Muitos fatores podem influenciar o desenvolvimento placentário e fetal na égua, dentre eles destaca-se a idade, a paridade e o porte materno. A produção de hormônios esteroides pela unidade feto-placentária também pode ser influenciada pela paridade e raça, porém não existem relatos prévios que relacionem os efeitos da idade da égua sobre a produção desses hormônios na gestação. Este trabalho conta com três objetivos principais: o primeiro investigou a influência do número de partos e da idade materna sobre a eficiência placentária e a biometria do potro ao nascimento, utilizando a análise estereológica da placenta a termo. O segundo determinou a influencia da biometria parental na macro e microscopia placentária e consequências para o desenvolvimento fetal e para o crescimento, comportamento e funções fisiológicas pós-natais. Por último foi avaliada a influência da idade e paridade materna, e da raça do potro sob a produção de estrógenos, progesterona e cortisol plasmáticos em éguas prenhes. Quarenta fêmeas gestantes foram categorizadas de acordo com a idade (Id1: 4 a 8 anos; Id2: 8 a 12 anos; Id3: ≥ 13 anos), a pluriparidade (Par1: nulíparas, Par 2: 1 a 3 partos; Par3: ≥ 4partos) e a raça do produto (MP: Mangalarga Paulista; BH: Brasileiro de Hipismo). As coletas de plasma foram realizadas semanalmente a partir do quinto mês de gestação até o termo, e a quantificação dos hormônios foi realizada pela técnica de Espectrometria de Massas. Os partos foram acompanhados a campo e dados do escore Apgar, comportamento e amostras sanguíneas para análise bioquímica dos potros foram coletados nas primeiras doze horas de vida. As membranas corioalantóides foram recolhidas após o delivramento, pesadas e fotografadas em escala. Foram coletados fragmentos correspondentes às regiões do corpo do útero, corno uterino gestante e corno uterino contralateral para análise estereológica. Parâmetros de crescimento dos neonatos foram comparados do nascimento até os dois anos de idade, assim como foram coletados dados da altura, peso e perímetro torácico materno e paterno. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na quantificação de esteróides quando considerados os fatores número de partos e raça do produto para a categorização das fêmeas. As concentrações de estrógenos foram estatisticamente superiores no grupo Id2 em relação ao Id3, em alguns meses do período gestacional avaliado. Foi observado que a idade e a paridade materna influenciam o desenvolvimento dos microcotilédones e a densidade total de superfície dos vilos, bem como a vascularização e a composição tecidual das diferentes regiões da placenta, contribuindo de fato para uma maior área de contato materno-fetal e transferência de gases e nutrientes entre mãe e feto, culminando com o nascimento de potros mais altos, mais pesados e com maior circunferência torácica. O porte paterno, e principalmente o materno, influenciou o desenvolvimento das vilosidades fetais e a área de superfície de contato materno-fetal, com efeito positivo no desenvolvimento e no crescimento fetal, resultando no nascimento de potros com melhores respostas adaptativas e metabólicas. Também destaca-se que o período de vida intrauterino foi determinante para a taxa de crescimento pós-natal até os 24 meses de vida. / Many factors may influence placental and fetal development in the mare, like age, parity and maternal size. The production of steroid hormones by fetal-placental unit can also be influenced by parity and breed, but there are no previous reports relating the effects of the mares age on the production of these hormones during pregnancy. This paper has three main objectives: the first investigated the influence of maternal age and parity on placental efficiency and size of the foal at birth, using stereological analysis of the term placenta. The second determined the influence of parental size on macro and microscopy of the placenta and consequences for fetal development and growth, behavior and postnatal physiological functions. Finally, the influence of maternal age and parity was evaluated, and the breed´s foal in the production of plasmatic oestrogens, progesterone and cortisol in pregnant mares. Forty pregnant females