This project is a transnational case study on the binge-watching and media habits of sixty interviewees from Brazil, China, the Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Israel, Kenya, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Romania, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States. First, it zooms in and asks what habits interviewees had at the time of the interview. How did interviewees habitually stop watching for the day? What cues in their environment were most likely to successfully trigger the end of a watch session, and which were most likely to fail? Second, it zooms out, and investigates how robust interviewees’ media habits were when faced with major habit discontinuities. When interviewees moved across borders, found partners or lost them, found employment or left it, had children or had children move out, did it affect their video watching habits? Which life events were most strongly associated with habit changes? It uses interviews grounded in trace data (platform logs of user behavior) from several major video platforms in order to study what habits people have around watching video, and if those habits are rigid or elastic when confronted with major life events. Using trace data as a prompt during interviews made it possible to elicit details of repetitive behavior, and also to observe how that behavior changed over time. This research finds that binge-watching, and video habits more generally, are a state, not a trait. They can be altered by changing cues in viewers’ environments. Some cues are more successful than others at ending individual viewing sessions. The end of an episode or the sense of time having passed are the least successful, and the loss of a given kind of content or being interrupted by a concrete, immediate obligation to pay attention elsewhere are the most successful. For major life events, different life events have different effects. A high degree of cognitive migration is associated with changes in what people watch after a move. Sharing a household with other people is associated with alternating between episodes of different shows, as well as with exposure to different watching practices and content which are adapted as people move through time and across borders.

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No / Obese individuals, especially those who are morbidly obese, are more likely to binge-eat and to have Disinhibition, as measured by the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire of Stunkard and Messick (1985). The latter characterises very opportunistic eating behaviour and signifies a readiness to eat. We argue in this chapter that binge eating and Disinhibition are deeply adaptive as mechanisms for dealing with one of the most fundamental of insecurities, that of food, especially in seasonal and unpredictable environments. It is only in recent decades, with improved food security in industrialized nations and the emergence of obesity at the population level, that they have become maladaptive in terms of health outcomes, and have been medically pathologized. Binge-eating and Disinhibition are no longer responses to uncertainty in food availability has they would have been in the evolutionary past. Rather, there may be other types of uncertainty and insecurity that lead to Disinhibition, binge-eating and obesity, and clinical practice should perhaps turn to examining these as higher-level factors that structure health and illness. These would include stress at work and in everyday life

Objective: Weight bias has strong associations with psychopathology in overweight and obese individuals. However, self-evaluative processes, as conceptualized in the process model of self-stigma, and implications for other health-related outcomes, remain to be clarified. Design and Methods: In a representative general population sample of N = 1158 overweight and obese individuals, the impact of core self-evaluation as a mediator between weight bias internalization and mental and global health outcomes as well as between weight bias internalization and health care utilization, was examined using structural equation modeling. Results: In overweight and obese individuals, greater weight bias internalization predicted lower core self-evaluation, which in turn predicted greater depression and anxiety, lower global health, and greater health care utilization. These mediational associations were largely stable in subsample analyses and after controlling for sociodemographic variables. Conclusions: The results show that overweight and obese individuals with internalized weight bias are at risk for impaired health, especially if they experience low core self-evaluation, making them a group with which to target for interventions to reduce self-stigma. Weight bias internalization did not represent a barrier to health care utilization, but predicted greater health care utilization in association with greater health impairments.

Binge eating and drinking have been studied with respect to stress, anxiety, and depression, but little is known about the emerging phenomenon of binge watching television programming. Guided by escape theory and the uses and gratification theory, this cross-sectional, correlational study addressed multivariate relations of binge drinking, binge eating, and binge watching with depression, anxiety, and stress among 102 college students ages 18 to 24. Multivariate canonical correlation results revealed that participants with low anxiety scores tended to have low scores on binge eating and drinking but high scores on binge watching. Participants with low stress scores and high anxiety scores tended to have low scores on binge watching and eating. In a regression model, anxiety, stress, and gender were important predictors of binge eating. Binge drinking was influenced by where a student lived, fraternity/sorority status, athletic participation, depression, and stress. Binge watching was best predicted by a model including stress, anxiety, athletic participation, and whether binge episodes were planned or unplanned. More binge watching occurred among participants not involved in athletics to pass time but not for information. Results may provide college mental health student services centers with empirical data to create programs to identify maladaptive binge behaviors among students and help them more effectively cope with stress, anxiety, and depression.

