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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 252 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 158-194).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-168). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF MICHELLE OSTIEN, for the Master of Science degree in FOOD AND NUTRITION, presented on November 20, 2008, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN FEMALES WITH REGARDS TO PERFECTIONISM IN THOSE WITH ANOREXIA NERVOSA, HIGH BMI (BINGE EATERS VS. NON-BINGE EATERS), AND THOSE SEEKING A HEALTHIER LIFESTYLE MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Sharon Peterson One in five women in the United States struggle with an eating disorder or distorted eating patterns (National Institute of Mental Health, 2001). Perfectionism, one of the risk factors for developing an eating disorder, is a trait that many of these women have in common. While much research has been done on perfectionism in women with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, few studies have looked at perfectionism in women with binge eating disorder (Pratt, Telch, Labouvie, Wilson, & Agras, 2001). Our study sought to further understand the similarities and differences of the total and individual components of perfectionism in females seeking a healthier lifestyle, high BMI binge eaters, high BMI non-binge eaters, and anorexics. Our study found that the first component of the perfectionism scale (representing self-oriented perfectionism) was found to be significant between groups (p=0.002). When comparing females seeking a healthier lifestyle to high BMI binge eaters, females seeking a healthier lifestyle were more likely to answer "no", while high BMI binge eaters were more likely to answer "yes" (p=0.006). When comparing females seeking a healthier lifestyle to anorexics, females seeking a healthier lifestyle were more likely to answer "no" when compared to anorexics (p=0.033). When comparing high BMI binge eaters to high BMI non-binge eaters, high BMI binge eaters were also more likely to answer "yes" to this question when compared to high BMI non-binge eaters (p=0.048). Compared to 76.9% (N=10) of female anorexics, 74.4% (N=32) of female high BMI binge eaters, 50.0% (N=32) of female high BMI non-binge eaters, and 31.2 % (N=5) of females seeking a healthier lifestyle answered "yes" to perfectionism component one, which represented self-oriented perfectionism. Anorexics had the greatest tendency for perfectionism, followed by binge eaters, and then non-binge eaters. This study demonstrated that self-oriented perfectionism is the greatest indicator of perfectionism between subject groups and that perfectionism does exist in binge eaters.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T22:57:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_10292_023 - Dissertaçao Martielo JM.pdf: 1311723 bytes, checksum: 8223313b6c1add75c41e1d4e814174d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-16 / A separação maternal tem sido um modelo animal amplamente utilizado, para mimetizar eventos estressores no período neonatal, podendo levar ao desenvolvimento de déficits cognitivos e ao abuso de substâncias, como o etanol. Essa substância representa um potencial risco a saúde por se tratar de uma bebida muito consumida por jovens e adolescentes, principalmente, em binge, um consumo pesado episódico de etanol. Este é capaz de provocar alterações comportamentais e em sistemas de neurotransmissores, como o dopaminérgico e o endocanabinóide. Neste estudo, nós buscamos avaliar a influência do consumo de álcool em binge por ratos adolescentes submetidos à separação maternal sobre o aprendizado, a impulsividade e o consumo voluntário de etanol na vida adulta, bem como investigar os efeitos desses tratamentos sobre o sistema endocanabinóide e dopaminérgico. Para isso, ratos Wistar machos foram separados ou não de suas mães dos dias pós-natal 2-15, por 3 horas diárias. Os animais não separados foram mantidos sob condições padrões de biotério. No 35º dia de vida, os animais foram divididos em grupos para o tratamento agudo ou crônico. Ambos os grupos foram novamente divididos em 3 subgrupos, que receberam veículo (salina) ou etanol em doses de 3,0 ou 6,0 g/kg, por gavagem. O etanol foi administrado por três dias consecutivos (binge agudo) ou uma vez por dia, dois dias consecutivos, intercaladas por dois dias sem etanol, perfazendo um total de 10 doses (binge crônico). No final deste procedimento, os animais foram submetidos aos testes comportamentais de aprendizado e impulsividade, ambos utilizando um Labirinto em T, ao teste de consumo voluntário de etanol, ou eutanasiados para obtenção das estruturas córtex pré-frontal e hipocampo. A expressão de mRNA dos componentes