This thesis analyses the legal status and the importance of short titles in the legislative processes of the Westminster Parliament, the Scottish Parliament, and the US Congress. Through a large quantitative survey of US short titles that spanned over 30 years and 18 Congresses, it was demonstrated that there has been a paradigm shift in the way the US Congress titles its bills, in which it transitioned from a largely descriptive, technical style to a wider range of styles, among which a more explicitly evocative style became both acceptable and frequently used. Such titles are permeating the legislative process and the US statute book with what I argue is overly political language, and are blurring the lines between proselytizing and what has historically been regarded as a formally descriptive (not political) element of legislative drafting. Conversely, save for a few choice titles, the Westminster Parliament and Scottish Parliament continue to employ mostly descriptive short titles, similar to the previously innocuous style of the US Congress. From a contemporary and historical perspective in all three jurisdictions, the short titles of bills have been viewed as relatively insignificant reference points for those engaged and/or interacting with legislation from a drafting, legislative process or larger legal or political perspective, and have subsequently received little attention in the academic community. By employing a comparative research approach primarily focused on a cross-disciplinary literature review and hypothesis testing through three empirical projects, this thesis draws upon both qualitative and quantitative methods of research to answer the primary research questions. The main empirical method used was a qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with lawmakers, staffers, bill drafters, government officials and media members from all three jurisdictions. Although the legal status of short bill titles in each jurisdiction differed, many individuals from each jurisdiction viewed short bill titles as a considerably important part of the lawmaking process. Also, to varying degrees in each jurisdiction, interviewees repeatedly offered the opinion that short titles: may affect a bill’s chances of becoming law; are at times misleading; serve as more than referential points; at times may pressure legislators to vote for a bill; may be used as framing devices; and sometimes employ language that is not justified during the legislative process. These support the proposition that short titles have legislative process and political implications. The interviews support the legislative process analysis of the three jurisdictions that Chapter IV discusses, which is that the Scottish Parliament operates with the strictest regulations in regards to short title accuracy. In addition to being the only jurisdiction studied that openly endorses a ‘proper form’ in which bills must be drafted (which explicitly mentions short titles), many Scottish interviewees stated that such titles were important in the legislative process for different reasons than US and Westminster interviewees, stressing descriptive legal accuracy and taking care in regard to bill scope, among other concerns. The thesis’ quantitative survey portion includes separate surveys and sample populations from the US and Scotland. Though data collection was marred by an error in the US, thus hindering the analysis of such data, the Scottish results suggested that short bill titles may have psychological effects when analysing the favourability of proposals: all four evocative naming types produced higher favourability ratings than bland titles, and some results were statistically significant. However, the naming types were not statistically significant in assessing why the measure was supported or whether participants desired more information on bills. In response to the absence of short bill title standards in the US Congress and Westminster Parliament, and with the aim of describing how the Scottish Parliament standards might be made more thorough, the thesis provides short title recommendations that are suitable for all three jurisdictions. These recommendations largely accentuate proper form for language and processes in order to ensure short title accuracy, and have the potential, if applied consistently, to significantly reduce the chances of overtly political or evocative language entering the country’s legislative processes or statute books. While acknowledging that in all three institutions studied short bill titling may be in many respects a small aspect of the monumental and lengthy policy process, this thesis advances the proposition that it is considerably important to those who interact with and encounter legislation frequently, and that preventing evocative language from entering short bill titles is a benefit for the legislative processes of all three jurisdictions.