were categorized according to age (Id1: 4-8 years; Id2: 8-12 years; Id3: ≥ 13 years), parity (Par1: nulliparous, Par2: 1 to 3 births; Par3: ≥ 4 births) and foal´s breed (MP: Mangalarga Paulista; BH: Brazilian Sporthorse). Plasma samples were collected weekly from the fifth month of pregnancy to term, and quantification of hormones was performed by Mass Spectrometry. Deliveries were accompanied and Apgar score, behavior and blood samples for biochemical analysis of the foals were collected within the first twelve hours of life. The chorioallantoic membranes were collected after delivery, weighed and photographed to scale. Tissue sections were collected from regions: uterine body, pregnant uterine horn and contralateral uterine horn to be analyzed stereologically. Neonate´s growth parameters were compared from birth up to two years old, as well as data on maternal and paternal height, weight, and thoracic perimeter were collected. No significant differences were observed in the quantification of steroids when considering maternal parity and foal´s breed for the mares groups. The concentrations of oestrogens were significantly higher in Id2 group when compared with Id3, in some months of the gestational period evaluated. It was observed that maternal age and parity influence the development of the microcotyledons and total villi surface density, as well as the vascularization and tissue composition of different regions of the placenta, contributing in fact to a larger area of fetomaternal contact and transfer of gases and nutrients between mother and fetus, culminating with foals that were taller, heavier and with larger thoracic circumference at birth. The paternal, and mainly maternal size, influenced the development of fetal villi and the area of fetomaternal contact surface with a positive effect on the development and fetal growth, resulting in the birth of foals with better metabolic and adaptive responses. It also highlights that the period of intrauterine life was decisive for the postnatal growth rate up to 24 months of life.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:37:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Guedes Faria.pdf: 1541058 bytes, checksum: 27ddaf10102e159357de3c8fbd6d81ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-10 / Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie / Biometric Systems has increasingly been growing in the past years, mainly those based on fingerprints. In terms of security, they need the same care which is given to traditional systems that uses cards and passwords. The Fuzzy Vault methods comes in this scenario to provide security to biometric systems, specifically, protecting the stored biometric template. This research will present the Fuzzy Vault scheme development and how it can be used to hide a 128 bits secret. The scheme will be used into the context of a biometric application based on fingerprints. Evaluation of security and performance of the application will be shown, as well as the experimental results, common to biometric systems FRR (False Rejection Rate), GAR (Genuine Accept Rate), FAR (False Accept Rate). / A utilização de sistemas biométricos tem apresentado um cenário de crescimento nos últimos anos e que se reflete, principalmente, naqueles que têm a impressão digital como forma de identificação. No que tange à segurança, sistemas baseados em biometria necessitam da mesma preocupação que se tem com sistemas tradicionais de senhas e cartões. Neste contexto, o método Fuzzy Vault aparece para prover a segurança de sistemas biométricos, particularmente, protegendo a amostra biométrica armazenada. Esta pesquisa consiste na implementação do método Fuzzy Vault, aplicando-o para ocultar uma chave de 128 bits, onde o método será utilizado juntamente com algoritmos de código aberto, para o desenvolvimento de um aplicativo biométrico de impressões digitais, denominado por ABID. Serão expostas avaliações sobre o desempenho e segurança do aplicativo e também resultados experimentais comuns a sistemas biométricos, como: Taxa de Falso Aceite (FAR -False Accept Rate), Taxa de Aceite Genuíno (GAR-Genuine Accept Rate) e Taxa de Falsa Rejeição (FRR-False Rejection Rate).

