Orientadores: Luiz Lonardoni Foloni, José Teixeira Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T00:57:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliao_LuizGustavoFernandes_D.pdf: 1925287 bytes, checksum: f0d1ddadad4045c0d9d6614cce1c80f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O Brasil é o maior produtor de café do mundo. Entretanto, a produção de café de qualidade lança em corpos d¿água, grande quantidade de água residuária, principal resíduo do beneficiamento do grão. Desse modo, tecnologias que minimizam o impacto de descarte em rios são necessárias para conservação do meio aquático. Assim, a hipótese desse trabalho foi a utilização de microrganismos através da técnica de biorremediação, que por possuir alta taxa de remoção, devido ao processo biológico, acelera a partida de reatores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de criar estratégias de partida de reatores anaeróbios antes do recebimento de águas residuárias para acelerar o processo de maturação, e dessa forma obter melhor eficiência no tratamento. O experimento foi realizado no Campo Experimental da Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, da UNICAMP nos meses de março a julho de 2013. Foram avaliados cinco reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente, em duas fases diferentes, utilizando-se de dois inóculos diferentes: um composto biológico comercial e lodo de esgoto sanitário. Na Fase 1: R1 ¿ inoculado com lodo de esgoto sanitário; R4 ¿ testemunha; R6 ¿ inoculado com composto biológico a dose 50% maior que a recomendada (3,5 mL); R8 ¿ inoculado com lodo de esgoto sanitário e composto biológico na dose recomendada e R9 ¿ inoculado com composto biológico á dose recomendada. Os compostos biológicos foram inoculados inicialmente três vezes por semana e diminuindo a concentração ao longo do período estudado, enquanto o lodo de esgoto sanitário foi inoculado uma única vez. Na Fase 2: R1 ¿ inoculado com lodo de esgoto sanitário; R4 ¿ testemunha; R6 ¿ inoculado com composto biológico na dose recomendada (10 mL); R8 ¿ inoculado com lodo de esgoto sanitário e composto biológico na dose recomendada e R9 ¿ inoculado com composto biológico 5x á dose recomendada. Os compostos biológicos foram inoculados inicialmente três vezes por semana e diminuindo a concentração ao longo do período estudado, enquanto o lodo de esgoto sanitário foi inoculado uma única vez. Porem, nesta fase, ao inserir o composto biológico foi feita uma aeração de forma a homogeneizar com o esgoto presente no reator. Os parâmetros para avaliar a eficiencia no tempo de partida foram DQO, fósforo, nitrogênio, pH, sólidos (ST,STV e SST), temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido e vazão. Os resultados revelaram que o reator R4 foi o que obteve menores níveis de DQO, maior remoção de nutrientes, nas duas fases. Enquanto os reatores que foram inoculados com lodo de esgoto, R1 e R8 tiveram as maiores concentrações de DQO, independentemente da fase. Os reatores tratados com composto biológico, R6 e R9 obtiveram melhores respostas quando comparados com os reatores tratados com lodo de esgoto. Entretanto, em relação a partida de reatores, os dias avaliados em cada fase não foram suficientes para a estabilização dos parâmetros estudados. Contudo, devem ser realizados mais trabalhos para aumentar a eficiência dos inóculos na partida de tratamento anaeróbio / Abstract: The Brazil is productor major coffee of the world. However, the production of quality coffee put in water¿s body great amount of wastewater, main residue of the processing of grains. Thereby, technologies that minimize the impact of disposal in rivers are needed to conserve the aquatic environment. Thus, the hypothesis of this study was the use of microorganisms through the technique of bioremediation, which possess high removal rate due to biological process, accelerates the starting-up of reactors. The aim of this study was to develop strategies starting anaerobic reactors before receiving wastewater to accelerate the maturation process, and thus obtain better efficiency in treatment. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Field of the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, UNICAMP in the months from March to July 2013. We evaluated five anaerobic reactors at two different stages. In Phase 1: R1 - inoculated with sewage sludge; R4 ¿ control; R6 - inoculated with biological compound drop 50% greater than the recommended; R8 - inoculated with sewage sludge and biological compound at the recommended drop and R9 - inoculated with biological compound recommended drop. The organic compounds were initially inoculated three times a week and decreasing concentration over the study period, while the sewage sludge was applied only once. In Phase 2: R1 - inoculated with sewage sludge; R4 ¿ control; R6 - inoculated with biological compound at the drop recommended; R8 - inoculated with sewage sludge and biological compound at the recommended drop and R9 - inoculated with biological compound the 5x recommended drop. The organic compounds were initially inoculated three times a week and decreasing concentration over the study period, while the sewage sludge was applied only once. Meantime, at this stage, to enter the biological compound was made an airing to homogenise the sewage present in the reactor. Parameters to evaluate the effective start-up were COD, phosphorus, nitrogen, pH, series of total solids, temperature, dissolved oxygen and flow. The results revealed that the reactor was R4 which had lower levels of COD, more removal of nutrients in both phases. While the reactors were inoculated