Thesis (Ph. D.)--Open University. BLDSC no. DXN033657.

The use of metallo-pharmaceuticals, such as the platinum drugs, for cancer treatment illustrates the utility of metal complexes as therapeutic agents. Platinum group metal complexes therefore offer potential as anti-tumour agents to fight cancer. This study was aimed at synthesizing and evaluating the effects of palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes as anticancer agents.

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Chemistry. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Syntheses of Schiff bases were carried out by reacting salicylaldyhde, ortho-vanillin, para-vanillin or vanillin with aniline, 1-aminonaphthalene, 4- and 3-aminopyridine, and also with 2- and 3-aminomethylpyridine. The various Schiff bases obtained from the condensation reaction were reacted with CoCl₂.6H₂0, triethylamine stripped CoCl₂.6H₂0 or Co(CH₃COO)₂ to form cobalt(Il) complexes of ratio 2:1. The complexes obtained from cobalt chloride designated as the "A series" are of the general formulae ML₂X₂.nH₂0 , (L = Schiff base, X = chlorine) while those obtained from cobalt acetate or triethylamine stripped cobalt chloride denoted as "B" and C" are of the general formulae ML₂. nH₂0. The few complexes that do not follow the general formulae highlighted above are: IA [M(HL)₃.Cl₂], (L = N-phenylsalicylaldimine), 4A = (MLCl₂), (L = N-phenylvanaldiminato), 7 A and 21 A (ML₂), (L = N-naphthyl-o-vanaldiminato, and N-methy-2-pyridylsalicylaldiminato respectively), 8A = MLCI, (L = N-naphthylvanaldiminato), 12A = M₂L₃Cl₂, (L = N-4-pyridylvanaldiminato), 15A (MLCI), (L = N-3-pyridyl-o-vanaldiminato). The ligands and their complexes were characterized using elemental analyses and cobalt analysis using ICP, FT-IR spectroscopy (mid and far-IR), NIR-UV/vis (diffuse reflectance), UV/vis in an aprotic and a protic solvents, while mass spectrometry, ¹HNMR and ¹³CNMR, was used to further characterized the ligands. The tautomeric nature of the Schiff bases were determined by examining the behaviour of Schiff bases and their complexes in a protic (e.g. MeOH) and non-protic (e.g. DMF) polar solvents. The effects of solvents on the electronic behaviour of the compounds were also examined. Using CDCl₃, the NMR technique was further used to confirm the structures of the Schiff bases. The tentative geometry of the complexes was determined using the spectra information obtained from the far infrared and the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. With few exceptions, most of the "A" series are tetrahedral or distorted tetrahedral, while the "B + C" are octahedral or pseudooctahedral. A small number of complexes are assigned square-planar geometry owing to the characteristic spectral behaviour shown. In order to determine their biological activity, two biological assay methods (antimicrobial testing and brine shrimp lethality assay) were used. Using disc method, the bacteriostatic and fungicidal activities of the various Schiff bases and their respective complexes to Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as Aspergillus niger, were measured and the average inhibition zones are tabulated and analysed. Both the Schiff bases and their complexes showed varying bacteriostatic and fungicidal activity against the bacteria and fungus tested. The inhibition activity is concentration dependent and potential antibiotic and fungicides are identified. To determine the toxicity of the ligands and their corresponding cobalt(II) complexes, brine shrimp lethality assay was used. The LD₅₀ of the tested compounds were calculated and the results obtained were tabulated for comparison.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A tuberculose tem sido uma das principais causas de morte no Mundo. Infelizmente, nÃo existem ainda novas drogas disponÃveis, o que tem desestimulado a investigaÃÃo neste campo. Neste trabalho, preparou-se novos metalo-compostos baseado no sistema Na3[Fe(CN)5L].H2O, sendo L = oxadiazois, hidrazonas ou derivados, que sÃo drogas estudas no tratamento para tuberculose. Esses compostos foram sintetizados e totalmente caracterizados por tÃcnicas espectroscÃpicas e eletroquÃmicas. Em relaÃÃo à espectroscopia eletrÃnica, foi mostrada a intensidade relativa das interaÃÃes de retrodoaÃÃo - π entre os compostos utilizando a forÃa do oscilador. Este resultado foi reforÃado por outras tÃcnicas espectroscÃpicas, tal como espectroscopia na regiÃo do