A fase mais difícil e que exige mais recursos em um programa de melhoramento de milho é a avaliação experimental dos híbridos, pois geralmente um elevado número de híbridos necessita ser avaliado em diversos ambientes. Deste modo, tanto o número de híbridos como o de ambientes são limitados pelos recursos disponíveis, o que poderia levar a uma redução do número de ambientes, e, portanto, conjuntos de híbridos comumente são avaliados em diferentes ambientes levando a comparações desbalanceadas entre os híbridos. A metodologia estatística conhecida como REM/BLUP tem sido amplamente utilizada no melhoramento animal, mas nos programas de melhoramento vegetal a sua utilização tem sido restrita a culturas perenes, onde experimentos desbalanceados são comuns. Há pouca informação na literatura sobre a confiabilidade do método REML/BLUP utilizando dados experimentais para a predição de valores genotípicos sob experimentos desbalanceados para programas de melhoramento de culturas anuais. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar se o método REML/BLUP poderia ser útil para predizer os valores genotípicos de híbridos simples de milho sob situações de desbalanceamento. Um conjunto de 256 híbridos simples foi avaliado em delineamento látice 16 x 16 com duas repetições por ambiente em 13 ambientes e as características analisadas foram produção de grãos, altura da planta e acamamento de plantas. Uma vez que a avaliação constou de 26 observações para cada híbrido simples, suas médias gerais ajustadas computadas pelo método dos quadrados mínimos foram consideradas como seus valores genotípicos, para fins de comparações com as predições dos valores genotípicos pelo método REML/BLUP. As predições dos híbridos simples foram computadas pelo método REML/BLUP considerando conjuntos desbalanceados de híbridos dentro de ambientes e perdas completas dos dados de ambientes. Os dados foram submetidos a um desbalanceamento aleatório e cada situação foi simulada 1.000 vezes utilizando o método bootstrap. Foram computados coeficientes de correlação entre os valores genotípicos preditos e as médias gerais ajustadas, e seus valores foram elevados ao quadrado para obter os valores de R2; assim 1.000 valores de R2 foram obtidos para cada situação considerada. Além disso, foi praticada seleção utilizando os valores genotípicos preditos e as médias gerais ajustadas dos híbridos simples e as percentagens de coincidência foram computadas. Independentemente do caráter analisado, os valores de R2 e o percentual de coincidência dos híbridos simples selecionados mostrou que o REML/BLUP prediz com alta acurácia os valores genotípicos dos híbridos simples com até 20% das perdas de híbridos dentro de ambientes ou com redução de até 23% dos ambientes. Nota-se que o caráter produção de grãos apresentou interação genótipos x ambientes significativa e complexa, e mesmo assim o método REML/BLUP fez a predição dos valores genotípicos com alta acurácia. Deste modo, o método REML/BLUP poderia ser considerado como uma valiosa ferramenta no melhoramento genético de milho para predizer os valores genotípicos dos híbridos sob dados desbalanceados. Entretanto, os resultados também apontaram que há um limite para a sua acurácia, o qual corresponde a cerca de 20% dos dados desbalanceados. / The more difficult phase and that demands more funding in a maize breeding program is the experimental evaluation of the hybrids, because usually a high number of hybrids needs to be evaluated in several environments. Then, both the number of environments and hybrids are limited by the resources available, which could lead to a reduction in the number of environments, and therefore, sets of hybrids are commonly tested in different environments leading to unbalanced comparisons among the hybrids. The statistical methodology known as REM/BLUP has been widely used in animal breeding, but in plant breeding programs its use has been restricted to perennial crops where unbalanced experiments are very common. There is limited information about the reliability of the REM/BLUP method using experimental data for the genotypic values prediction under unbalanced experiments for annual crops breeding programs. Thus, the objective of this research was to assess whether the REM/BLUP method could be useful to predict the genotypic values of maize single-crosses under unbalanced situations. A set of 256 single-crosses was evaluated in a 16 x 16 lattice design with two replications per environment in 13 environments, and the traits analyzed were grain yield, plant lodging and plant height. As the evaluation consisted of 26 observations for each single-cross, their adjusted overall means computed by the least squares method were considered as their genotypic values for the sake of comparisons with the genotypic predictions by REM/BLUP method. The predictions of the single-crosses were computed considering unbalanced sets of hybrids within environments and unbalanced sets of environments. The data were submitted to a random unbalance and each situation was simulated 1,000 times using the bootstrap method. Coefficients of correlation were then computed between the predicted genotypic values and the adjusted overall means, and their values were squared to obtain the R2 values; thus 1,000 R2 values were obtained for each considered situation. Also, selection were performed using the predict values and the adjusted overall means of the single-crosses, and the percentage of coincidence were computed. Regardless of the trait analyzed, the R2 values and the percentage of coincidence of the selected single-crosses showed that the REM/BLUP predict with high accuracy the genotypic values of the single-crosses up to 20% of losses of hybrids within environments and up to 23% of environments reduction. It should be noted that grain yield showed a significant cross-over interaction, and even so the REM/BLUP predicted the genotypic values of the hybrids with high accuracy. Thus, the REM/BLUP method can be considered as a valuable tool in maize breeding programs to predict the genotypic values of the hybrids under unbalanced data. However, the results also pointed out that there is a limit for its accuracy, which is around 20% of unbalanced data.