with sewage sludge, R1 and R8 had the highest concentrations of COD, regardless of the stage. The reactors treated with biological compound, R6 and R9 had better responses when compared with the reactors treated with sewage sludge. However, regarding the start-up of reactors, the days assessed at each stage were not sufficient for stabilization of the parameters studied. All the same, more work must be done to increase the efficiency of the starting inoculum in anaerobic treatment / Doutorado / Agua e Solo / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Three wastewater treatment systems (WWTS) situated on Cayes in the Belize Barrier Reef System were assessed in terms of the unique public health and environmental circumstances of being a tourist destination surrounded by fragile coral reef. Laughing Bird Caye, Silk Caye, and Little Water Caye are three small cayes that are the staging points for local diving, fishing, and other recreational tourism. All three systems are based upon pour-flush toilets, semi-anaerobic biodigesters and drainage fields. Limitations in cost, available resources, useable area, high infiltration rates of the sand, and salinity of the water have played a major factor in the construction and performance of the WWTS on the Cayes. This thesis aims to form an understanding of treatment efficiency of the WWTS, investigate the effectiveness of decentralized saltwater-based WWTS in comparison to freshwater-based WWTS, and provide recommendations to improve the performance and resource recovery in a manner appropriate for the context in which the systems are deployed. A mathematical model was developed to predict the performance of the WWTS based on available operational and water-quality input data. The model is based on the mass balances of six species: inert solids, fecal solids, bacterial biomass, soluble substrate (i.e. dissolved organic carbon), ammonium and nitrate. Effects of salinity were estimated for the two saltwater-based WWTS. The model predicted the effluent concentrations of fecal solids, soluble biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammonium, and nitrate. A sensitivity analysis was also performed on the predicted effluent treatment efficiency based upon influent load, oxygen concentration and system salinity. Results from Silk Caye and Laughing Bird Caye indicate that varying the number of visitors from seasonal lows to highs has a moderate impact on the effluent fecal solids and soluble BOD in the effluent. Due to the relatively large volume of the WWTS at Little Water Caye, and thus high HRT, varying the number of visitors did not have a significant effect. The model predicted a reduction of nitrogen from the effluent due to settled solids and the assimilation of the nitrogen into bacteria. However the model consistently projected an effluent nitrate concentration (as mg/L as N) between 60 and 63 across the three WWTS. The oxygen concentration within the WWTS had the greatest effect on effluent BOD of the three parameters tested in the sensitivity analysis. Results from the sensitivity analysis indicate that a minimum concentration of 0.95 mg/L of oxygen is required before the model can accurately predict the effluent BOD concentration. The concentration of effluent fecal solids did not significantly change with changes in oxygen concentration. Salinity had a significant effect on the predicted fecal solids and soluble BOD in the effluent. Predicted fecal solids in the effluent wastewater increased approximately 60 percent from freshwater conditions to 4 percent salinity. Similarly, effluent BOD concentration increased strongly with increasing salinity. The increase in concentration is due to the major reduction of substrate-consuming bacteria by cell-die-off. The model predicts that a significant increase in cell die-off begins to occur at 2.4 percent salinity. The predicted effluent of the freshwater-based WWTS on Little Water Caye was compared to 166 wastewater treatment plants operating in Brazil. Comparison between the WWTS on the Caye and the decentralized WWTS in Brazil indicate that the predicted removal efficiencies of total suspended solids and soluble BOD are higher than the measured efficiencies of the WWTS. However, the total nitrogen removal efficiency for the WWTS on the Caye was the least effective; most-likely because the model does not account for denitrification within the biodigester. The comparison between the WWTS illustrates that the predicted removal efficiency of BOD and TSS solids is most likely less in the actual measurement than predicted value from the model. The WWTS on the Cayes were constructed to mitigate the impacts of the wastewater produced by visitors on the general health of the pubic and the environment. Considering the reports of the eutrophication affecting the coral reefs surrounding the Cayes, the WWTS have largely failed in at least one aspect of their purpose. The effluent water quality predicted by the model also suggests that significant concentrations of nitrogen are entering the surrounding ocean habitat as ammonia and nitrate. Recommendations to improve the effluent wastewater quality were separated into three categories based upon the required level of input to realize the recommendation. The input includes the capital cost and labor of the change, the level of buy-in from the users of the system, and the resulting maintenance requirements. The implementation of a urine separation toilet system was proposed as a method to reduce effluent nitrogen entering the environment and to create a resource recovery system (RR) from the already constructed WWTS.