O aumento da participação dos títulos públicos pré-fixados no total da dívida pública sempre foi um objetivo perseguido pelas autoridades brasileiras. No entanto, isto só foi possível durante os primeiros anos do Plano Real. Muitos trabalhos empíricos foram realizados recentemente com o intuito de testar alguns pressupostos da teoria de leilões, porém, Silva (2002) foi o único trabalho realizado usando o Brasil como exemplo. O presente trabalho utiliza estatísticas mais confiáveis que Silva (2002), além de realizar testes empíricos relacionando o mercado primário de títulos públicos ao mercado secundário. A principal conclusão a que chegamos é que nos leilões de títulos públicos préfixados os pressupostos teóricos não são válidos, podendo ser fruto da pequena liquidez presente no mercado primário. / The increase of the share of fixed-rate bills in the public debt was always a goal to be pursued by the Brazilian authorities; nevertheless, this was only possible during a short period of time in the first years of the Real Plan. Many empirical works were recently elaborated with the intent to test the auction theory hypothesis, but only Silva (2002) used Brazilian data. This present dissertation uses more trustworthy figures than Silva’s work, beyond the realization of empirical tests relating the primary market to the secondary market. The most important contribution is that in the fixed rate Brazilian’s treasury auction, the estimated theoreticians do not function, and this could be due to the primary market’s low liquidity.

O aumento da participação dos títulos públicos pré-fixados no total da dívida pública sempre foi um objetivo perseguido pelas autoridades brasileiras. No entanto, isto só foi possível durante os primeiros anos do Plano Real. Muitos trabalhos empíricos foram realizados recentemente com o intuito de testar alguns pressupostos da teoria de leilões, porém, Silva (2002) foi o único trabalho realizado usando o Brasil como exemplo. O presente trabalho utiliza estatísticas mais confiáveis que Silva (2002), além de realizar testes empíricos relacionando o mercado primário de títulos públicos ao mercado secundário. A principal conclusão a que chegamos é que nos leilões de títulos públicos préfixados os pressupostos teóricos não são válidos, podendo ser fruto da pequena liquidez presente no mercado primário. / The increase of the share of fixed-rate bills in the public debt was always a goal to be pursued by the Brazilian authorities; nevertheless, this was only possible during a short period of time in the first years of the Real Plan. Many empirical works were recently elaborated with the intent to test the auction theory hypothesis, but only Silva (2002) used Brazilian data. This present dissertation uses more trustworthy figures than Silva’s work, beyond the realization of empirical tests relating the primary market to the secondary market. The most important contribution is that in the fixed rate Brazilian’s treasury auction, the estimated theoreticians do not function, and this could be due to the primary market’s low liquidity.

O aumento da participação dos títulos públicos pré-fixados no total da dívida pública sempre foi um objetivo perseguido pelas autoridades brasileiras. No entanto, isto só foi possível durante os primeiros anos do Plano Real. Muitos trabalhos empíricos foram realizados recentemente com o intuito de testar alguns pressupostos da teoria de leilões, porém, Silva (2002) foi o único trabalho realizado usando o Brasil como exemplo. O presente trabalho utiliza estatísticas mais confiáveis que Silva (2002), além de realizar testes empíricos relacionando o mercado primário de títulos públicos ao mercado secundário. A principal conclusão a que chegamos é que nos leilões de títulos públicos préfixados os pressupostos teóricos não são válidos, podendo ser fruto da pequena liquidez presente no mercado primário. / The increase of the share of fixed-rate bills in the public debt was always a goal to be pursued by the Brazilian authorities; nevertheless, this was only possible during a short period of time in the first years of the Real Plan. Many empirical works were recently elaborated with the intent to test the auction theory hypothesis, but only Silva (2002) used Brazilian data. This present dissertation uses more trustworthy figures than Silva’s work, beyond the realization of empirical tests relating the primary market to the secondary market. The most important contribution is that in the fixed rate Brazilian’s treasury auction, the estimated theoreticians do not function, and this could be due to the primary market’s low liquidity.