Orientador: Yuzo Iano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T04:20:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Freitas_ClaudioCesarSilvade_M.pdf: 6956740 bytes, checksum: a8ec8ed0154572009885ad4f604698e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Está cada vez mais claro como a tecnologia biométrica tem se tornado mais presente no cotidiano das pessoas e tema de interesse de grupos de pesquisa ao redor do mundo. Isso é refletido pela grande quantidade de trabalhos existentes na área e muitos investimentos comerciais. Tecnologias biométricas são basicamente sistemas com capacidade de identificar e verificar a identidade de um indivíduo por meio de uma característica física ou comportamental. Esse trabalho propõe um estudo sobre o reconhecimento das linhas palmares que utiliza a análise de componentes principais como método de reconhecimento. A motivação para esse estudo está na importância de melhorar os métodos existentes de biometria, visto que ainda não existe uma técnica livre de erros ou falsificações. Este estudo é importante pois irá apresentar a aplicação do PCA para a detecção das linhas palmares utilizando uma técnica simples de limiarização adaptativa para extrair as informações biométricas da imagem palmar. Os resultados dessa pesquisa mostraram que o PCA apresentou um desempenho superior quando utilizamos a limiarização adaptativa para a extração das linhas principais da palma da mão. Conclui-se que essa modalidade biométrica apresenta um bom potencial para ser utilizada como medida de identificação e verificação de um usuário. Contudo, é necessário que sejam utilizados os algoritmos de processamento adequados, assim como, deve-se levar em consideração a qualidade e resolução da imagem, o tipo de processamento e o custo computacional necessário / Abstract: It is easy to identify how biometric technology has become more present in daily life as it has become the subject of interest from research groups around the world. This reality is a result of a large amount of existing work in the area and many commercial investments. Biometric technologies are basically systems developed in order to identify and verify the identity of an individual through a physical or behavioral characteristic. This work proposes a study on palmprint recognition using PCA and local adaptive thresholding. The motivation for this study is the importance of improving existing methods of biometric systems, since there is no technique completely safe against fails or steals. This is a simple technique used in order to facilitate the development of a palmprint recognition system using simple methods to be applied in different systems, such as embedded systems. The results of this research showed that the PCA reached superior performance when using adaptive thresholding to extract the lines from the palmprint. We conclude that the biometric modality proposed in this study has a good potential to be used in identification and verification of a user. However, it is necessary to use the appropriate algorithm in image processing in order to extract as much information as possible. Additionally, it is necessary to consider the image resolution, and the hardware and computational cost involved in the method proposed / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Our purpose with this thesis was to find biometric methods that can be used in access control of mobile access. The access control has two parts. Firstly, to validate the identity of the caller and, secondly, to ensure the validated user is not changed during the session that follows. Any solution to the access control problem is not available today, which means that anyone can get access to the mobile phone and the Internet. Therefore we have researched after a solution that can solve this problem but also on how to secure that no one else can take over an already validated session. We began to search for biometric methods that are available today to find them that would be best suited together with a mobile phone. After we had read information about them we did choose three methods for further investigation. These methods were Fingerprint Recognition, Iris Scan and Speaker Verification. Iris Scan is the method that is best suited to solve the authentication problem. The reasons for this are many. One of them is the uniqueness and stability of the iris, not even identical twins or the pair of the same individual has the same iris minutiae. The iris is also very protected behind eyelids, cornea and the aqueous humor and therefore difficult to damage. When it comes to the method itself, is it one of the most secure methods available today. One of the reasons for this is that the equal error rate is better than one in a million. However, this rate can be even better. It all depends on the Hamming Distance, which is a value that show how different the saved and temporarily template are, and what it is set to. To solve our session authentication, which was to make sure that no one else could take over a connected mobile phone, a sensor plate is the answer. This sensor will be able to sense for touch, heat and pulse. These three sensor measurements will together secure a validated session since the mobile phone will disconnect if the sensor looses its sensor data. There are, however, technological and other challenges to be solved before our proposed solutions will become viable. We address some of these issues in our thesis.

