No description available.

Composted biological wastes contain vital plant nutrients that assist in plant growth as well as contain organic matter that promotes good soil conditions; both aid in rangeland restoration. Most importantly, it has the potential to restore water availability through increased infiltration and reduced runoff. In this thesis, local sources of composted dairy manure are utilized for application onto the degraded Fort Hood Western Training Grounds in central Texas in hopes to restore the rangeland for continued military training. Small scale rainfall simulations are applied two and eight months post-application of seven different agronomic rates of composted waste treatment (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 y^3/acre) in order to determine changes in infiltration rates. July 2004 rainfall simulations, two months post application, indicate that composted wastes have not had sufficient time to incorporate into the soil matrix. Percent organic matter of the parent soil is the only significant variable of impact on maximum infiltration capacity. Composted waste treatments are concluded to have no effect on infiltration rates for any of the application rates in the summer rainfall simulations and are observed to exhibit very high variability in the amount of infiltration by a plot. January 2005 rainfall simulations, eight months post waste application, are observed to continue the trend of high variability across all treatment application rates. This variability is attributed to masking any potential effects from the treatment applications. Overall, this high natural variability disables the detection of potential effects of waste application treatments leading to the conclusion that composted waste applications do not affect infiltration on the Fort Hood Western Training Grounds. Runoff nutrient analysis observed nitrate-N to be well below Texas drinking water standards for all plots and phosphate to be above non-standardized values known to cause problematic algal growth. Natural rainfall events at intensities needed to generate runoff observed in this study are rare; therefore, nutrient pollution concern for local water bodies is low.

This thesis is focused on the analysis of the current system of municipal waste management in Jindřichův Hradec. The aim was to evaluate the development of waste in a further evaluate the development of revenue and expenditure of city waste management. Another objective was to determine whether residents of housing estate Hvězdárna and Vajgar in Jindřichův Hradec sort waste and whether the class also biological waste. Also investigated were the reasons why the inhabitants of settlements not sorted waste and organic waste. Furthermore, we were determined according to sorting waste and by age, gender and educational attainment of respondents. This survey was conducted by personal interview in the streets of housing estate Hvězdárna and Vajgar in Jindřichův Hradec. The results of this survey were fundamental for the subsequent third objective, which was to propose appropriate measures that will lead to more efficient collection of sorted waste, and thereby reduce the amount of waste deposited in landfills.

No description available.

Can composting save the world from its human generated biological waste problem and give a diversifying organic agriculture a much needed boost at the same time? The age old natural process of composting has been well researched and documented in scientific and other literature. Thermophilic composting transforms biological/organic waste into a stable plant and soil friendly material (compost) that has been sanitised through high temperature and humified at the same time – a true miracle of nature. Mixtures for thermophilic composting can be formulated fairly accurately from their water, C and N content. The pH needs to be within an acceptable range (5-8) but can be adjusted with agricultural lime if needed. The EC and ash content of sludge, together with the C and N content, are fairly reliable indicators of available bio-chemical energy for composting. Monitoring the temperature and water content gives sufficient feedback for proper management of the process. Bio-chemical transformations in composting material tell the tale of the microbial processes at the heart of composting and humification. The quality of compost depends largely on the quality of the raw materials used, even if mixture formulation and process management is effective. The study firstly evaluated the compostability of various types of WWS and eucalyptus sawdust bulking agent with the focus on the known requirements and conditions for thermophilic aerobic composting. This entailed a composting experiment during which the sludge and bulking agent were characterised, feedstock mixtures formulated and certain composting conditions (temperature and water content) and feedstock characteristics (pH, EC and ash content) monitored over time as piles were managed through turning, sampling and watering. Secondly, the study evaluated the quality of compost produced from various types of WWS and eucalyptus sawdust bulking agent as influenced by the raw material and initial feedstock characteristics, microbial dynamics and environmental conditions during composting and as indicated by certain chemical and biochemical transformations (including OM decomposition) during composting and end product (compost) characteristics. Tracking the chemical and biochemical evolution during composting in the four treatments entailed the laboratory analyses of a variety of signature characteristics for samples taken at the start of composting, at the end of the thermophilic phase when pile temperature decreased to below 40ºC and at the end of the curing phase of composting when the temperature of piles did not exceed ambient temperature. Finally, a seedling emergence bioassay was performed as a direct test of compost maturity and quality. The main findings of this study are that dewatered, activated sludge has a high level of thermophilic compostability with Eucalyptus sawdust as bulking agent. Dried, digested sludge has a low level of compostability with Eucalyptus sawdust as bulking agent mainly because of the anaerobic digestion that depleted the C and bio-chemical energy in the sludge. Little value is added to digested sludge through composting with eycalyptus sawdust except that it probably facilitated a further “curing” of the already stable material. Overall, dewatered ACT-MUN sludge and eucalyptus sawdust produced the compost of highest quality and stability/maturity in a volume ratio of 1:4 (sludge:sawdust). Dewatered ACT-IND sludge and eucalyptus sawdust produced an interesting compost of high stability/maturity with a high level of humification and medium fertility status. Increasing the sludge:sawdust ratio closer to 1:4 (volume) will enhance the chemical quality of this good compost. Dried DIG-MUN sludge and eucalyptus sawdust produced a stable compost of very low pH, relatively low fertility, poor physical character and high risk of phytotoxicity. Composting is a great option for WWS treatment that deserves a lot more attention in South Africa. / Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

