Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-10-18T14:09:42Z No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DissertaçãoParcial (Int+Rev.Bib.)_RayanneOliveira_PPGQ.pdf: 845718 bytes, checksum: 0a5d75959d08a34106f153820f6db704 (MD5) Reprodução Não Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-10-18T14:09:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DissertaçãoParcial (Int+Rev.Bib.)_RayanneOliveira_PPGQ.pdf: 845718 bytes, checksum: 0a5d75959d08a34106f153820f6db704 (MD5) Reprodução Não Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-18T14:09:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DissertaçãoParcial (Int+Rev.Bib.)_RayanneOliveira_PPGQ.pdf: 845718 bytes, checksum: 0a5d75959d08a34106f153820f6db704 (MD5) Reprodução Não Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Liquid inorganic acids are widely used as homogeneous catalysts in esterification reactions. Although highly active and low cost, it is imperative a tedious process for separation and purification of the final product. Besides the large volume of toxic and corrosive waste produced, there is also the drawback such as corrosion of equipment and difficulty for recycling the catalyst. Thereby, heterogeneous catalysis is a pathway to cleaner, safer and economically viable processes to produce chemicals for industry. Therefore, it is encouraged the production of heterogeneous catalysts must be at low cost and highly catalytic activity. Moreover, it is worldwide the use of biomass waste as raw materials for the production of heterogeneous catalysts. Herein, the acai stone (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), an amazon biomass waste from the processing of Acai fruits, was sulfonated and applied as a heterogeneous catalyst. By using esterification as model reaction we could check its catalytic active. The catalysts were synthesized at different carbonization temperatures, following the sulfonation by sulfuric acid at room temperature. The catalytic activity was tested in the reaction of oleic acid with methanol. For this reaction the experimental set was molar ratio of 1:12, 5% of catalyst, and reaction temperature of 100°C for 1h. The carbon material catalysts yielded 93% of methyl ester, while the reaction without catalyst showed 12% of methyl ester. In summary, this study shows promising results for obtaining carbon-based catalysts from the acai biomass waste and comes with the main novelty of preparing a sulfonic functionalized catalyst room temperature. / Ácidos inorgânicos são amplamente utilizados como catalisadores homogêneos em reações de esterificação. Embora sejam altamente ativos e não onerosos, é necessário um processo especial de separação e purificação do produto final, o que resulta no grande volume de resíduos tóxicos e corrosivos, além das desvantagens como a corrosão de equipamentos e dificuldade no reciclo do catalisador. Desse modo, a catálise heterogênea surge com a proposta de desenvolver processos mais limpos, mais seguros e economicamente viáveis para produzir ésteres. Dentro desse contexto, também é incentivado à produção de catalisadores heterogêneos de baixo custo e alta atividade catalítica. Já é comum o reaproveitamento de resíduos da biomassa como matéria-prima para produção de carbonos microporosos. Neste trabalho, o caroço de Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), um resíduo da biomassa Amazônica proveniente do processamento de frutos do Açaí, um fruto nativo da Amazônia brasileira, foi sulfonado e aplicado como catalisador heterogêneo na reação modelo de esterificação. Foram sintetizados catalisadores em diferentes temperaturas de carbonização. Após esta etapa o material foi submetido ao processo de sulfonação. A eficiência catalítica do material foi comprovada sob as condições de reação: razão molar ácido oleico/metanol 1:12, carregamento de catalisador 5%, temperatura de 100°C por 1h. Obteve-se uma conversão em ésteres metílicos de 93% com o uso do catalisador, enquanto que a reação sem catalisador apresentou apenas 12% de conversão. Esse estudo mostra resultados promissores para a obtenção de catalisadores heterogêneos sulfonados a partir da biomassa residual do caroço do Açaí e vem com a principal novidade de preparar um catalisador a partir da funcionalização com ácido sulfúrico à temperatura ambiente.