Submitted by Leda Lopes (ledacplopes@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-10T11:48:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Rosana Alves Gomes - Dissertação.pdf: 1556606 bytes, checksum: d4b6cd81f3b853d96a5b1b59b72b0f64 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-10T19:27:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Rosana Alves Gomes - Dissertação.pdf: 1556606 bytes, checksum: d4b6cd81f3b853d96a5b1b59b72b0f64 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-10T19:28:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Rosana Alves Gomes - Dissertação.pdf: 1556606 bytes, checksum: d4b6cd81f3b853d96a5b1b59b72b0f64 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-10T19:29:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Rosana Alves Gomes - Dissertação.pdf: 1556606 bytes, checksum: d4b6cd81f3b853d96a5b1b59b72b0f64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-31 / Debruçando-se sobre a relação ideologia e partidos políticos, o presente trabalho busca investigar a ação ideológica do Partido dos Trabalhadores na Câmara dos Deputados na 52ª legislatura. O objetivo é compreender o comportamento discursivo ideológico do PT para a área social, na esfera federal do poder legislativo. Objetivamos, também, identificar, quantitativamente, o número total de projetos de lei formulados para a área social, assim como conhecer, dentro da área social, os eixos temáticos privilegiados. Para tanto, analisamos os projetos de lei protocolados pelos parlamentares petistas, entre 2003 e 2007, à luz da metodologia de classificação ideológica dos partidos políticos, desenvolvida pelo grupo de pesquisa ―Ideologia e Análise de Discurso‖, vinculado ao PPGCPol da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Nesta, os métodos adotados apresenta uma combinação da análise de discurso e da análise de conteúdo, a fim de mapear os sentidos ideológicos produzidos por parlamentares e o conteúdo dos projetos de lei de autoria dos deputados petistas, respectivamente. Seu aporte teórico está baseado na teoria do discurso de Ernesto Laclau e Chantal Mouffe. Como resultado da pesquisa, é possível afirmar que a bancada petista, na 52ª legislatura, foi interpelada por um discurso majoritariamente de esquerda, no âmbito da política social. Ainda assim, foi demonstrado também existência de PLs orientados pela ideologia de direta na produção legislativa petista, o que reforça a pertinência de uma análise não essencialista e monolítica dos partidos em termos ideológicos. / Leaning over relationship between ideology and political parties, this paper investigates the ideological action of the Workers‘ Party, in the Chamber of Deputies in the 52nd Legislature. The objective is to understand the ideological discursive behavior of the PT for the social area, at the federal sphere of legislative power. We also aim to identify, quantitatively, the total number of bills formulated for the social area, and to know the main thematic axes in the social area. To this, we analyzed the bills submitted by the PT congressmen between 2003 and 2007, under the methodology of ideological classification of political parties developed by the research group "Ideology and Discourse Analysis", linked to the PPGCPol of the Federal University of Pelotas. In this, the methods adopted present a combination of discourse analysis and the content analysis, in order to map the ideological senses produced by parliamentarians and the contents of the draft laws authored by the PT deputies, respectively. Its theoretical contribution is based on the discourse theory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe. As a result of the research, it is possible to affirm that the PT party, in the 52nd legislature, was challenged by a major left-wing discourse at the scope of social policy. Nevertheless, it was also demonstrated the existence of PLs oriented by the ideology of right, in the production legislative of PT, which reinforces the pertinence of a non-essentialist and monolithic analysis of the parties in ideological terms.

This thesis deals with debt management carried out in the Czech Republic. Financial instruments (treasury bills, treasury bonds) which are used to manage state debt are described. Analysis for the Czech Republic encompasses period between years 1993 and 2008. It also contains comparison of debt management with selected OECD countries.

External threats The aim of this study is to create a theoretical understanding of the Swedish national security perspectives which contributed to the variety of initiatives that have taken place in the Swedish military defense bills of 2004/05:5 and 2014/15:109. Our purpose is to do a qualitative text analysis whereby we create ideal types based upon the international relation theories liberalism and realism, which we then apply onto our selected propositions to analyze whether our ideal types can be traced- to discover if there have been any ideological changes. In our final discussion of the analysis we can see that the Swedish security objectives have changed due to changed threats in the world, which have resulted in both an increased need for international cooperation and also an expanded Swedish military defense in 2014. We can also see a theoretical shift in these propositions since some countries which previously had a more liberalistic character are now adopting a more realistic act.