Binge eating disorder is characterized by excessive consumption of highly palatable food within short periods of time accompanied by loss of control over eating. Extensive evidence provides support for the consideration of binge eating disorder as an addiction-like disorder. In this study, we wanted to determine whether rats undergoing an operant binge-like eating procedure could develop maladaptive forms of conditioned feeding behaviors. For this purpose, we trained male rats to self-administer either a sugary, highly palatable diet (Palatable rats) or a chow diet (Chow rats) for 1 hour/day. Following escalation and stabilization of palatable food intake, we tested both Chow and Palatable rats in a i) conditioned place preference, a ii) second-order schedule of reinforcement and, finally, a iii) cue-induced suppression of feeding. In the conditioned place preference task, Palatable rats spent significantly more time in the compartment which was paired with the palatable food when compared to Chow controls. Furthermore, in the second-order schedule of reinforcement task, Palatable rats exhibited active lever responding 4- to 6-fold higher than Chow control rats. Finally, in the conditioned suppression of feeding test, while Chow control subjects reduced responding by one-third in the presence of the conditioned punishment, Palatable rats persevered in responding despite the aversive cue. These results further characterize our animal model of binge-like eating and provide additional evidence for the addictive properties of highly palatable food.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-04T19:14:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-12-07 / Ministério da Saúde / O consumo nocivo alcoólico entre adolescentes é um problema de saúde pública mundial. É importante detectar e compreender os principais fatores que levam o adolescente a iniciar esse consumo e também praticar padrões nocivos. Programas preventivos devem ser realizados para evitar esse consumo ou retardar ao máximo o seu início. O objetivo desse estudo foi compreender a relação entre os fatores demográficos, sociais e familiares associados ao binge drinking (BD), beber pesado (BP) ou beber frequente (BF) e a iniciação ao consumo alcoólico ou a prática de BD. Foi avaliado o efeito do programa preventivo #Tamojunto nesta iniciação. Um ensaio controlado randomizado foi realizado em 72 escolas públicas, com estudantes do 7º e 8º anos, em 6 cidades brasileiras. As escolas do grupo-intervenção receberam o programa #Tamojunto e as escolas do grupo-controle não receberam qualquer programa específico de prevenção ao uso de drogas. Os dados foram obtidos por questionários anônimos de autopreenchimento aplicados na linha de base, 9 e 21 meses depois. No primeiro artigo avaliaram-se os dados da linha de base, em corte transversal, para as associações entre BD anual e BP ou BF mensal e fatores demográficos, familiares e sociais (N=6,387). No segundo artigo, apenas os estudantes abstêmios da linha de base (N=2,649) foram analisados neste seguimento longitudinal e observaram-se os fatores associados à iniciação ao uso de álcool e à prática de binge entre eles e o efeito do programa nestes desfechos. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística ponderada e com ajustes de variância escolar. A idade média na linha de base foi 12,6 anos, sendo que 16,5% reportaram BD e 2,2% BP/BF. Os fatores associados ao BD foram: mais idade, consumo de cigarro, maconha e inalantes, notas escolares médias e baixas, agressão verbal, prática de bullying e exposição a familiar embriagado. BF e BP foram associados a consumos de cigarro e maconha, notas escolares médias ou baixas, agressão verbal e prática de bullying. Ao final do estudo, entre os abstêmios 49,7% reportaram o início do consumo alcoólico e 16% iniciaram o BD. O grupo-intervenção apresentou aumento na chance de iniciar a experimentação do álcool entre os estudantes que não moravam com a mãe, quando comparado ao grupo-controle. Os fatores preditores da primeira experimentação foram: consumo alcoólico esporádico dos pais, pai não morar na mesma casa, pertencer a melhor condição socioeconômica, ser do sexo feminino, notas escolares médias e baixas e agressão física escolar. Os preditores da iniciação da prática de BD foram a exposição a mãe embriagada, consumo esporádico do pai e do melhor amigo, ser do sexo feminino, ter mais idade, notas escolares médias e baixas, agressão verbal e prática de bullying. Os resultados apontaram uma clara necessidade de programa preventivo eficaz que, ao contrário do #Tamojunto, reduza a iniciação ao consumo de álcool. Às experimentações associaram-se comportamentos agressivos, piora do rendimento escolar e melhor condição socioeconômica. O consumo alcoólico dos pais e dos amigos podem ser fatores de risco, inclusive os consumos esporádicos. / Harmful alcoholic beverage consumption by adolescents constitutes a world public health issue. It is important to detect and understand the main factors driving adolescents on the pathway of drinking and alcohol abuse. Preventive programs are required to bar excess alcohol consumption or delay as much as possible this habit. The aim of this study was to understand the relationship between demographic, social and family factors associated with binge drinking (BD), heavy drinking (HD) or frequent