Biomass waste has been recognised as a promising, renewable source for future transport fuels. With 1.7 million hectares of pine plantation forests and 12 million cubic meters of annual residue produced by sawmills and the pulp and paper industries, New Zealand presents a prime location where utilisation of these resources can take the next step towards creating a more environmentally friendly future. In this research, the process of fast pyrolysis was investigated using a laboratoryscale, nitrogen-blown fluidised bed pyrolyser at CRL Energy. This equipment can process 1–1.5 kg/h of woody biomass in a temperature range of 450–550°C. The purpose of this rig was to determine the impact of various processing parameters on bio-oil yields. Next, the pyrolysis liquids (bio-oil and tar) were processed downstream into bio-bitumen. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out on Pinus Radiata and Eucalyptus Nitens residue sawdust from sawmills and bark feedstock. The properties of the collected products, including pyrolysis liquids (bio-oil and tar), gas and solid bio-chars, were measured under different operational conditions. Further analysis was also performed to determine pH, volatile content, chemical composition and calorific values of the products. The ultimate goal for this project was to develop a feasible, advanced fast-pyrolysis system for a bio-bitumen production plant using various biomass feedstocks. Additionally, a design for a bio-bitumen production plant was developed, and techno-economic analysis was conducted on a number of plant production yield cases and bio-bitumen manufacture ratios.

Palm oil production create a number of solid biomass waste products, in particular empty fruit bunches and mesocarp fiber; two cellulosic plant materials that are under-utilized and a source of environmental pollution today. Their fibred structure are interesting from an industrial design perspective as similar waste products from industrialized crops are used to create composite materials. This bachelor thesis is based on an initial research phase of the palm oil industry in Thailand, where literary studies, case-studies and interviews were used to gain understanding of how the palm oil industry in Thailand operates. This laid the foundation to a material driven design process; an exploratory phase where samples of waste products collected during the research phase were tinkered with, to create composite materials of natural fibers and starch-based plastics. The materials created were characterized by their technical properties, and evaluated through a focus group of Thai students to define their experiential characteristics. The insights learned from the evaluation were used to create a demonstrative concept of how the material can be put to future use. The experiential characterization showed that the material have valuable sensorial, performative, emotional and interpretive properties, such as strength, flexibility and translucency, while being perceived as elegant, amusing, strange and natural. This leads to the conclusion that there is possible added value in the waste products that are seen as a nuisance today. Parallel to the material driven design process, samples of empty fruit bunches and mesocarp fiber were used to develop a 3D-printing filament. While only simple test prints have been tried at the time of writing, it provides proof of concept.

The function of a flue-gas quench is to remove additional contaminants from flue-gas and to reduce the wastewater from a waste incineration plant. The aim of this degree project is to find how the system is affected by using a quench and what factors limits the performance. This is done by modelling and simulating a waste incineration plant in Aspen Plus. Data and plant schematics were obtained by a study visit to Mälarenergi Plant 6 situated in Västerås, Sweden, which were used as model input and for model validation. The results have shown that the amount of wastewater can be reduced by more than half compared to a plant without a quench. The heat produced in the condenser, when discharging water to the boiler, would be lowered by up to 20%. For systems with a quench present when more water was discharged to the boiler both the heat production and the pollutant capturing became better. However, the system has limits regarding the amount that could be recirculated, in the form of temperature limits in different parts of the system. In addition, if the heat load is low there is an insufficient amount of wastewater generated in the condenser to run the quench. In that situation, clean (fresh) water needs to be used instead. Using clean water is unwanted since the plant will then consume more resources while still producing less heat than a plant without a quench would.