do sistema endocanabinóide: receptor CB1, e as enzimas: monoacilglicerol lipase, amida hidrolase de ácidos graxos, N-acilfosfatidiletanolamina especifica fosfolipase D e diacilglicerol lipase, foi avaliada em ambas as estruturas, e os receptores dopaminérgicos D1, D2 e a enzima tirosina hidroxilase foram avaliados apenas no córtex pré-frontal. Nós observamos que separação maternal aumentou o comportamento de impulsividade e o consumo voluntário de etanol, e o consumo de etanol na adolescência prejudicou a memória de curta duração, parecendo previnir as demais alterações comportamentais geradas pela separação maternal. No córtex pré-frontal a separação maternal e o etanol alteraram o sistema dopaminérgico com redução da expressão de mRNA de D1 e aumento da tirosina hidroxilase, e parecem gerar um aumento das enzimas de síntese de endocanabinóides, N-acilfosfatidiletanolamina especifica fosfolipase D e diacilglicerol lipase. No hipocampo no grupo submetido a ambos os tratamentos houve uma redução da expressão de mRNA de CB1 e da enzima N-acilfosfatidiletanolamina especifica fosfolipase D, e um aumento da expressão da diacilglicerol lipase. Em conclusão, tanto a separação maternal quanto o etanol, foram capazes de provocar alterações comportamentais e nos sistemas endocanabinóide e dopaminérgico, e a separação maternal modifica a resposta aos efeitos do etanol.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T22:57:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_10294_022 - Dissertação. versãofinalPDF TELLES,V.G.pdf: 1638355 bytes, checksum: 4b718e767378114d2060085b641300d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-16 / Eventos estressantes que ocorrem no início da vida podem induzir danos persistentes no encéfalo e no comportamento durante a vida adulta. Além disso, experiências estressantes estimulam o consumo abusivo do etanol, o que induz danos neuronais, e contribuem para o aumento do estresse oxidativo no Sistema Nervoso Central. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da separação maternal (SM) e da exposição ao etanol em binge em ratos adolescentes sobre parâmetros de estresse oxidativo e comportamentais. Para isso, foram utilizadas ratas fêmeas Wistar prenhes e após o nascimento das ninhadas, os animais foram divididos em grupo controle (NS) ou grupo separação maternal (SM). A SM foi realizada de 2 a 15 dias pós-natal, 3 horas por dia. No dia pós-natal 35, os animais foram novamente divididos em 3 grupos: os animais que receberam solução salina intragástrica (grupo do veículo) ou etanol em doses de 3,0 ou 6,0 g / kg. No tratamento crônico, o etanol foi administrado uma vez por dia, durante dois dias consecutivos intercalados por dois dias sem etanol, perfazendo um total de 10 doses. A exposição ao tratamento do binge agudo aconteceu no dia 35 até o dia 37 pós-natal. No final deste procedimento, os animais foram submetidos aos testes comportamentais ou submetidos à eutanásia para a obtenção de estruturas encefálicas. A memória foi avaliada pelo teste de reconhecimento de objetos (TRO) e pelo teste do labirinto em Y, o hipocampo e córtex pré-frontal (CPF) foram recolhidos apenas nos animais submetidos ao tratamento crônico. Nestas estruturas, foram avaliadas a produção de radicais livres pela oxidação química do dicloroidrofluoresceína (DCFH), a atividade enzimática da catalase (CAT), da glutationa peroxidase (GPx) e da superóxido dismutase (SOD), a produção de espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e de tióis totais. Nos testes comportamentais do grupo agudo, observou-se efeito da SM e do etanol induzindo a diminuição da memória de longa duração (MLD) no TRO. No tratamento crônico por sua vez, observou-se interação entre a SM e o etanol induzindo a diminuição da memória de curta duração (MCD) no TRO e no labirinto em Y, foi visto efeito da SM diminuindo a MCD, mais especificamente durante a fase de aquisição da memória. Em relação aos parâmetros bioquímicos, os resultados do CPF mostraram que a SM e a interação entre os tratamentos SM e etanol induziram o aumento da atividade da GPx bem como o aumento dos níveis de TBARS foram induzidos somente pela SM. Já no hipocampo, a SM aumentou a produção de radicais livres, diminuiu a atividade enzimática da GPx, aumentou a atividade enzimática da SOD e a produção de TBARS. Além disso, os resultados mostraram interação entre os tratamentos SM e etanol, favorecendo a diminuição da atividade enzimática da CAT no hipocampo. Concluímos que há interação entre a SM e o etanol na indução de um o déficit cognitivo na MCD e MLD, sugerindo alterações funcionais no hipocampo e CPF. Além disso, a separação maternal foi capaz de promover estresse oxidativo nessas estruturas, não sofrendo grande influência do consumo crônico de etanol em binge.

Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is a deadly, psychiatric condition which affects about 10 million people in the USA. It is characterized by discrete and recurrent binge eating episodes consisting of rapid consumption of excessive amounts of highly palatable, energy-dense food (e.g. rich in sugars and fats) within discrete periods of time. Our laboratory has been focusing on the understanding of the behavioral, metabolic, and neurobiological factors underlying BED, through the development of an animal model of binge-like eating. This model is based on a limited access schedule in which rats are exposed 1-hour/day to a high-sucrose diet (HSD) in operant conditioning self-administration boxes. However, the consummatory and metabolic outcomes of exposing rats to a high-fat diet (HFD) in the same procedure are unknown. The aim of this thesis was to test the consummatory and metabolic effects of 1-hour limited access to either a HSD or a HFD in an operant rat model of binge-like eating. For this purpose, female rats were subjects of the binge-like eating procedure by limiting access to a HSD, a HFD, or a standard Chow diet. Our results show that limiting access to either a HSD or a HFD promoted binge-like eating as compared to control Chow diet. HSD binge-like eating was based on a true increase in the amount of food consumed, that is, an increased eating rate. Such suggests increase in palatability and a decrease in the home-cage standard chow intake, likely due to a negative contrast effect. Conversely, binge-like eating of the high-fat diet resulted from passive energy consumption due to the high energy-density of the food. Also, HFD binge-like eating was accompanied by neither increased eating rate nor rejection of the home-cage chow. Moreover, while HSD rats consumed less energy than HFD rats, the former were more energy efficient and gained more body weight than the latter. These results provide information on how the quality of food can deeply influence the behavioral and metabolic outcomes of binge-like eating. / 2022-06-07T00:00:00Z

Binge-watching, the act of watching large amounts of television at a time, has become a popular phenomenon internationally; however, it has yet to be sufficiently defined. In order to define binge-watching, data was collected on specific watching instances from 216 undergraduate students at a large research university. Hierarchical and k-means cluster analyses were conducted in Phase I to empirically determine how binge-watching should be defined. In Phase II, that definition was tested by correlating the number of instances of binge-watching in a one-week period, collected by seven days of daily diary logs, with several theoretically related measures including body mass index, dissociative tendencies, psychological distress, compulsion to watch, boredom proneness, and escapism through watching. The data-driven definition was found to be that eight hours or more of continuous watching was binge-watching, while anything less than that was not. In Phase II, the frequency of binge-watching through the seven-day period was calculated based on that new definition. The frequency of binge-watching was positively correlated with body mass index and dissociative tendencies with statistical significance at the alpha = .05 level. Compulsion to watch was not statistically significant; however, there was a positive correlation. These findings indicate that the proposed data-driven definition has concurrent validity. Psychological distress, boredom proneness, and escapism through watching were not statistically significantly related to binge-watching frequency, nor did the effect sizes indicate a correlation may exist. Potential reasons for these results are discussed. The definition found in this study will be helpful to other researchers as research into binge-watching continues to grow.