No description available.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-06-09T13:13:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Francine Schulz.pdf: 962288 bytes, checksum: 8db430d0b4154ff34f344ee492cf6bad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-09T13:13:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francine Schulz.pdf: 962288 bytes, checksum: 8db430d0b4154ff34f344ee492cf6bad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-30 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / O aproveitamento energético da fração orgânica dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) para geração de biogás é uma alternativa viável para minimizar os impactos sociais e ambientais causados pelo acúmulo e disposição destes resíduos nos aterros sanitários. A digestão anaeróbia, sob condições controladas, tem por objetivo maximizar o rendimento e a qualidade do biogás produzido. Dentre os parâmetros controlados o pH, a alcalinidade, a concentração dos ácidos graxos voláteis e a temperatura de operação são fundamentais para a otimização do processo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar as condições operacionais adequadas para a obtenção do melhor rendimento na produção de biogás, utilizando como substrato a fração orgânica rejeitada pela operação da central de triagem do aterro sanitário do município de São Leopoldo - RS. O experimento foi executado em um reator anaeróbio de aço inox com volume de 50L, operado em batelada com mistura intermitente. Antes de cada batelada a fração orgânica de RSU foi triturada em um triturador mecânico. Foram realizadas 05 bateladas, utilizando diferentes taxas de carga orgânica e diferentes volumes de inóculo, buscando estabilizar o pH do sistema dentro da faixa ótima de processo e, também aumentar o volume de produção de biogás. Como resultado tem-se que a fração orgânica de RSU demonstrou possuir potencial de degradação e produção de biogás (mínimo de 6,71 e máximo de 22,45 m3 / ton RSU). Os teores de metano ficaram entre 70% e 80% ao final das bateladas, mesmo com pH ácidos (5,5-5,6). A dificuldade de homogeneizar adequadamente as amostras coletadas pode ter influenciado os resultados encontrados para os teores de COT. Os valores desta variável aumentaram ao longo do tempo, não coincidindo com os valores encontrados para os teores de SV, que diminuíram ao longo do tempo. Em todas as bateladas experimentais houveram dificuldades para manter o pH e a temperatura estáveis e dentro da faixa ótima de processo, o que levou a produção de biogás mais baixa do que a encontrada em outros estudos. As taxas de cargas orgânicas aplicadas, quando consideradas isoladamente como variável, não pareceram influenciar substancialmente no volume final de biogás produzido nas bateladas, mas sim na dificuldade de manutenção do pH na faixa ótima para digestão anaeróbia. / The energy use of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) for biogas generation is a viable alternative to minimize the social and environmental impacts caused by the accumulation and disposal of these wastes in the landfills. Anaerobic digestion, under controlled conditions, aims to maximize the yield and quality of the biogas produced. Among all the parameters monitored, pH, alkalinity, the concentration of volatile fatty acids and temperature are critical for the process optimization. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate operational conditions for obtaining the best performance in the production of biogas, using as substrate the organic fraction rejected by the central operation of sorting from the landfill in São Leopoldo - RS. The experiment was performed in an anaerobic reactor of stainless steel with a volume of 50L, operated in batch with intermittent mixing. Before each batch the organic fraction of MSW was ground in a mechanical mill. Five batches were performed using diferent organic loading rates and different volumes of inoculum, in order to stabilize the pH of the system within the optimum range of the process and also increase the amount of biogas. As a result we have that the organic fraction of MSW demonstrated potential for degradation and biogas production (minimum of 6.71 and maximum of 22.45 m3 / ton MSW). The methane concentrations were between 70% and 80% at the end of the batches, even at acid pH (5.5-5.6). The difficulty of properly mix the samples collected may have influenced the results for TOC (Total Organic Carbon). The values of this variable increased over time, not coinciding with that found for the VS (Volatile Solids) levels that decreased over time. In all experimental batches was difficult to maintain the pH and the temperature within the optimum range process, this fact can explain the low production of biogas when compare to other studies. The organic loading rates, when considered alone as a variable, did not seemed to influence the final volume of biogas produced in the batches tested, but it did influence to balance and maintain the pH in the adequate range for the anaerobic digestion.