Thèse d'exercice : Pharmacie : Nantes : 2007. / Bibliogr.

Les attines sont des fourmis champignonnistes dans la zone allant des Etats-Unis à l'Argentine en passant par la Caraïbe. Les dégâts causés par ces ravageurs sont considérables et estimés à plusieurs millions de dollars par an. Elles sont de ce fait considérées comme l'un des premiers fléaux de l'agriculture de la zone (Cameron & Riggs, 1985 ; Fowler et al., 1986). En Guadeloupe, la "fourmi manioc" (Acromyrmexoctospinosus Reich) cause de nombreux dommages, aussi bien pour l'agriculture que dans les milieux naturels. Les dégâts occasionnés par ces fourmis ont nécessité l'utilisation de pesticides de synthèse. pour tenter de les combattre. La dangerosité de ces substances pour les milieux naturels et anthropisés ainsi que pour la santé publique est un contexte favorable à l'exploration de nouvelles pistes telles que l'utilisation de plantes à usages phytosanitaires. L'objet principal de cette thèse consiste à savoir si on peut déceler à partir de l'ethnopharmacologieTRAMIL des usages permettant de combattre cette fourmi et son symbiote fongique, Leucocoprinuss 'gongylophorus (Heim) MoeIler. Les protocoles retenus et présentés dans ce travail permettent d'observer les effets des usages de plantes choisis sur la survie et le comportement des insects et sur la croissance du symbiote. Ils ont été sélectionnés pour leur potentialité à mettre en évidence les différents types d'effets des extraits végétaux (insecticide par contact, insectifuge, toxique par ingestion, fongistatique ou fongicide). Six usages traditionnels issus de cinq plantes sont testés sur la fourmi: Mammea americana L., Nerium oleander L., Nicotiana tabacum L., Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill. et Trichilia pallida Sw. Cinq autres usages traditionnels sont testés sur le champignon : Allium cepa L., Allium sativum L., Lycopersicom esculentum Mill., Manihot esculenta Crantz et Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Les resultants obtenus permettent de dégager quelques pistes de lutte intéressantes contre ce ravageur. / Leaf-cutting ants are fungus-growing ants.Their geographie distribution ranges from southern United States to northern Argentina, incIuding the West Indies, Economic losses due to these ants were estimated at several million dollars per year. The latter statement makes they are considered as one of the most important pest species of the agricultural productions (Cameron & Riggs, 1985 ; Fowler et al., 1986). In (Guadeloupe, the most important invasive pest species which caused important losses in forests, gardens and field crops is 'cassava ant' (Acromyrmex octospinosus Reich). These huge losses required to use, synthetic chemical pesticides to control these leaf-cutting ants, the consequence of which is, irreversible' injuries on environment and on human health. As a matter of fact, this situation has prompted an increasing interest in alternative methods for pest control like plants with pesticide used. The main objective of this thesis is to know if traditional ethnopharmacological TRAMIL uses could help to fight against this ant and against the symbiotic fungus, Leucocoprinus gongylophorus (Heim) . Moeller. Methods used and presented in this work aIIowed to observe effects of selected plant uses on mortality and insect's behavior. The protocols performed were selected for their potentiality to detect the different types of insecticidal effects (contact toxicity, repellent effect, toxicity by ingestion, fungicidal or fungistatic). Six traditional plant uses of five plants were tested on the ant : Mammea americana L., Nerium oleander L., Nicotiana tabacum L.,Rollinia mucosa (Jacq) Baill. and Trichilia pallida Sw.Five other plants uses were tested on the fungus:Allium cepa L.,Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.,Manihot esculenta Crantz and Senna alata (L.) Roxb.The obtained résults provide us with some interesting trails to fight against this pest.