The goal of this study was to examine differential effects of amount and pattern of prenatal alcohol exposure on child outcome. Alcohol use was assessed at each prenatal visit, and IQ and behavior were measured at age 7 years. After control for confounders, the amount of exposure was unrelated to IQ score and behavior for >500 black 7-year-old children. However, children who were exposed to binge drinking were 1.7 times more likely to have IQ scores in the mentally retarded range and 2.5 times more likely to have clinically significant levels of delinquent behavior. During prenatal care, clinicians should attend not only to amount but also to the pattern of alcohol intake, because of the elevated risk for cognitive deficits and long-term behavioral abnormality.

Introduction: Defensive functioning may play an important role in the development and treatment of binge-eating disorder (BED). The Defense Mechanism Rating Scale (DMRS) is a widely used observer rating measure of defensive functioning. However, there is little research on defensive functioning and the DMRS in BED. This dissertation includes three studies on defensive functioning in individuals with BED. Study one assessed the validity and reliability of the DMRS when used to rate Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) transcripts, and compared defensive functioning between women with and without BED. Study two compared change in defensive functioning in women with BED who received Group Psychodynamic-Interpersonal Psychotherapy (GPIP) versus those in a waitlist no treatment control condition. Study three assessed the impact of other group therapy members’ defensive functioning on an individual group member’s treatment outcomes (i.e., binge-eating frequency and interpersonal functioning). Thus, the overall goals of this dissertation were to better understand the role of defensive functioning in BED, the degree to which defensive functioning changes due to group therapy, and the impact in the context of the therapy group’s defensive functioning on individual outcomes. Method: Participants with for this study were recruited from three previous investigations. Two clinical trials of group psychotherapy provided data of individuals with BED: (1) a randomized trial (N = 85) in which participants were assigned to GPIP (n = 35) or a waitlist control (n = 50), and (2) an uncontrolled study in which all participants with BED (N = 101) received GPIP. A total of 17 therapy groups were formed across both studies, with each group consisting of five to 11 members. In addition, a third study provided data from two comparison groups without BED: women who were overweight/obese (body mass index [BMI] > 27 kg/m2; n = 47) and women who were normal weight (BMI = 20 to 25 kg/m2; n = 49). Participants with BED completed a battery of questionnaires and the AAI at two time-points (i.e., pre-treatment/pre-waitlist and six months post-treatment/post-waitlist). Participants without BED completed the same battery of questionnaires and the AAI at one time-point and did not receive treatment. All AAI audio recordings were transcribed and used to code defensive functioning. Results: In study one, the DMRS coded from AAI transcripts demonstrated acceptable inter-rater reliability; good convergent validity, as it was significantly correlated with other related constructs (i.e., interpersonal functioning, reflective functioning, and attachment insecurity); and acceptable predictive validity, as women with BED had significantly lower defensive functioning than normal weight women without BED. In study two, those who received GPIP had significantly greater improvements in defensive functioning from pre-treatment to six months post-treatment compared to the waitlist control group. Follow-up analyses revealed that the average number of High Adaptive defenses significantly increased from pre-treatment to six months post-treatment in the GPIP condition, but not in the waitlist control condition; and significantly more participants assigned to the waitlist control condition deteriorated in their defensive functioning from pre-waitlist to six months post-waitlist than those assigned to GPIP. In study three, individual defensive functioning scores at pre-treatment were not significantly associated with either treatment outcome (i.e., binge-eating frequency or interpersonal distress) at six months post-treatment. However, other group members’ mean defensive functioning scores at pre-treatment were significantly associated with individual interpersonal distress, but not binge-eating frequency, at six months post-treatment. Discussion: Overall, this dissertation lends further support to the role of defensive functioning in the maintenance and treatment of BED. Individuals with BED tend to use less adaptive defensive functioning, but this can be improved through GPIP. Further, context of the therapy group in terms of defensive functioning is particularly important for improving treatment outcomes in individuals with BED. These findings should be replicated across more diverse samples and other types of group psychotherapy. Group therapists can help their patients with BED confront their maladaptive defense mechanisms and binge-eating by tackling their interpersonal distress, and placing sufficient emphasis on the group’s composition in terms of defensive functioning.