[pt] Uma das principais reivindicações dos movimentos brasileiros de minorias sexuais LGBT nas últimas duas décadas tem sido a aprovação de uma lei que criminalize a homofobia em âmbito federal. O Projeto de Lei da Câmara 122 (PLC 122), conhecido como lei anti-homofobia, foi proposto na Câmara dos Deputados em 2001 com o objetivo de incluir a discriminação por orientação sexual ou identidade de gênero no Código Penal. O projeto foi arquivado no Senado Federal no final de 2014. Considerando que o jornalismo é agente ativo na produção de enquadramentos específicos acerca dos acontecimentos, o objetivo da tese é investigar a cobertura jornalística sobre o PLC 122, entre 2001 e 2015. Nosso material de análise é composto por 619 reportagens de quinze jornais impressos, que cobrem as cinco regiões brasileiras, e utilizamos como ferramenta metodológica a Análise de Categorização de Pertencimento (Membership Categorization Analysis). Como resultado, nossa análise evidenciou quatro padrões analíticos, que englobam as categorizações de pertencimento utilizadas no âmbito dos discursos jornalísticos no período: acerca 1) dos sujeitos LGBT, formulados como minorias sociais, vítimas de crimes homofóbicos ou como militantes; 2) do projeto de lei, categorizado como censura ou como promotor de direitos; 3) da prática homossexual, categorizada como opção ou antinatural; e 4) das instituições brasileiras, definidas ora como fundamentalistas ora laicas. / [en] One of the main demands of Brazilian social movements of sexual minorities in the past two decades has been the approval of a law that deals with the criminal classification of homofobia at a Federal level. The Bill 122, also known as anti-homophobia law, aimed to include discrimination against sexual orientation or gender identity as identified in the criminal code (specifically Law 7716 from 1989, also known as the Racism Law). Proposed in 2001 in the House of Representatives, the bill was later filed in the Senate at the end of 2014. Assuming that the journalistic field is an active agent in producing frames about the bill and its related subjects, the primary objective of the dissertation is to investigate how the Brazilian printed newspapers frame the Bill 122 between 2001 and 2015. The dataset is composed of 619 news articles from 15 different papers, which encompass all five brazilian regions, and we use as a methodological tool the Membership Categorization Analysis (MCA). As a result, our analysis revealed four analytical patterns, composed of the categorizations used within the journalistic field during that period: about 1) the LGBT subjects, formulated as social minorities, victims of homophobic crimes or as militants; 2) the Bill 122, categorized as a type of censorship or as a promoter of human rights; 3) the homosexual practices, categorized as an anti-natural option and 4) the Brazilian institutions, defined sometimes as fundamentalist, sometimes as secular.

The topic of my diploma thesis is "The Concept and Types of Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes". The reason, why I chose this theme, is my interest in business law and in particular in the securities law. However, the main motivation which led me to analyze this legal sphere, were anteriorly my previous work experiences. From the plenty of cases I have had the opportunity to see, emerged for me a surprising conclusion, namely that the participants of the bill relationships are often not in a significant amount familiar with the essential content requirements of a bill of exchange as a security, which in the case concerned led to serious and thoroughly negative consequences. It is obvious that a bill of exchange represents for a general public not easily understandable problematic which requires precision and excellent knowledge of law. For this reason I have paid attention to the issue of essential appurtenances of a bill of exchange whose presence is demanded by law and without their remark a bill of exchange is fundamentally not valid document. The goal of this diploma thesis is to analyze and characterize a bill of exchange as a legal instrument and to define its basic attributes in a view of the fact that in the Bill of Exchange and Cheque Act, not even in other legal rules including...

in English Securities with a focus of bills of exchange and promissory notes as important tools in business obligations The institute of securities accompanies the society for many centuries and has become an indispensable part of economic life. Although, with few exceptions represented apparently only by Slovak and Swiss legal order, there is no general definition of concept of security, it does not hinder to define its characteristics, which are the instrument, respectively any material substrate able to capture a written declaration of will and incorporated subjective property right originating in the private area. Of the above may be deduced the close connection between right and document, which is it's materialization. In connection with the development of social needs, especially in the area of trade, disadvantages of document that was originally considered as a necessary condition of the existence of a valid security, appeared. As a result, the process of dematerialisation of securities started and the document has been replaced by the entry in the register of securities. Nowadays, therefore, the securities may exist both in paper and in book entry form, what undoubtedly facilitate the implementation of some complicated business transactions. The presented thesis combines the interpretation...