Magistriniame darbe nagrinėjama rekonstruotos Jurbarko nuotekų valyklos efektyvumas. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti nuotekų valyklos darbo efektyvumą po aeracinės sistemos rekonstrukcijos. Tyrimo objektas – Jurbarko nuotekų valyklos iškeliama aeracinė sistema, kuri buvo sumontuota 2008 m. Šiems tikslams pasiekti buvo išsikelti šie uždaviniai: teoriškai apibūdinti biologinio valymo įrenginius, įtakojančius biologinio valymo proceso efektyvumą ir įvertinti veikliojo dumblo sistemos pokyčius; nustatyti nuotekų išvalymo efektyvumą Jurbarko nuotekų valykloje; atlikti palyginamąją analizę vamzdinės ir diskinės aeracinės sistemos; nustatyti Jurbarko nuotekų valyklos elektros energijos sąnaudas. Nuotekų valyklos efektyvumas tirtas, pagal BDS7, bendrojo azoto (Nb), bendrojo fosforo (Pb) pasišalinimą iš vandens prieš aeracinės sistemos pakeitimą ir po aeracinės sistemos pakeitimo. Atlikus tyrimus nustatyta, kad nuotekų valykla po rekonstrukcijos dirba patikimai. Nuotekų liekamoji tarša neviršija DLK. BDS7 valytame vandenyje sumažėjo 16 %, bendrojo azoto (Nb) – 27 %, o bendrojo fosforo (Pb) – 56 %, lyginant su BDS7, Nb ir Pb prieš aeracinės sistemos pakeitimą. Cheminio reagento proceso veiksmui sunaudojama 488,8 kg/m, mažiau, o tuo pačiu sudaro 22295,2 Lt/m. mažiau išlaidų. Elektros energijos sąnaudos sumažėjo apie 14%. / The paper examined the reconstructed Jurbarkas domestic wastewater treatment plants performance. Purpose of the survey - the wastewater treatment plant efficiency of aeration system reconstruction. The object of research - Jurbarkas domestic wastewater treatment plants enters an aeration system that was installed in 2008. To achieve these goals has been to move the following tasks: a theoretical description of the biological treatment plant, which affect the biological treatment process and evaluate the effectiveness of the active sludge system changes, the efficiency of wastewater remediation Jurbarkas wastewater treatment facilities, to carry out a comparative analysis of linear and circular aeration system, the sewage treatment plant Jurbarkas electricity costs. Sewage treatment plant efficiency has been studied by BOC7 nitrogen (Nb), phosphorus (Pb) elimination of the water before aeration system replacement and the replacement of aeration systems. The investigation showed that sewage treatment facilities after renovation work reliably. Effluent residual contamination does not exceed the MRL. BOC7 treated water decreased by 16%, total nitrogen (Nb) - 27%, and total phosphorus (Pb) - 56%, compared with BOC7, Nb and Pb before aeration system replacement. Chemical reagent process steps used 488.8 kg/m and less, while at the same time is 22295.2 Lt/m. less cost. Electricity costs have fallen about 14 percent.