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-07-29T11:24:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Camila Ferreira Matos.pdf: 1710428 bytes, checksum: 85f1c19a9a282d3cf2723e02fd0b08d6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-29T11:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Camila Ferreira Matos.pdf: 1710428 bytes, checksum: 85f1c19a9a282d3cf2723e02fd0b08d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / FAPERJ - Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Milk production in Brazil stands out as one of the main agricultural activities. The intensification of these animal production systems results in large concentrations of residues. Generally, these residues are applied in the fields without treatment, contaminating the ground water, eutrophication of rivers, among others. It is recommended the use of biodigester as a viable and practical alternative to the use of organic waste. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of biogas production and agronomic potential of biofertilizer, resulting from the biodigestion of manure from dairy cattle under organic and conventional production systems. Eight prototypes bench biodigesters were used (supply batch) filled with dairy cattle manure under organic production from Fazendinha km 47 and and with the dairy cattle waste under conventional production system, from Pesquisa Agropecu?ria do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. The experimental design was completely randomized with four repetitions for each treatment. After the anaerobic biodigestion of waste, chemical, physical and biological analyzes were performed, according to the legislation of the CONAMA 375/06. After 210 days was observed a cumulative production of 6.18 L of biogas from the biodigestion of manure from cattle under organic system (DBSO) and 11.15 L biogas for cattle manure under conventional system (DBSC). The DBSC also have a higher energy potential and biogas potential (m3 / kg substrate, total solids and volatile solids) relative to DBSO. This increased production of biogas in DBSC is consistent with a greater reduction in total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS) in this treatment, with reduced values of 27% and 33%, respectively. However, with regard to biogas explosive, the DBSO reached 100% LEL (lower explosive limit) 50 days before the DBSC. It demonstrates that there was increased production of biogas in DBSC, but lower quality, with respect to the methane concentration compared to DBSO. Statistical difference was observed between the input material (influent) and outlet (effluent) in the digester for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), ST, SV and humidity. Anaerobic biodigestion increased pH and reduced EC in effluent material. In respect of biofertilizers, it was observed statistical difference between DBSO and DBSC in the case of pH and electrical conductivity (EC). Biofertilizer derived from DBSO and DBSC had a minimum carbon content to be included as organic fertilizers, with values of 97.14 and 91.04 g kg-1, respectively. The levels of nutrients Mg, K and Fe were higher in biofertilizers DBSO and Ca, Mn, Cu and Zn were higher in biofertilizers DBSC. Heavy metal contents were higher in biofertilizers DBSC, except Ba. DBSC biofertilizer presented Cd content higher than that permitted by organic fertilizers law. In conclusion, the milk production systems influence the production of biogas and the chemical and physical characteristics of biofertilizer. DBSC had become more efficient in the production of biogas while the DBSO demonstrated greater potential for use as organic fertilizer crop. / A produ??o de leite no Brasil destaca-se como uma das principais atividades agropecu?rias. Por?m, a intensifica??o desse sistema de produ??o resulta em grandes concentra??es de res?duos. Geralmente, esses res?duos s?o aplicados na lavoura sem tratamento pr?vio, salinizando o solo, eutrofizando os rios, entre outros. Recomenda-se o uso do biodigestor como uma alternativa vi?vel de utiliza??o racional dos res?duos org?nicos. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a efici?ncia da produ??o de biog?s e do potencial agron?mico do biofertilizante, resultantes da biodigest?o anaer?bica de dejetos de bovinos de leite, sob sistema org?nico e convencional de produ??o. Utilizaram-se oito prot?tipos de biodigestores de bancada abastecidos com os dejetos de bovinos de leite, sob produ??o org?nica, da Fazendinha do km 47 e, com os dejetos de bovino de leite, sob sistema convencional, provenientes da Pesagro-RJ. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 4 repeti??es para cada tratamento. Ap?s a coleta e biodigest?o anaer?bica dos dejetos foram realizadas an?lises qu?micas, f?sicas e biol?gicas, de acordo com a Legisla??o do CONAMA 375/06. Ap?s os 210 dias foi observada uma produ??o acumulada de 6,18 L de biog?s a partir da biodigest?o dos dejetos de bovinos sob sistema org?nico (DBSO) e 11,15 L de biog?s para os dejetos de bovinos sob sistema convencional (DBSC). O DBSC tamb?m apresentou maior potencial energ?tico e potencial de produ??o de biog?s (m3/kg de substrato, de s?lidos totais e de s?lidos vol?teis) em rela??o ao DBSO. Essa maior produ??o de biog?s nos DBSC est? condizente com uma maior redu??o de s?lidos totais (ST) e vol?teis (SV) nesse tratamento, com valores de redu??o de 27% e 33%, respectivamente. No entanto, com rela??o ? explosividade do biog?s, o DBSO atingiu 100% de LEL (limites de explosividade inferior) 50 dias antes do DBSC. Isso demonstra que, houve maior produ??o de biog?s no DBSC, por?m de menor qualidade, no que diz respeito ? concentra??o de metano, em compara??o ao DBSO. Foi observada diferen?a estat?stica entre o material de entrada (afluente) e sa?da (efluente) no biodigestor para pH, condutividade el?trica (CE), ST, SV e umidade. A biodigest?o anaer?bica elevou o pH e reduziu a CE no material efluente. Quanto aos biofertilizantes, observou-se diferen?a estat?stica entre os DBSO e DBSC tratando-se do pH e da condutividade el?trica (CE). Os biofertilizantes oriundos de DBSO e DBSC apresentaram um teor de C m?nimo para serem considerados fertilizantes org?nicos, com valores de 97,14 e 91,04 g kg-1, respectivamente. Os teores dos nutrientes Mg, K e Fe foram superiores nos biofertilizantes de DBSO e os de Ca, Mn, Cu e Zn foram maiores nos biofertilizantes de DBSC. Os teores de metais pesados, exceto o Ba, foram maiores nos biofertilizantes de DBSC. O biofertilizante do DBSC apresentou teor de Cd acima do permitido por lei para fertilizantes org?nicos. Conclui-se que, os sistemas de produ??o de leite influenciaram na produ??o do biog?s e nas caracter?sticas qu?micas e f?sicas do biofertilizante. Os DBSC apresentaram-se mais eficientes na produ??o de biog?s enquanto que, os DBSO demonstraram maior potencial de uso como adubo org?nico das culturas.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2017-08-16T23:07:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Matheus V D Gueri 2017.pdf: 1827938 bytes, checksum: f928f0bf5b55cfe7b22abca24733dcc7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-16T23:07:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Matheus V D Gueri 2017.pdf: 1827938 bytes, checksum: f928f0bf5b55cfe7b22abca24733dcc7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The generation of food waste grows as the demand for food increases, that is, it is bound to the entire food production chain. This emphasize new techniques must be developed to assure the proper handling and treatment of this organic residue. Anaerobic digestion of food waste then arise as a promising alternative for the treatment of food waste that simultaneously promote the generation of clean and renewable energy. Therefore, the present research aimed to perform anaerobic digestion of food waste from a popular restaurant, verifying the potential for energetic utilization. BMP assays were performed in 250 mL reactors to verify the biodegradability of food residues, and in a prototype 408 L anaerobic reactor, adapted with agitation and temperature control, operating in a semi-continuous feed mode with the food waste. The variables of control (solids, pH, VFA, alkalinity, Volatile Acid:Alkalinity ratio and organic loading) were collected 3 times a week, over 51 days, totaling 21 samplings. Reductions of COD and SV were obtained in the percentages of 81.63% and 23.58% for the BMP assay and 82.34 and 90.22% for the semi-continuous experiment. It was possible to reach the specific methane production of 0.311 Nm3 CH4.kgVSr-1 for the BMP assay and 0,444 Nm3 CH4.kgVSr-1 in the semi-continuous experiment. The daily production of the semi-continuous reactor was obtained the average of 220 Lbiogas.d-1; while the volumetric production of biogas obtained an average of 0.540 L.Lr-1d-1. It was verified too that there was the stability of the semi-continuous reactor, with a mean Volatile Acid:Alkality ratio of 0.49. / A geração de resíduo alimentar cresce conforme aumenta a demanda por alimentos, ou seja, está atrelada a toda a cadeia de produção alimentar. Isso evidencia que novas técnicas devem ser desenvolvidas para assegurar o manejo e tratamento adequado destes resíduos. A digestão