Two endemic late-season grape rot diseases, ripe rot and sour rot continue to pose a significant challenge to grape growers in Virginia and similar climates. Managing these diseases in the vineyard is challenging due to concerns over the increased risk of resistance against traditional single-site mode of action pesticides. This study evaluated the efficacy of different biopesticides and novel chemical options with a series of field trials across four vineyards in northern Virginia in 2021 and 2022. Among the tested products, a potassium-based nutrient formulation resulted in consistent ripe rot suppression in two of the three trials, showing around 46% and 83% less mean disease severity at the AHS AREC trial in 2022 and 2021, respectively, and 63% and 19% less mean disease incidence at the South Loudoun trial in 2021 and AHS AREC trial in 2022. For sour rot, zeta-cypermethrin with cyprodinil + fludioxonil or hydrogen peroxide + peroxyacetic acid resulted in effective control in two of the five trials, with a high of 71% and 73% less mean disease incidence compared to the untreated check in the Frederick trial in 2021 and 2022, respectively. In general, treatments with spinosad were less effective and resulted in lower disease control compared to those with zeta-cypermethrin and its fungicides/antimicrobials counterpart. The results suggest that integrating these biopesticides and novel chemicals into a spray program could offer a more sustainable solution for sour rot and ripe rot disease management without compromising the level of disease control. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / Ripe rot and sour rot are two diseases of concern for growers in Virginia and many other grape-growing regions due to significant losses in fresh cluster yield and the risk of contamination during the winemaking process. Traditional pesticides are often used; however, the breakdown of the effectiveness of these pesticides after continuous application, i.e., pesticide resistance, has become a critical issue. The other issues include, but are not limited to, adverse effects on human health, nature, and winemaking. On the other hand, biopesticides derived from microorganisms, their products, plant extracts, etc., are considered relatively safer and more sustainable options. This study evaluated the efficacy of biopesticides and novel chemicals against ripe rot and sour rot through field trials over two years at four locations in northern Virginia. Although no clear-cut winners were among the tested treatments, one of the tested chemicals (a potassium-based plant nutrient formulation) provided consistent disease suppression (up to 83%) against ripe rot. In the case of sour rot, several treatments, including a biologically derived insecticide, produced comparable disease suppression (up to 73%) compared to the current standard application. These safer options can be included in the spray schedule without compromising the level of disease control, meanwhile aiding the sustainability of the spray program in the long run.

O ácaro purpúreo, Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), ainda é considerado uma praga de importância secundária nos pomares cítricos brasileiros. No entanto, nos últimos anos, sua população vem aumentando consideravelvente devido a ocorrência de surtos populacionais do ácaro que, na maioria das vezes, causam danos consideráveis nas plantas e exige que medidas de controle sejam adotadas. Neste sentido, objetivou-se com esse estudo, avaliar os níveis de suscetibilidade de diferentes espécies e variedades de plantas cítricas no desenvolvimento e reprodução de P. citri; elucidar as causas biológicas, comportamentais e demográficas responsáveis pelo aumento populacional do ácaro após a aplicação de inseticidas piretroides; demonstrar os impactos desses inseticidas sobre o predador Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae) e verificar a atividade de biopesticidas à base de azadirachtin, annonin e matrine como tática adicional de controle de P. citri. Os resultados demonstraram que as espécies e variedades de plantas cítricas apresentaram diferentes níveis de suscetibilidade ao ácaro P. citri. A maior taxa de crescimento populacional do ácaro ocorreu em laranjeira Valência e limoeiro Siciliano quando comparados as laranjeiras Pera, Natal e Hamlin e tangerineira Ponkan, demonstrando que esses hospedeiros podem contribuir para o aumento populacional do ácaro. Entre os hospedeiros avaliados, laranjeira Hamlin proporcionou menor taxa de crescimento de P. citri, demonstrando que essa variedade é menos favorável ao desenvolvimento e reprodução do ácaro quando comparado aos demais hospedeiros testados. Além das diferentes taxas de crescimento do ácaro proporcionado pelas plantas hospedeiras, o uso de inseticidas piretroides e neonicotinoides também contribuem para o aumento populacional do ácaro P. citri. Com base nos resultados, o aumento na dispersão e na deterrência de alimentação e