Statische Rottereaktoren sind mit ihrem Festbett das vorherrschende technologische Konzept zur biologischen Behandlung von Restabfall (MBA) und zur Bioabfallkompostierung. Auftretende prozesstechnische Probleme beim Reaktorbetrieb waren die Motivation zur vorliegenden Arbeit. Untersucht wurde das Betriebsverhalten am Beispiel von MBA-Anlagen. Die Bedingungen und Vorgänge wurden im Kontext von Stoffsystem und technischem System unter Anwendung verfahrenstechnischer Methoden analysiert. Für Großanlagen geeignete experimentelle Methoden wurden entwickelt und das Betriebsverhalten im Istzustand und im modifizierten Anlagenzustand beschrieben. Es wurden signifikante Beeinflussungen der Rottebedingungen durch Stoffsystem und Prozessführung unter Einwirkung der Technik deutlich. Die prozessrelevanten Einflussfaktoren sowie deren Ursachen und Wirkungen auf das Betriebsverhalten konnten analysiert und zahlreiche konzeptions- und konstruktionsbedingte Probleme statischer Rottereaktoren identifiziert werden. Als besonders problematisch zeigten sich stochastisch und systematisch auftretende Vorzugsströmungen aufgrund der Heterogenität des Haufwerks und undefinierte Bedingungen zur Belüftung aufgrund schwankender Druckbedingungen im Prozessluftsystem und gegenseitiger Beeinflussungen. Aus den Ergebnissen wurden Maßnahmen für einen verbesserten Betrieb bestehender Anlagen und Lösungen für zukünftige Anlagen abgeleitet / With their fixed bed, static reactors are the predominant technological concept for the biological treatment of residual waste (MBT) and for the composting of bio-waste. Process-based problems in the reactor operation were the motivation for the present work. The operating behavior was examined using the example of MBT plants. The conditions and processes were analyzed in the context of the material system and the technical system using process engineering methods. Experimental methods suitable for real plants were developed and the operating behavior in the current state and in the modified plant state was described. Significant influences on the rotting conditions by the material system and process management under the effect of technology became apparent. The process-relevant influencing factors and their causes and effects on the operating behavior could be analyzed and numerous concept- and construction-conditioned problems of static reactors could be identified. Stochastic and systematic preference flows due to the heterogeneity of the material in the reactor and undefined conditions for ventilation due to fluctuating pressure conditions in the process air system and mutual influences were particularly problematic. Technical measures for improved operating behavior of existing plants and solutions for future plants were derived from the results.

The proper way to manage biological waste has only recently become a topic of discussion and the public still does not have enough information about it and does not have a comprehensive opinion. In order for bio-waste to be properly managed, knowledge of this topic and positive attitude towards it is necessary, in class this could be achieved by activating pupils through project based education. Teaching in projects is a great way to understand the issue, which can influence pupils' attitudes towards bio-waste management. The aim of this diploma thesis is to create a project on the topic of biodegradable waste, and then to find out how the knowledge and opinions of students about bio-waste have changed. The created project was verified at the lower secondary school, for which it is primarily intended. A total of 54 6th-year pupils was involved in this project. They were given a pretest before the start of the project, finding out the initial knowledge about bio-waste and their opinion on the classification of bio-waste. After the project, the pupils completed a posttest and by comparing the individual answers, it was determined whether and how the knowledge of the tested pupils and their attitude towards the topic changed. The answers of individual pupils in the pretest and posttest were evaluated...