Este trabalho analisa a possibilidade de plantio sustentável de dendê (Elaeis guineensis) e o uso de sua biomassa residual como combustível em uma usina termelétrica para o provimento de energia elétrica em parte do Sistema Isolado, ao sul do Estado de Roraima. Para isso são conjugadas: a análise financeira, os aspectos sociais e as questões ambientais. Parte-se da definição das áreas necessárias para o plantio do dendê e para a instalação da indústria de extração dos óleos de palma e palmiste, associada a uma usina termelétrica movida à biomassa residual de dendê. Em seguida, procede-se a análise financeira, na qual é considerada a venda dos óleos de palma e de palmiste para a indústria alimentícia e de cosméticos, enquanto a biomassa residual (cachos de frutas vazios, cascas e fibras) é utilizada como combustível um uma usina termelétrica de 10MW de potência. A análise conjunta destas atividades indica que é possível obter uma taxa interna de retorno próxima a 16,71% ao ano e um valor presente líquido de R$ 46,9 milhões quando utilizada uma taxa de desconto de 15% ao ano, para um investimento total de R$ 491,5 milhões. Pelo fato de a região analisada estar localizada no Sistema Isolado, foi incorporado ao fluxo de caixa a sub-rogação dos benefícios da Conta Consumo de Combustível. Além de provar-se economicamente viável, no quesito ambiental, o trabalho realiza uma análise quantitativa da redução de emissões de gases de efeito estufa decorrente da substituição das termelétricas a óleo Diesel prevalentes na região pela biomassa residual do dendê. Tal plantio resulta em uma redução de aproximadamente 444 mil toneladas de CO2, assim como promove a recuperação de 28.888 mil hectares de terras degradadas. A análise social, por sua vez, indica que o plantio de dendê permite que cerca de 2.888 famílias permaneçam próximas às suas terras de origem, trabalhando em atividades apropriadas para o bioma amazônico e com uma geração de renda anual de R$ 5.800 somente com o plantio do dendê. / This study examines the viability of a sustainable project with the production of palm (Elaeis guineensis) to supply oil to food or cosmetic industries and the use of the residual biomass as a biofuel by a power plant. The biofuel side of the project aims the provision of electricity in part of the so called Isolated System, in southern Roraima. The analysis combines a financial approach, with social and environmental concerns. The starting point is the definition of the area size for planting the crop and fitting the assumptions of the industries (palm oil mill and biomass-fired power plant). In the procedures it is considered the palm oil and palm kernel oil sales for the food and cosmetics industries, while the residual biomass (empty fruit bunches, shells and fiber) is used as a fuel in a thermoelectric power plant. The analysis points to an internal rate of return close to 16,7% and a net present value of US$27.6 million, using a discount rate of 15% per year, for an investment of US$ 280 million. In environmental perspective, the quantitative analysis points to the reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases from the displacement of the Diesel powered plants, quite common in the region, by residual biomass powered one. Such displacement results in a reduction of approximately 444 thousand tons of CO2, as well as the recovery of 28,888 hectare of deforested areas. In social perspective, the project allows approximately 2,888 families to remain close to their homeland, working in appropriated activities for the local biome, obtaining US$3,400 per year only with palm plantation.

Este trabalho analisa a possibilidade de plantio sustentável de dendê (Elaeis guineensis) e o uso de sua biomassa residual como combustível em uma usina termelétrica para o provimento de energia elétrica em parte do Sistema Isolado, ao sul do Estado de Roraima. Para isso são conjugadas: a análise financeira, os aspectos sociais e as questões ambientais. Parte-se da definição das áreas necessárias para o plantio do dendê e para a instalação da indústria de extração dos óleos de palma e palmiste, associada a uma usina termelétrica movida à biomassa residual de dendê. Em seguida, procede-se a análise financeira, na qual é considerada a venda dos óleos de palma e de palmiste para a indústria alimentícia e de cosméticos, enquanto a biomassa residual (cachos de frutas vazios, cascas e fibras) é utilizada como combustível um uma usina termelétrica de 10MW de potência. A análise conjunta destas atividades indica que é possível obter uma taxa interna de retorno próxima a 16,71% ao ano e um valor presente líquido de R$ 46,9 milhões quando utilizada uma taxa de desconto de 15% ao ano, para um investimento total de R$ 491,5 milhões. Pelo fato de a região analisada estar localizada no Sistema Isolado, foi incorporado ao fluxo de caixa a sub-rogação dos benefícios da Conta Consumo de Combustível. Além de provar-se economicamente viável, no quesito ambiental, o trabalho realiza uma análise quantitativa da redução de emissões de gases de efeito estufa decorrente da substituição das termelétricas a óleo Diesel prevalentes na região pela biomassa residual do dendê. Tal plantio resulta em uma redução de aproximadamente 444 mil toneladas