anaeróbia de resíduos alimentares surge então como uma alternativa promissora para o tratamento dos resíduos alimentares que simultaneamente promove a geração de energia limpa e renovável. Sendo assim, a presente pesquisa teve por objetivo realizar ensaios de digestão anaeróbia de resíduos alimentares provenientes de um restaurante popular, verificando o potencial de reaproveitamento energético. Foram realizados ensaios BMP em reatores de 250 mL para verificar a biodegradabilidade dos resíduos alimentares e em um protótipo de biodigestor anaeróbio de 408 L, adaptado com mecanismos de agitação e controle de temperatura, operando em modo de alimentação semi-contínuo com os resíduos alimentares. As variáveis de controle (sólidos, pH, AGV, alcalinidade, relação AV/AT e carga orgânica) foram coletadas 3 vezes por semana, ao longo de 51 dias, totalizando 21 amostragens. Obtiveram-se reduções da DQO e SV, respectivamente, os percentuais de 81,63 % e 23,58 % para o ensaio BMP e de 82,34 e 90,22 % para o experimento semi-contínuo. Foi possível alcançar a produção específica de metano de 0,311 Nm3 CH4.kgSVr-1 para o ensaio BMP e 0,444 Nm3 CH4.kgSVr-1 no experimento semi-contínuo. A produção diária do reator semi-contínuo foi, em média, de 220 Lbiogás.d-1; e a produção volumétrica de biogás média foi de 0,540 L.Lr-1d-1. Também se verificou a estabilidade do reator semi-contínuo, que apresentou em média a relação AV/AT de 0,49.

Residential electricity consumption in the United States has many adverse impacts, such as greenhouse gas emissions, dependence on fossil fuels, and costs. Efficient and renewable energy technologies have the potential to help mitigate some of these impacts, but appear to be under-utilized in the United States. One major barrier to expanding the deployment of these kinds of technologies and maximizing the benefits they can provide is a lack of consumer engagement. The overall purpose of this thesis is to better understand the extent to which efficient and renewable energy technologies are being engaged with and what factors may influence such engagement (or lack thereof) through case studies on smart meters and a community anaerobic digester system (CADS) in Vermont. In this thesis, engagement involves awareness, support, and utilization. Additionally, a subset of awareness (a precursor to awareness for many) was examined in each of these studies, which is interest in receiving additional information on the technology. While each case study focuses on different aspects of engagement that are unique to each smart meters and CADS, there is some overlap on the topics explored, especially when it comes to awareness of the technology, potential concerns about the technology, and interest in receiving additional information on it. The focus of the first study is on how efficiently smart meters have been utilized by residential electricity customers in Vermont and what factors may influence this. This study was conducted via a statewide telephone survey in Vermont and involved a sample that was statistically representative of the state. These data were analyzed via quantitative analysis. The focus of the second study is on local support of a CADS in Vermont and what factors may influence this. This study was conducted via a mailout survey to houses located in or near the area where the community anaerobic digester was located, and the data were analyzed via quantitative and qualitative analysis. In both studies, limitations to engagement with the technologies were found. In the smart meter study, less than 50% of the surveyed customers reported having a smart meter and, for those who did report having a smart meter, less than 20% of them thought that the smart meter had reduced their electricity use. In the CADS study, 52.1% of respondents reported being familiar with the CADS project, and 69.8% reported support for the project. However, other forms of support for the project, such as WTP for the Cow Power program or willingness to drop of food scraps to the CADS, were more limited. Additionally, a variety of demographic and other factors were found to have a statistically significant impact on or relationship to consumer engagement with these technologies. Overall, the results show that there is some engagement with these technologies, but more can be done to bolster engagement with them. One potential strategy to increase engagement with these technologies may be to tailor outreach according to factors that correspond to different levels of engagement. It is hoped that the results from these studies can be used to help improve consumer engagement with these and other efficient and renewable energy technologies, thus hopefully expanding their utilization and benefits they can provide in the process.