infravermelho, onde uma mudanÃa no estiramento CN- (cianeto) para mais altas frequÃncias indica maior interaÃÃo de retrodoaÃÃo - π (Fe(II) L). AlÃm disso, resultados de RMN e eletroquÃmicos reforÃa a coordenaÃÃo do ligante ao centro metÃlico. Os resultados de RMN mostraram que estes compostos foram igualmente coordenados atravÃs do Ãtomo de nitrogÃnio do anel piridinico, ao mesmo tempo a voltametria cÃclica mostrou que o ferro foi estabilizado na sua forma reduzida (2+). Foram realizados cÃlculos teÃricos para avaliar a distribuiÃÃo de carga desses compostos e tambÃm correlacionou com as interaÃÃes de retrodoaÃÃo - π. A relevÃncia deste estudo reside na constataÃÃo de que vÃrios inibidores interagem de forma direta com a enzima alvo. Estes compostos foram preparados com o objetivo de inibir a enzima InhA, que à responsÃvel pela a biossÃntese da parede celular da micobacteria, conhecendo o efeito da distribuiÃÃo de carga do complexo na inibiÃÃo da enzima podemos fornecer informaÃÃes adicionais para desenhar uma melhor droga. Este resultado foi importante para estabelecer um mapa de reatividade. Estudos bioquÃmicos foram realizados para avaliar a inibiÃÃo da enzima enoil redutase (InhA) tipo selvagem e mutante (S94A). Os complexos derivados de oxadiazois foram muito eficientes na inibiÃÃo da enzima selvagem, incluindo a enzima resistente Ãs drogas convencionais. Testes de toxicidade mostraram que estes compostos apresentaram baixa toxicidade. Um interessante mapa de reatividade foi apresentado, onde foi correlacionado a distribuiÃÃo de carga e o potencial eletroquÃmico do metal para investigar a eficiÃncia de inibiÃÃo. Isso pode levar a uma melhor concepÃÃo racional de outras metalodrogas anti-tuberculose. / Tuberculosis has been one of the major causes of death in the World. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of new drugs available, which has stimulated research in this field. Here, it was prepared a spectrum of new metallo-compounds based on Na3[Fe(CN)5L].H2O, where L is hydrazones or oxadiazols derivatives, which are metallodrug candidates for tuberculosis treatment. These compounds were fully characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. Regarding to the electronic spectroscopy, it was showed the relative intensity of the π-backbonding effect among these compounds using the oscillator strength. This result was further supported by other techniques such as infrared spectroscopy, where a shift on the CN- (cyanide) stretching to higher frequency indicates stronger backbonding Fe(II) to L. Additionally, NMR and electrochemical results reinforced the back-bonding effect previously assigned in these compounds. NMR results showed these compounds were also coordinated through the nitrogen atom of the pyridine ring, while cyclic voltammetry showed the iron was made more stable in the reduced form (2+). Theoretical calculations were done to evaluate the charge distribution of these compounds and also correlate them with the backbonding effect. The relevance of this study lies on the observation that several inhibitors interact with the proteic target through intermolecular forces. These compounds were prepared aiming to inhibit the InhA enzyme, which is responsible for the biosynthesis of the mycobacterial cell-wall, by knowing the effect of charge distribution on enzyme inhibition it provides extra information to design better drugs. This result was important to draw a reactivity map. Biochemical investigations were carried out to evaluate the inhibition of the wild-type and mutant of the enzyme enoyl reductase (InhA). The complexes of oxadiazol derivatives were very efficient enzyme inhibitor, including toward strains resistant to conventional drugs. Toxicity tests showed these compounds presented low toxicity. An interesting map of reactivity was drawn, where charge distribution and electrochemical potential were correlated to the efficiency to inhibit InhA. This can lead to a better rational design of other anti-tuberculosis metallodrugs.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / The use of metallo-pharmaceuticals, such as the platinum drugs, for cancer treatment illustrates the utility of metal complexes as therapeutic agents. Platinum group metal complexes therefore offer potential as anti-tumour agents to fight cancer. This study was aimed at synthesizing and evaluating the effects of palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes as anticancer agents. / South Africa