de CO2, assim como promove a recuperação de 28.888 mil hectares de terras degradadas. A análise social, por sua vez, indica que o plantio de dendê permite que cerca de 2.888 famílias permaneçam próximas às suas terras de origem, trabalhando em atividades apropriadas para o bioma amazônico e com uma geração de renda anual de R$ 5.800 somente com o plantio do dendê. / This study examines the viability of a sustainable project with the production of palm (Elaeis guineensis) to supply oil to food or cosmetic industries and the use of the residual biomass as a biofuel by a power plant. The biofuel side of the project aims the provision of electricity in part of the so called Isolated System, in southern Roraima. The analysis combines a financial approach, with social and environmental concerns. The starting point is the definition of the area size for planting the crop and fitting the assumptions of the industries (palm oil mill and biomass-fired power plant). In the procedures it is considered the palm oil and palm kernel oil sales for the food and cosmetics industries, while the residual biomass (empty fruit bunches, shells and fiber) is used as a fuel in a thermoelectric power plant. The analysis points to an internal rate of return close to 16,7% and a net present value of US$27.6 million, using a discount rate of 15% per year, for an investment of US$ 280 million. In environmental perspective, the quantitative analysis points to the reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases from the displacement of the Diesel powered plants, quite common in the region, by residual biomass powered one. Such displacement results in a reduction of approximately 444 thousand tons of CO2, as well as the recovery of 28,888 hectare of deforested areas. In social perspective, the project allows approximately 2,888 families to remain close to their homeland, working in appropriated activities for the local biome, obtaining US$3,400 per year only with palm plantation.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-03-15T17:17:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 REBECA DE ALMEIDA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2014..pdf: 2095528 bytes, checksum: 2f418390669f1b14f0649337a5231873 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-15T17:17:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 REBECA DE ALMEIDA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2014..pdf: 2095528 bytes, checksum: 2f418390669f1b14f0649337a5231873 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-11 / Com a atual busca mundial por fontes renováveis, o uso de resíduos de biomassa lignocelulósica apresenta uma perspectiva bastante promissora para a produção de etanol. O processo deriva da fermentação de açúcares de origem hemicelulósica e celulósica, frações de materiais lignocelulósicos, através de um pré-tratamento adequado e da hidrólise enzimática da celulose. O resíduo da acerola constitui de 40 % do volume processado, sendo 24,7 % de celulose, 19,27 % de hemicelulose e 28,37 % de lignina. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a cinética da hidrólise enzimática do bagaço de acerola in natura e do bagaço pré-tratado e avaliar o efeito desse prétratamento sobre a hidrólise. Inicialmente foi feita a caracterização lignocelulósica do bagaço in natura e do bagaço pré-tratado e a caracterização microestrutural por meio das análises de DRX e MEV. Ao bagaço de acerola foi aplicado o pré-tratamento ácido seguido de básico. Em seguida foi realizada a hidrólise enzimática do bagaço in natura e pré-tratado. Foram usadas as enzimas comerciais Celluclast 1.5L da Novozyme e betaglicosidase da Proenzyme. Como ferramenta para avaliação das variáveis que influenciam no processo usou-se um planejamento fatorial 22 com 3 pontos centrais, onde as variáveis analisadas foram carga enzimática e relação de massa seca de bagaço por volume do meio reacional. A caracterização lignocelulósica mostrou que o bagaço de acerola é um substrato viável para obtenção de açúcares fermentescíveis e sua subseqüente conversão em etanol. O pré-tratamento ácido seguido de básico mostrou-se bastante eficiente em concentrar a celulose, pela remoção de parte da hemicelulose e lignina, provocando um aumento da celulose de 25 % para 50 %. Evidenciou-se a cristalinidade do bagaço de acerola, comprovada por Difração de Raios X e a modificação na morfologia do bagaço, verificada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Por meio da cinética de hidrólise enzimática do bagaço de acerola in natura e pré-tratado foram obtidos rendimentos de 100 % na conversão da celulose em glicose. A melhor produção de glicose foi de 22,3 g/L alcançada em 36 horas de hidrólise para o bagaço de acerola pré-tratado, onde ocorreu nas maiores condições de carga enzimática e relação massa seca de bagaço por volume reacional. / With the current worldwide search for renewable sources, the use of lignocellulosic biomass waste has a very promising perspective for ethanol production. The process derives from the fermentation of sugar from hemicellulose and cellulose origin, fractions of lignocellulosic materials, by a suitable pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. The waste of acerola is constituted by 