The high incidence of upper respiratory diseases, contamination of waterways due to pathogens and nutrients from human and animal wastes, unsustainable deforestation, gender disparities in burden of disease due to unequal exposure to indoor air pollutants, and carbon black emissions from the burning of solid fuels are interrelated problems in many developing countries. Small scale anaerobic digestion provides a means of alleviating these problems by treating livestock waste onsite to produce biogas (methane and carbon dioxide) in rural areas in developing countries. Fuel can then be used for cooking, lighting, and heating. Methane fuel is an alternative to traditional three-stone fires, improved cook stoves, and liquid petroleum gas. However, there is a lack of information available on design methods for these systems. The goal of this research was to develop a design tool that could be used for anaerobic digester sizing based on livestock waste availability. An Excel spreadsheet model was developed for sizing the bioreactor and the gas container based upon recommended values from a literature review. Needed monitoring parameters for operation of an anaerobic digester in the field were identified and standard methods of analysis were recommended. Sample preservation techniques were detailed. Guidelines for pathogen reduction in thermophilic anaerobic digestion were identified. Further study of pathogen reduction in low temperature reactors currently in use in developing countries was recommended. Three digester designs included in the Excel spreadsheet model were: the polyethylene tubular digester, the floating drum digester, and the fixed dome digester. The design tool may be requested from Dr. Sarina Ergas, sergas(at)usf.edu. An organic loading rate of 1.0 kg VS/(m3*d) was chosen for use in the design tool based upon a review of the literature. A semi-empirical kinetic model was developed for defining the SRT based on the temperature inputted by the user. Three case studies, based upon livestock waste availability in a rural community in the Dominican Republic, were analyzed using the sizing design tool. The case studies were conducted on three scales: one household, six households, and a village of 48 households. The specific biogas production rates were, for Case Studies one through three, respectively, 0.0076, 0.0069, and 0.010 m3 biogas/kg Volatile Solids reduced. Additional future work included: characterization of human feces and guinea pig manure, laboratory and field testing of the Excel spreadsheet design tool, and promotion of anaerobic digesters by development workers, non-governmental organizations, and governments.