A complexidade na implantação de processos seguros para o manejo dos resíduos biológicos em diversas classes de riscos, conforme a Resolução RDC no. 306/2004 ANVISA, é um desafio para administrações públicas e Unidades de Serviços de Saúde (USS) do país. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o atual manejo destes resíduos, em particular os da classe de risco A4. A pesquisa tem caráter exploratório e qualitativo consistindo de revisão bibliográfica do estado da arte sobre o tema e de levantamento de dados. A coleta das informações foi realizada em Unidades de Serviços de Saúde (USS); órgãos ambientais; nas visitas técnicas em empresas tratadoras de resíduos; em gerenciadores de aterros sanitários; e através de entrevistas com especialistas no assunto. A título de exemplo, dois casos sobre o manejo dos resíduos biológicos foram estudados: no Rio de Janeiro (RJ) e em Orlando (Flórida - USA). A relevância da pesquisa está na constatação das mudanças em andamento no setor de saneamento no país, como o passo importante que esta sendo dado com a aprovação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS). Para se atingir melhores indicadores de saúde e meio ambiente, torna-se imprescindível o gerenciamento integrado dos resíduos com a incorporação de métodos, técnicas e abordagens atuais. Quanto aos resíduos biológicos, existe aqui uma tendência em se adotar o modelo americano, mais rígido, que considera vários resíduos, comuns para nós, como sendo infectantes, e não separa estes resíduos biológicos em classes, colocando-os todos no mesmo grau de risco. Para a realidade brasileira tal rigidez de conceitos aumenta o risco no manejo para todos os envolvidos na cadeia e o custo da operação como um todo, tornando-a impraticável na maior parte do país. No Brasil a gestão inadequada dos resíduos em muitas USS e a grande quantidade de lixões existentes, com a presença de catadores de materiais recicláveis, são processos inseguros e para melhorar este quadro, é fundamental a implementação da PNRS. Nossa legislação se mostra eficiente, mas necessitamos de maior monitoramento e avaliação, e uma consequente ação educativa. Em complemento deve haver maior determinação de responsabilidades, aplicação de punições e empreender reformas substanciais nas áreas de educação e saúde pública. Espera-se que este trabalho contribua com a construção de um modelo de manejo adequado dos resíduos biológicos, sobretudo os de classe A4, de forma mais sustentável e segura. Para estudos futuros, indica-se uma avaliação estratégica sobre a sustentabilidade técnica e econômica do modelo de gerenciamento destes resíduos a ser realizada em contexto mais amplo. Para tal, recomenda-se a extensão da pesquisa a outros estados da federação, assim como o acompanhamento das tendências mundiais para classificação dos riscos dos Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde e de sua destinação mais adequada, principalmente em países com realidades semelhantes à nossa. / The complexity in implementing reliable procedures for the management of biological waste in several different risk classes, according to Resolution RDC number 306/ ANVISA has become a challenge not only for government departments, but also for the Health Service Units (USS, in Portuguese). The goal of this research is to critically evaluate the current management of these wastes, particularly A4-risk class residues. This research is of investigative and qualitative nature, and consists in a literature review on the state-of-the-art that surrounds the subject, as well as data gathering. This data gathering was performed in USS, environmental agencies, conference proceedings, theses and dissertations, as well as in books and documents, survey data in health care, landfill managers and interviews with subject matter experts. As highlighted examples, two biological residue management cases were studied: in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Rio de Janeiro State) and in Orlando, USA (Florida State). The relevance of this work is due to the verification of necessary changes in the countrys waste management sector. An important milestone was established with the adoption of the National Policy on Solid Waste (PNRS). In order to obtain better health and environmental indicators, it is crucial to incorporate methods, techniques and current approaches to integrated waste management. As for the biological residues of USS, there is a tendency in Brazil of adopting the American model, one that does not differentiate these biological residues in classes of risk as we do. The adopted solutions in Brazil are not always safe and efficient, such as the inadequate waste management in several USS and the great number of existing landfills in which recyclable material collectors roam. In order to upgrade this scenario, it is of utmost importance to effectively install PNRS. Also, a better study of responsibilities, duties and penalties, more clearly determined and with a strictly technical approach needs to be established. Substantial reforms in education and public health are to be endeavored. We hope to contribute in the building of an adequate model for waste management, chiefly the ones of A4-class, in a more sustainable and safer way. For future studies, a strategic evaluation over the technical and economic sustainability of the waste management model in a broader scenario is suggested. For such, the research should be extended to other states in Brazil, as well as a proper follow-up on world tendencies for classifying hazards associated with health services waste and its proper disposal, especially in countries that share a similar reality with Brazil.