40 % of the processed volume, and 24,7 % of cellulose, 19,27 % of hemicellulose and 28,37 % of lignin. The aim of this work was to study the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of acerola’s waste in natura and waste pretreated, and also to evaluate the effect of this pretreatment on the hydrolysis. Initially, a lignocellulosic characterization was made with the waste in natura and waste pretreated, and microstructural characterization by means of XRD and SEM analysis. To the waste of acerola, an acid pretreatment was applied, followed by alkaline pretreatment. Then, the enzymatic hydrolysis of waste in natura and pretreated was performed. Commercial enzymes Celluclast 1.5L (Novozyme) and beta-glucosidase (Proenzyme) were used. As a tool to evaluate the variables that influence the process, a factorial design 22 was used with three central points, and the analyzed variables were enzymatic load and ratio of dry weight of waste per volume of reaction. This lignocellulosic characterization showed that the waste of acerola is a viable substrate for obtaining fermentable sugars and its subsequent conversion to ethanol. The acid pretreatment followed by the alkaline showed to be very effective in concentrating the cellulose, by the removal of part of the hemicellulose and lignin, causing an increase of the cellulose from 25 % to 50 %. The crystallinity of waste of acerola was evidenced by X-ray Diffraction and the modification in the morphology of waste, verified by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Through the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of waste of acerola in natura and pretreated, yields of 100 % were obtained, in the conversion of cellulose to glucose. The best glucose production was 22,3 g/L, reached in 36 hours of hydrolysis of waste of acerola pretreated, which occurred in the best conditions of enzyme load and dry weight of waste per reaction volume ratio.

The cornerstone of our production system is based on the concept “take, make, waste”. Moreover, the manufacture of a product requires the input of energy and raw materials which produce waste and products. The latter ultimately end up becoming wastes. In other words, the root problem of this production system is that is designed on a linear, one-way cradle-to grave model (McDonough, W. and Braungart, M., 2002). This approach coupled with the population explosion and our thirst for growth has led to an unprecedented pressure to the environment. The consequences are multiple; climate change, dwindling energy resources and waste generation. This study lies in two pillars: the concept of sustainable development and the waste management hierarchy. The idea was how these two fundamental concerns (energy generation and waste production) could be tackled. This study assesses the availability of biomass residues and wastes in the off-grid island of Crete with the aim to ‘close the loop’ by converting waste to an energy resource. In addition, the exploration of the most sustainable energy generation solutions was attempted in order to drive forward the synergies between biomass waste production and energy generation. The collected information was extracted from the literature about agricultural, livestock, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and Industrial & Commercial (I&C) waste. It is also based on numerous interviews to waste management associations, the Greek Ministry of Rural Development & Food and all the Waste Water Treatment Plants in the island were analysed in order to shed light on the potential energy generation from all the aforementioned biomass sources and its contribution to the electric energy production system of Crete. It is considered that the biomass potential in Crete is a sleeping giant. There is considerable potential for biomass-to-energy technologies in Crete providing improved rural energy services based on agricultural residues. From the findings of this study it appears that the biomass potential is more than estimated in previous papers. Based on the findings it is concluded that the largest portion of Crete’s biomass potential is agricultural residues and animal wastes. The utilisation of low-cost biomass power in Crete could help provide cleaner, more efficient energy services and to reduce the island’s economic and environmental vulnerability. Biomass can provide both base load power and turn into liquid transportation fuels and contributes to reducing energy dependence due to import fuel from the mainland. In terms of the study’s goal to select the most sustainably viable biomass-to-energy technologies, that was based on the multi-criteria methodology. A number of integrated biomass-to-energy alternatives were assessed against technical, environmental, financial and social criteria with the aim to assist the regional authority’s decision making process of energy generation planning. From the final screening of the integrated biomass-to-energy alternatives it was concluded that the best in a descending order technologies from the regional authority’s standpoint are: F - Anaerobic digestion & Fuel cell; E – Anaerobic digestion & Gas engine; C - Gasification & Gas engine; A – Combustion & Steam turbine; and B – Gasification & Steam turbine.