No description available.

Cette thèse a présenté la conception et la synthèse de plusieurs complexes de fer bioinspiré portant des groupes thiolate. Leurs propriétés structurelles, électroniques, magnétiques et leur relation ont également été étudiées en utilisant différentes méthodes spectroscopiques en combinaison avec des méthodes computationnelles.Ce manuscrit portait principalement sur leurs propriétés catalytiques ou électrocatalytiques vis-à-vis de la réduction de l'O2. Un complexe non-hème diiron (II) avec un groupe thiol unique a été synthétisé et caractérisé. Le groupe thiol peut être déprotoné par une base pour dériver un complexe de thiolate de fer (II) neutre. Les deux complexes ont montré une forte réactivité vis-à-vis de l'O2 pour donner des complexes diron (III) pontés μ-hydroxo et μ-oxo. Le complexe de fer avec thiol est un catalyseur ORR efficace avec une sélectivité de 100% pour la production de H2O2 en présence d'un agent réducteur à un électron et de protons. Lorsque la catalyse est électrochimiquement entraînée, H2O est le produit principal pendant l'électrocatalyse (~ 14-20% de H2O2). Sur la base du fait que le peroxyde d'hydrogène est généré dans les deux cas (quantitativement ou en 20% en catalyse chimique et électrochimique, respectivement), on peut proposer qu'un intermédiaire commun, le complexe fer-peroxo calculé, soit généré pendant la catalyse . Le mécanisme a été étudié expérimentalement et théoriquement, révélant que le contrôle de la sélectivité provient de l'efficacité du système donneur d'électrons (réduction du potentiel chimique ou appliqué).Un autre complexe asymétrique de diiron (II) avec une unité FeCOCp a également été synthétisé et bien caractérisé dans ses deux formes dans MeCN. Ce complexe de diiron (II) asymétrique est un électrocatalyseur actif pour la production de H2 dans un mécanisme E (ECEC) avec une étape d'activation. Les intermédiaires possibles dans le cycle catalytique ont été générés et caractérisés par différentes spectroscopies. Il convient de noter que le fragment bipyridine dans le ligand agit comme un réservoir d'électrons dans le cycle catalytique.De plus, le premier système d'interconversion thiolate / disulfure à base de fer a été présenté dans ce manuscrit, qui a enrichi la famille de l'interconversion favorisée par le métal entre le thiolate et le disulfure. Intéressant, le système à base de fer a montré non seulement l'interconversion induite par l'hailde, mais aussi les propriétés dépendantes du solvant.Enfin, les complexes mononucléaires de fer (III) -thiolate présentaient un état fondamental de spin intermédiaire intéressant. Les mesures de susceptibilité, les spectres RPE de la poudre cw X et QR et les spectres de Mössbauer en poudre à champ nul ont montré que tous les complexes présentaient une anisotropie magnétique distincte. L'approche théorique a démontré que le principal facteur responsable de l'anisotropie magnétique est le couplage spin-orbite (SOC). / This thesis presented the design and synthesis of several bioinspired iron complexes bearing thiolate groups. Their structural, electronic, magnetic properties and their relationship also have been investigated by using different spectroscopic methods in combination with computational ones.This manuscript mainly focused on their catalytic or electrocatalytic propreties towards the reduction of O2. A non-heme diiron(II) complex with an unique thiol group has been synthesized and characterized. The thiol group can be deprotonated by base to derivate a neutral iron(II) thiolate complex. Both complexes displayed highly reactivity towards O2 to yield μ-hydroxo and μ-oxo bridged diron(III) complexes. Iron complex with thiol is an efficient ORR catalyst with 100% selectivity for H2O2 production in the presence of one-electron reducing agent and protons. When the catalysis is electrochemically-driven, H2O is the main product during electrocatalysis (~14-20% of H2O2). Based on the fact that hydrogen peroxide is generated in both cases (quantitatively or in a 20% amount in chemical and electrochemical catalysis, respectively), it can be proposed that a common intermediate, i.e. the calculated iron-peroxo complex, is generated during catalysis. The mechanism has been experimentally and theoretically investigated revealing that the control of the selectivity arises from the efficiency of the electron donor system (reducing chemical or applied potential).Another asymmetric diiron(II) complex with an FeCOCp unit has also been synthesized and well characterized in its two forms in MeCN. This asymmetric diiron (II) complex is active electrocatalyst for H2 production in an E(ECEC) mechanism with an activation step. The possible intermediates in the catalytic cycle have been generated and characterized by different spectroscopies. It should be noted that the bipyridine moiety in ligand acts as electron reservoir in the catalytic cycle.In addition, the first iron-based thiolate/disulfide interconversion system has been presented in this manuscript, which enriched the family of the metal-promoted interconversion between thiolate and disulfide. Interesingly, the iron-based system not only showed hailde-induced interconversion, but also the solvent-dependent properties.Finally, mononuclear iron(III)-thiolate complexes had interesting intermediate spin ground state. Susceptibility measurements, powder cw X- and Q-band EPR spectra, and zero-field powder Mössbauer spectra showed that all complexes display distinct magnetic anisotropy. Theoretical approach demonstrated that the main factor driving the magnetic anisotropy is the spin-orbit coupling (SOC).

No description available.

Yes / Alfred Werner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry just over 100 years ago. We recall briefly the era in which he was working, his co-workers, and the equipment he used in his laboratories. His ideas were ground breaking: not only does a metal ion have a primary valency (“hauptvalenz”, now the oxidation state), but also a secondary valency, the coordination number (“nebenvalenz”). At that time some refused to accept this idea, but he realised that his new thinking would open up new areas of research. Indeed it did. We illustrate this for the emerging field of medicinal metal coordination chemistry, the design of metal-based therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The biological activity of metal complexes depends intimately not only on the metal and its oxidation state, but also on the type and number of coordinated ligands, and the coordination geometry. This provides a rich platform in pharmacological space for structural and electronic diversity. It is necessary to control both the thermodynamics (strengths of metal-ligand bonds) and kinetics of ligand substitution reactions to provide complexes with defined mechanisms of action. Outer-sphere interactions can also play a major role in target recognition. Our current interest is focussed especially on relatively inert metal complexes which were very familiar to Werner (RuII, OsII, RhIII, IrIII, PtII, PtIV). / We thank the Leverhulme Trust (Early Career Fellowship No. ECF-2013-414 to NPEB), the University of Warwick (Grant No. RDF 2013-14 to NPEB) the ERC (Grant No. 247450 to PJS), EPSRC (Grant No. EP/F034210/1) and EC COST Action CM1105 for support.