sodium tartrate + water at pH = 6 and using oxidized carbon dots. The detailed analysis of the upper and lower phases of some of these systems with fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the ATPS are capable, in addition to partition, to separate the nanoparticles with different optical properties, which are associated directly to the surface properties and particle size. Finally, we evaluated the photo-Fentom catalytic activity of the CD in the degradation of the anionic anion dye indigo carmine and the results showed that the CD present photocatalytic activity in this system. Due to the high partition found for the PEG1500 + lithium + water sulfate system, it was used to evaluate the potentiality of its use in phase transfer catalysis using CD as a photocatalyst and the indigo carmine dye as a model molecule. Despite the complexity and difficulty of characterizing the photo-oxidation products in ATPS the results indicate that the system tested can be used in photocatalysed phase transfer reactions. As a final conclusion, we believe that the results presented, in particular, the partitioning / selection of nanoparticles with different optical properties are of extreme importance for the new and effective applications of CD.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-06-23T20:06:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DiegoDeLimaSousa_DISSERT.pdf: 2208966 bytes, checksum: 2885ffd2a2607c0a81d1654eca74abed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-27T20:16:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DiegoDeLimaSousa_DISSERT.pdf: 2208966 bytes, checksum: 2885ffd2a2607c0a81d1654eca74abed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T20:16:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DiegoDeLimaSousa_DISSERT.pdf: 2208966 bytes, checksum: 2885ffd2a2607c0a81d1654eca74abed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A medi??o de vaz?o atrav?s da predi??o da press?o diferencial ? amplamente utilizada no dia-a-dia industrial, isso acontece, principalmente, devido ao fato de ser utilizado para os mais variados tipos de fluidos, tais como: fluxo de gases e l?quido com viscosidades distintas, at? mesmo, escoamento de fluidos com part?culas em suspens?o. A adequa??o desses equipamentos para a medi??o de vaz?o m?ssica em escoamentos bif?sicos ? de suma import?ncia para o desenvolvimento tecnol?gico e confiabilidade dos resultados. Quando se trata de escoamentos bif?sicos as rela??es existentes entre os fluidos e as intera??es entre eles s?o de suma import?ncia na predi??o da vaz?o. No presente trabalho, ? proposto a utiliza??o de placa de orif?cio conc?ntrica utilizada em tubula??es de pequenos di?metros da ordem de 25,4 mm onde escoa um fluxo bif?sico de ?gua e ar. A medi??o de vaz?o monof?sica foi feita com a utiliza??o dos dados referentes na norma NBR 5167-1 onde utilizou-se a equa??o de Stolz para a mensura??o do coeficiente de descarga. No escoamento bif?sico foi utilizado duas correla??es largamente empregadas no progn?stico da vaz?o m?ssica, o padr?o de Zhang (1992), e o modelo de Chisholm (1967), para o modelo de escoamento homog?neo. Observou-se que o comportamento encontrado no modelo de Zhang, condizem de forma mais real?stica a vaz?o m?ssica do fluxo bif?sico, pois, o modelo de Chisholm extrapola nos par?metros para a press?o a jusante, P2, a placa de orif?cio, assim como o coeficiente de descarga avaliada. A utiliza??o da modifica??o nas quedas de press?o, P1-P2, e coeficiente de descarga, permitiu uma melhor converg?ncia entre os valores obtidos para o fluxo bif?sico ?gua-ar. / The measurement of flow through the prediction of differential pressure is widely used in industrial day-to-day, this happens mainly due to the fact that it is used for various types of fluids, such as gas flow and liquid with viscosity distinct even flow of fluids with particles in suspension. The suitability of this equipment for measuring mass flow in two-phase flow is of paramount importance for technological development and reliability of results. When it comes to two-phase flow the relationship between the fluids and their interactions are of paramount importance in predicting the flow. In this paper, we propose the use of concentric orifice plate used in small diameter pipes of 25.4 mm order where a two-phase flow flows between water-air. The measurement of single-phase flow was made with the use of data in NBR 5167-1 which was used to Stolz equation for measuring discharge coefficient. In the two-phase flow was used two correlations widely used in the prognosis of mass flow, the pattern of Zhang (1992) and the model of Chisholm (1967), to the homogeneous flow model. It was observed that the behavior found in Zhang model are consistent more realistic way the mass flow of two-phase flow, since the model Chisholm extrapolate the parameters for the downstream pressure P2, the orifice plate, and the rated discharge coefficient. The use of the change in pressure drop P1-P2 and discharge coefficient, led to a better convergence of the values obtained for the two-phase air-water stream.

The purpose of the study is to investigate how school educators adapt teaching to meet students in theoretical difficulties. The aim is also to get an insight into the educators' experiences about these students and how they talk about these children in conversation with colleagues, parents and school management. This in order to compare and analyze if the language is different from the conversation with parents, colleagues and school management. To answer my purpose, I have used four questions. These questions have been used in interviews of educators who meet and teach students in theoretical difficulties every day in elementary school. These six educators, four women and two men have a long experience in working with children and young people. My study of the experiences of these six educators shows that educators adapt teaching based on the needs of each student. Sometimes the special education teacher/special pedagogue is also in the process of selecting the right adjustments. The adjustments are tested a number of weeks before they are followed up. The most common customizations are compensational tools such as computer, speech synthesis, spell checking, image support, clear instructions, limited tasks, custom material, and understanding. There is no diagnosis for students in theoretical difficulties, which is not required by the educators. This makes it difficult to talk with parents, colleagues and school leaders because the term "student in theoretical difficulties" is not used. The students are named based on their strengths and difficulties. This is done because the educators find it hard to speak of a low talent. From a special pedagogical perspective based on the results, educators need to be responsive to the student's feelings, thoughts and opinions about the school situation. Successful educators support students increase motivation for school work. Educators need to focus on the learning environment and regularly reflect on the students' school situation. They need to let students be active about decisions concerning the pupil's school day. Students lack understanding in their knowledge learning because they have difficulty analyzing, comparing and reflecting. This means that educators must work to make the knowledge understandable to the student.Working actively with relationships between student-student and student-educator gives positive results for student development. Educators need to try different solutions and stick to them so that it is possible to evaluate the actions. Based on the results of the evaluation, students' difficulties may decrease when the measures have worked. Pupils with learning difficulties can have motor difficulties. If the students receive continuous motor training, learning is affected positively. Their concentration and motor skills are increasing as more physical training. These positive effects affect rough, fine motor skills, reading, writing ability, speech, room’s perception and thinking skills.