oviposição dos ácaros proporcionados pelos inseticidas piretroides, a insensibilidade dos diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento do ácaros aos inseticidas neonicotinoides e ao efeito hormese, caracterizado pelo aumento na fecundidade das fêmeas expostas principalmente aos inseticidas piretroides deltamethrin e lambda-cyhalothrin e o neonicotinoide imidacloprid foram as principais causas biológicas e comportamentais associadas ao aumento populacional de P. citri. Por outro lado, os inseticidas esfenvalerate e thiamethoxam não ocasionaram aumento significativo nos parâmetros demográficos do ácaro quando comparado aos demais tratamentos avaliados. Além das alterações na abundância populacional de P. citri, os inseticidas piretroides ocasionaram redução na sobrevivência e/ou reprodução do predador I. zuluagai, demonstrando que esses produtos podem afetar a densidade e a efetividade do predador no controle biológico de artrópodes-praga nos pomares cítricos. Diante do aumento na abundância e na frequência de surtos populacionais do ácaro P. citri após a aplicação de inseticidas piretroides e neonicotinoides e dos impactos ocasionados sobre o predador I. zuluagai novas alternativas de controle de P. citri foram investigadas no presente estudo. Os resultados demonstraram que o uso de biopesticidas à base de azadirachtin, annonin e matrine apresentaram alta atividade contra P. citri e pode ser uma importante alternativa para uso no manejo do ácaro em substituição ou rotação com acaricidas sintéticos. As informações obtidas no presente estudo contribuirão para subsidiar os programas de manejo integrado de pragas nos pomares cítricos. / The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), is still considered a pest of secondary importance in Brazilian citrus groves. However, in recent years, its population has been increasing considerably due to occurrence of mite outbreaks that, in most cases, cause considerable damage to the plants and requires the adoption of control measures. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility levels of different species and varieties of citrus plants to the development and reproduction of P. citri; to elucidate the biological, behavioral and demographic causes responsible for mite population growth after application of pyrethroids and neonicotinoids insecticides; to demonstrate the impact of these pesticides on Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae) predator and to verify the activity of azadirachtin-, annonin-, and matrine-based biopesticides as additional tactic of P. citri control. The results showed that the species and varieties of citrus plants showed different susceptibility levels to P. citri mite. The highest growth rates of mite population occurred in Valencia orange and Sicilian lemon compared to Pera, Natal and Hamlin oranges and Ponkan mandarin, demonstrating that these hosts can contribute to mite population growth. Among the hosts evaluated, Hamlin sweet orange showed lower growth rate of P. citri, showing that this variety is less favorable to the development and reproduction of the mite when compared to other hosts tested. In addition to the different growth rates of the mite provided by host plants, the use of pyrethroid and neonicotinoids insecticides also contributed to the P. citri population growth. Based on the results, the increase in dispersion and feeding and oviposition deterrence of the mites provided by the pyrethroids insecticides, the insensibility of the different development stages of mites to neonicotinoids insecticides and hormesis effect, characterized by increasing the fecundity of female exposed mainly to insecticides deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin pyrethroids and imidacloprid neonicotinoid were the main biological and behavioral causes associated to population growth of P. citri. On the other hand, esfenvalerate and thiamethoxam insecticides did not cause a significant increase in the demographic parameters of the mite when compared to other treatments. Besides the changes in population abundance of P. citri, the pyrethroid insecticides caused reduction in survival and/or reproduction of I. zuluagai predator, demonstrating that these products can affect density and effectiveness of the predator in the biological control of arthropod pests in citrus groves. Given the increase in abundance and frequency of outbreaks of P. citri after application of pyrethroid and neonicotinoids insecticides and of impacts caused to I. zuluagai predator new management alternatives to P. citri control were investigated in this study. The results showed that the use of azadirachtin-, annonin-, and matrine-based biopesticides had high activity against P. citri and may be an important alternative in the management of the mite in replacement or rotation with synthetic acaricides. The information obtained in this study will contribute to support the integrated pest management programs of citrus groves.