A complexidade na implantação de processos seguros para o manejo dos resíduos biológicos em diversas classes de riscos, conforme a Resolução RDC no. 306/2004 ANVISA, é um desafio para administrações públicas e Unidades de Serviços de Saúde (USS) do país. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o atual manejo destes resíduos, em particular os da classe de risco A4. A pesquisa tem caráter exploratório e qualitativo consistindo de revisão bibliográfica do estado da arte sobre o tema e de levantamento de dados. A coleta das informações foi realizada em Unidades de Serviços de Saúde (USS); órgãos ambientais; nas visitas técnicas em empresas tratadoras de resíduos; em gerenciadores de aterros sanitários; e através de entrevistas com especialistas no assunto. A título de exemplo, dois casos sobre o manejo dos resíduos biológicos foram estudados: no Rio de Janeiro (RJ) e em Orlando (Flórida - USA). A relevância da pesquisa está na constatação das mudanças em andamento no setor de saneamento no país, como o passo importante que esta sendo dado com a aprovação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS). Para se atingir melhores indicadores de saúde e meio ambiente, torna-se imprescindível o gerenciamento integrado dos resíduos com a incorporação de métodos, técnicas e abordagens atuais. Quanto aos resíduos biológicos, existe aqui uma tendência em se adotar o modelo americano, mais rígido, que considera vários resíduos, comuns para nós, como sendo infectantes, e não separa estes resíduos biológicos em classes, colocando-os todos no mesmo grau de risco. Para a realidade brasileira tal rigidez de conceitos aumenta o risco no manejo para todos os envolvidos na cadeia e o custo da operação como um todo, tornando-a impraticável na maior parte do país. No Brasil a gestão inadequada dos resíduos em muitas USS e a grande quantidade de lixões existentes, com a presença de catadores de materiais recicláveis, são processos inseguros e para melhorar este quadro, é fundamental a implementação da PNRS. Nossa legislação se mostra eficiente, mas necessitamos de maior monitoramento e avaliação, e uma consequente ação educativa. Em complemento deve haver maior determinação de responsabilidades, aplicação de punições e empreender reformas substanciais nas áreas de educação e saúde pública. Espera-se que este trabalho contribua com a construção de um modelo de manejo adequado dos resíduos biológicos, sobretudo os de classe A4, de forma mais sustentável e segura. Para estudos futuros, indica-se uma avaliação estratégica sobre a sustentabilidade técnica e econômica do modelo de gerenciamento destes resíduos a ser realizada em contexto mais amplo. Para tal, recomenda-se a extensão da pesquisa a outros estados da federação, assim como o acompanhamento das tendências mundiais para classificação dos riscos dos Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde e de sua destinação mais adequada, principalmente em países com realidades semelhantes à nossa. / The complexity in implementing reliable procedures for the management of biological waste in several different risk classes, according to Resolution RDC number 306/ ANVISA has become a challenge not only for government departments, but also for the Health Service Units (USS, in Portuguese). The goal of this research is to critically evaluate the current management of these wastes, particularly A4-risk class residues. This research is of investigative and qualitative nature, and consists in a literature review on the state-of-the-art that surrounds the subject, as well as data gathering. This data gathering was performed in USS, environmental agencies, conference proceedings, theses and dissertations, as well as in books and documents, survey data in health care, landfill managers and interviews with subject matter experts. As highlighted examples, two biological residue management cases were studied: in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Rio de Janeiro State) and in Orlando, USA (Florida State). The relevance of this work is due to the verification of necessary changes in the countrys waste management sector. An important milestone was established with the adoption of the National Policy on Solid Waste (PNRS). In order to obtain better health and environmental indicators, it is crucial to incorporate methods, techniques and current approaches to integrated waste management. As for the biological residues of USS, there is a tendency in Brazil of adopting the American model, one that does not differentiate these biological residues in classes of risk as we do. The adopted solutions in Brazil are not always safe and efficient, such as the inadequate waste management in several USS and the great number of existing landfills in which recyclable material collectors roam. In order to upgrade this scenario, it is of utmost importance to effectively install PNRS. Also, a better study of responsibilities, duties and penalties, more clearly determined and with a strictly technical approach needs to be established. Substantial reforms in education and public health are to be endeavored. We hope to contribute in the building of an adequate model for waste management, chiefly the ones of A4-class, in a more sustainable and safer way. For future studies, a strategic evaluation over the technical and economic sustainability of the waste management model in a broader scenario is suggested. For such, the research should be extended to other states in Brazil, as well as a proper follow-up on world tendencies for classifying hazards associated with health services waste and its proper disposal, especially in countries that share a similar reality with Brazil.