Reducing the dimensionality of the original pattern space in a definition of feature space while maintaining discriminatory power for classification is a general goal in pattern recognition. To accomplish this goal in the area of ear biometrics a highly recognized work was proposed by D. Hurley in 2D space. We were inspired by his work and developed a new method for 3D data. In a different way to Hurley’s work we obtain a potential energy surface from 3D depth image which underlies the force field and associated vector field has its own characteristics. Our feature extraction is conducted by combining two different approaches; an algorithmic approach as well as an analytical approach, both are based on the vector force field and geometrical approach which is based on 3D ear surface. To validate the technique, the ICP algorithm is used. This work differs from Hurley’s work not only because of the algorithm, but also because of the nature of the 3D data which delivers topological information of the images. We exploit geometry to acquire surface information of the ear which yields richer features than the original work. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated using the University of Notre Dame (UND) collection J2 database and MATLAB has been used as the software package. / phone number: 0700099273

Biometrics deals with identifying individuals with help of their biological data. Fingerprint scanning is the most common method of the biometric methods available today. The security of fingerprint scanners has however been questioned and previous studies have shown that fingerprint scanners can be fooled with artificial fingerprints, i.e. copies of real fingerprints. The fingerprint recognition systems are evolving and this study will discuss the situation of today. Two approaches have been used to find out how good fingerprint recognition systems are in distinguishing between live fingers and artificial clones. The first approach is a literature study, while the second consists of experiments. A literature study of liveness detection in fingerprint recognition systems has been performed. A description of different liveness detection methods is presented and discussed. Methods requiring extra hardware use temperature, pulse, blood pressure, electric resistance, etc., and methods using already existent information in the system use skin deformation, pores, perspiration, etc. The experiments focus on making artificial fingerprints in gelatin from a latent fingerprint. Nine different systems were tested at the CeBIT trade fair in Germany and all were deceived. Three other different systems were put up against more extensive tests with three different subjects. All systems werecircumvented with all subjects'artificial fingerprints, but with varying results. The results are analyzed and discussed, partly with help of the A/R value defined in this report.

This diploma thesis deals with fingerprint recognition applied in personal computers. The topic is analyzed both chronologically in historical context and in connection with other biometric methods. The thesis provides a comprehensive survey of the topic. It starts with physical layer, goes through hardware parts and ends with software architecture. A special attention is paid to programming fingerprint recognition support into end-user applications. These are the aims of the thesis: to place the silicon fingerprint sensing technology into the historical context and describe its evolution in connection with personal computers till the present times, to provide the results of market research of fingerprint sensors used in personal computers, to work out the summary of the functions the end-users have at their disposal, to present the market research results of fingerprint software, to work out the overview and the comparison of available software development kits (SDKs) and that of application programming interfaces (APIs) used for the described fingerprint sensor devices, and last but not least to develop a demonstration application that communicates with a fingerprint sensor device. Technical literature, market researches together with my own experience from the work in this field were used so as to meet the set aims. As for the demo application of this technology it is my own innovative approach. The thesis is divided into seven chapters where Chapter II -- Chapter VI directly deal with the mentioned topics. The completion of a missing angle of approach to the subject from end-users' and application programmers' perspective is the main asset of this thesis. The work also allows orientation on the silicon fingerprint sensor market and fingerprint software market. Moreover it shows possibilities how to extend this technology, it provides a detailed analysis of the software layer and presents programming samples showing that show how to use this technology. The demo application allowing audio volume control by a fingerprint device is an innovation in the branch of computer input devices.

This master thesis deals with recognition of a person by comparing symptom sets extracted from images of the retinal vessels pattern. The first part includes the insight into biometric issues, the punctual analysis of human identification using retina images, and especially the literature research of methods of extraction and comparison. In the practical part there were realized algorithms for human identification with the method of nearest neighbor search (NS), translation, template matching (TM) and extended NS and TM including more symptoms, for which MATLAB program was used. The thesis includes testing of suggested programs on the biometric database of symptomatic vectors with the following evaluation.

This thesis describes a conceptual design of touchless fingerprint sensor and design, implementation and testing of its firmware, which is a composition of hardware implemented in VHDL and a program implemented in C. Result of this thesis can be used as the first step of building an industrial solution.