drinking (FD) and the beginning of alcoholic beverage consumption or the beginning of BD. The impact of the preventive program #Tamojunto (We’re together buddy) was assessed. A randomized controlled study was conducted in 72 public schools to investigate Junior High and High School students in six Brazilian cities. The intervention group schools went through the #Tamojunto program and the control schools did not go through any preventive drug use program. Data were collected in anonymous surveys at baseline, 9 and 21 months after baseline, using self-completed questionnaire forms. In the first paper baseline cross-sectional data were assessed for the association between annual BD and monthly HD or FD and demographic, family and social factors (N=6,387). In the second paper, only the baseline non-drinking students were assessed (N=2,649) in this longitudinal segment. The factors associated with the beginning of alcohol use and binge drinking in this group and the effect of the program on the outcome were assessed. Logistic weighted regression models with school variance adjustments were used. Average age at baseline was 12.6 years and 16.5% of the respondents reported BD and 2.2% HD/FD. Potential factors associated with BD were: older age, tobacco, marijuana and inhalant use, average to low school scores, verbal aggression, bullying exposure, and exposure to a drunkard in the family. At the end of the study 49.7% non-drinkers reported to have started using alcohol and 16% to have started BD. The intervention group presented an increased chance of trying alcohol among students who did not live with their mother, when compared to the control group. The predictors of the first alcohol experience were: parents’ occasional alcoholic beverage use, father not living with the family, be part of a more privileged social class, female gender, average and low school scores and physical aggression in school. The predictors of the initiation of BD practice were exposure to a drunken mother, to father or best friend’s sporadic alcohol use, female gender, older age, average and low school scores, verbal aggression and bullying. The results of this study clearly indicated the need for an efficient preventive program, that, unlike the #Tamojunto program reduces initiation of the use of alcohol. The trials established an association between aggressive behavior, poor school performance and more privileged social class. Alcoholic parents and friends’ alcohol consumption may be risk factors, including sporadic drinking. / TED: 89-2014 / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI), or the deliberate damage of bodily tissue without suicidal intent, is a prevalent issue in young people. Relative to those who have never self-injured, young people with either recent (i.e., past-year) or distal (i.e., lifetime, but not in the past year) histories of NSSI demonstrate difficulties with emotion regulation, the process of modulating emotional responses. Emotion regulation difficulties are a risk factor for other forms of Self-Damaging Behaviours (SDBs), including binge drinking, substance use, and binge eating, which are more prevalent among individuals with a history of NSSI. Prominent theoretical models of NSSI and other SDBs posit that these behaviours may share a common function of altering negative mood states, explaining their frequent co-occurrence. The present study hypothesized that first-year university students with distal, recent, or no history of NSSI a) would differ in their rates of SDB engagement over seven months, and b) would differ in their strength of association between changes in stress and concurrent SDB engagement. Further, the present study hypothesized that emotional dysregulation would moderate the association between stress and SDB engagement. Multilevel modelling with longitudinal data from two cohorts of first-year undergraduates (N=540) revealed that students with either distal or recent NSSI histories were more likely to engage in substance use than their peers who had never self-injured, but did not report a greater frequency of binge eating or binge drinking. Regardless of NSSI history, substance use was unrelated to within-person changes in stress or emotional dysregulation. Higher-than-usual stress was associated with increased frequency of binge eating and binge drinking, but this association was unrelated to NSSI history or emotional dysregulation. Results suggest that elevated risk for substance use may persist even after NSSI has stopped, while other forms of SDBs (i.e., binge drinking and binge eating) were not predicted by NSSI history. Further, results suggest that some SDBs (i.e., binge drinking and binge eating) are enacted more frequently during periods of stress, but that this pattern is not unique to those with a history of NSSI or those who struggle to regulate their emotions. Consistent with person-centred models of NSSI recovery, these results suggest that vulnerability to some SDBs may persist even after NSSI has stopped. Future research should further examine the mechanisms underlying the complex association between NSSI and SDBs. / Graduate

Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Nachweis eines Aufmerksamkeit-Bias auf visuelle Nahrungsreize bei Personen mit Binge-Eating-Störung, im Vergleich zu Personen ohne Essstörungssymptome via Eye-Tracking.