Submitted by Gustavo Chaves Tanaka (gustavotanakachaves@gmail.com) on 2018-08-15T14:18:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tanaka, G. C. - Dissertaação Mestrado_2018.pdf: 1815626 bytes, checksum: a2a89dc96cd728c12e9a3fbac8c5aa62 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Minervina Teixeira Lopes null (vina_lopes@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-08-15T16:21:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tanaka_gc_me_bauru.pdf: 1773178 bytes, checksum: b9e8d25c3e3fd8f7e43072082a01b175 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T16:21:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tanaka_gc_me_bauru.pdf: 1773178 bytes, checksum: b9e8d25c3e3fd8f7e43072082a01b175 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-07 / Atualmente pesquisas sobre a produção de energia com menor impacto ambiental, com maior rendimento energético e, possivelmente, a um custo mínimo de produção, são de interesse mundial. Desta forma, a produção de energia renovável, com estas características, através de biodigestores torna-se uma alternativa relevante. Os biodigestores, em geral, consistem de biorreator que armazena matéria orgânica fresca (substrato ou biomassa) de origem humana, animal ou vegetal. A fermentação anaeróbica destes substratos produz um gás combustível (biogás) que pode ser utilizado como fonte de energia e o material remanescente no biodigestor pode ser usado como biofertilizante. O processo de biodigestão é complexo, pois envolve vários grupos de bactérias e o seu entendimento é importante para promoção de agentes que visam aumentar a eficiência dos biodigestores. Neste trabalho propõe-se um modelo dinâmico não linear para descrever o processo de fermentação da biomassa dentro do biodigestor. Realiza-se também uma análise do modelo mediante a técnica de Lyapunov, a qual possibilitou a investigação de soluções analíticas assintoticamente estáveis e um estudo de seu espaço de fase, que contempla a sua estabilidade assintótica. Simulações numéricas são realizadas para a validação dos resultados obtidos ao modelo proposto. / Nowadays, research on energy production with lower environmental impact, with higher energy efficiency and, possibly, at a minimum cost of production, is of worldwide interest. In this way, the production of renewable energy, with these characteristics, through biodigesters becomes a relevant alternative. Biodigesters generally consist of a chamber that stores fresh organic matter (substrate or biomass) of human, animal or plant origin. Anaerobic fermentation of these substrates produces a fuel gas (biogas) that can be used as an energy source and the remaining material in the biodigester can be used as biofertilizer. The biodigestion process is complex because it involves several groups of bacteria and its understanding is important to promote agents that aim to increase the efficiency of biodigesters. This essay proposes a dynamic non-linear model to describe the fermentation process of an Indian biodigester. It is also proposed an analysis of the model using the Lyapunov technique, which became possible the investigation of asymptotically stable analytical solutions and asymptotic stability and a study of its phase space, which contemplates its asymptotic stability. Numerical simulations are performed to convalidate the proposed model.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A steady increase in global population and reduction of poverty are raising demand for food and energy. A desirable expansion of agricultural and livestock production is accompanied by an undesirable pressure on environment degradation. This latter effect can be minimized through the installation and operation of anaerobic biodigesters in every farm. Past history, however, has demonstrated that most of biodigesters are eventually abandoned. Indeed their operation is complex and doesn t worth the workload and investment. A new generation of biodigesters, more efficient and more friendly operated, has to be developed. Such beneficial innovation can be achieved by applying quality deployment, QD, on designing new equipments. For this deed the voice of customer, VOC, was collected from a set of small farmers, located on the West part of Parana state in Brazil, that already have installed and operate small plants, all them linked as a net, to explore biogas as energy source. Through Quality Deployment, the voice of customer, the desires of the small farmers, were translated into product characteristics. From those characteristics, new components and quality parameters were elicited to address better performance and make operation more user-friendly. Special hydraulic pump for manure, improved material for gas container, better control of temperature and input manure consistency were the most significant improvement identified. / O consistente aumento da população mundial e a redução da pobreza estão aumentando a demanda de alimentos e energia. A necessidade de expansão da agricultura e da pecuária é acompanhada pela indesejável pressão sobre a degradação do meio ambiente. Este último efeito pode ser minimizado através da instalação e operação de biodigestores anaeróbicos em propriedades rurais. No entanto, estudos têm demonstrado que a maior parte dos biodigestores são abandonados depois de algum tempo de uso, tendo como causa a complexidade de operação e o baixo rendimento, que não compensa o acréscimo de mão-de-obra e investimento. Uma nova geração de biodigestores mais eficiente e mais fácil de operar necessita ser desenvolvida. Portanto, este trabalho tem por objetivo propor parâmetros de melhoria em biodigestores de pequeno porte, inserindo melhorias identificadas pelo emprego do Desdobramento da Qualidade (QD). Para tanto, a voz dos consumidores (VOC) foi coletada em um conjunto de agricultores incorporados a uma rede de pequenos agricultores que operam biodigestores no Oeste do Paraná. Através do Desdobramento da Qualidade, a voz do consumidor, ou seja, as suas exigências em relação ao biodigestor foram transformadas em características de produto. A partir dessas características, foram derivados componentes e parâmetros de qualidade capazes de possibilitar maior facilidade de operação e melhor desempenho do biodigestor. Bomba hidráulica específica para dejetos, material do balão armazenador de biogás, controle da temperatura e uniformidade do dejeto entrante foram as principais melhorias identificadas.