O ácaro purpúreo, Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), ainda é considerado uma praga de importância secundária nos pomares cítricos brasileiros. No entanto, nos últimos anos, sua população vem aumentando consideravelvente devido a ocorrência de surtos populacionais do ácaro que, na maioria das vezes, causam danos consideráveis nas plantas e exige que medidas de controle sejam adotadas. Neste sentido, objetivou-se com esse estudo, avaliar os níveis de suscetibilidade de diferentes espécies e variedades de plantas cítricas no desenvolvimento e reprodução de P. citri; elucidar as causas biológicas, comportamentais e demográficas responsáveis pelo aumento populacional do ácaro após a aplicação de inseticidas piretroides; demonstrar os impactos desses inseticidas sobre o predador Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae) e verificar a atividade de biopesticidas à base de azadirachtin, annonin e matrine como tática adicional de controle de P. citri. Os resultados demonstraram que as espécies e variedades de plantas cítricas apresentaram diferentes níveis de suscetibilidade ao ácaro P. citri. A maior taxa de crescimento populacional do ácaro ocorreu em laranjeira Valência e limoeiro Siciliano quando comparados as laranjeiras Pera, Natal e Hamlin e tangerineira Ponkan, demonstrando que esses hospedeiros podem contribuir para o aumento populacional do ácaro. Entre os hospedeiros avaliados, laranjeira Hamlin proporcionou menor taxa de crescimento de P. citri, demonstrando que essa variedade é menos favorável ao desenvolvimento e reprodução do ácaro quando comparado aos demais hospedeiros testados. Além das diferentes taxas de crescimento do ácaro proporcionado pelas plantas hospedeiras, o uso de inseticidas piretroides e neonicotinoides também contribuem para o aumento populacional do ácaro P. citri. Com base nos resultados, o aumento na dispersão e na deterrência de alimentação e oviposição dos ácaros proporcionados pelos inseticidas piretroides, a insensibilidade dos diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento do ácaros aos inseticidas neonicotinoides e ao efeito hormese, caracterizado pelo aumento na fecundidade das fêmeas expostas principalmente aos inseticidas piretroides deltamethrin e lambda-cyhalothrin e o neonicotinoide imidacloprid foram as principais causas biológicas e comportamentais associadas ao aumento populacional de P. citri. Por outro lado, os inseticidas esfenvalerate e thiamethoxam não ocasionaram aumento significativo nos parâmetros demográficos do ácaro quando comparado aos demais tratamentos avaliados. Além das alterações na abundância populacional de P. citri, os inseticidas piretroides ocasionaram redução na sobrevivência e/ou reprodução do predador I. zuluagai, demonstrando que esses produtos podem afetar a densidade e a efetividade do predador no controle biológico de artrópodes-praga nos pomares cítricos. Diante do aumento na abundância e na frequência de surtos populacionais do ácaro P. citri após a aplicação de inseticidas piretroides e neonicotinoides e dos impactos ocasionados sobre o predador I. zuluagai novas alternativas de controle de P. citri foram investigadas no presente estudo. Os resultados demonstraram que o uso de biopesticidas à base de azadirachtin, annonin e matrine apresentaram alta atividade contra P. citri e pode ser uma importante alternativa para uso no manejo do ácaro em substituição ou rotação com acaricidas sintéticos. As informações obtidas no presente estudo contribuirão para subsidiar os programas de manejo integrado de pragas nos pomares cítricos. / The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), is still considered a pest of secondary importance in Brazilian citrus groves. However, in recent years, its population has been increasing considerably due to occurrence of mite outbreaks that, in most cases, cause considerable damage to the plants and requires the adoption of control measures. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility levels of different species and varieties of citrus plants to the development and reproduction of P. citri; to elucidate the biological, behavioral and demographic causes responsible for mite population growth after application of pyrethroids and neonicotinoids insecticides; to demonstrate the impact of these pesticides on Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae) predator and to verify the activity of azadirachtin-, annonin-, and matrine-based biopesticides as additional tactic of P. citri control. The results showed that the species and varieties of citrus plants showed different susceptibility levels to P. citri mite. The highest growth rates of mite population occurred in Valencia orange and Sicilian lemon compared to Pera, Natal and Hamlin oranges and Ponkan mandarin, demonstrating that these hosts can contribute to mite population growth. Among the hosts evaluated, Hamlin sweet orange showed lower growth rate of P. citri, showing that this variety is less favorable to the development and reproduction of the mite when compared to other hosts tested. In addition to the different growth rates of the mite provided by host plants, the use of pyrethroid and neonicotinoids insecticides also contributed to the P. citri population growth. Based on the results, the increase in dispersion and feeding and oviposition deterrence of the mites provided by the pyrethroids insecticides, the insensibility of the different development stages of mites to neonicotinoids insecticides and hormesis effect, characterized by increasing the fecundity of female exposed mainly to insecticides deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin pyrethroids and imidacloprid neonicotinoid were the main biological and behavioral causes associated to population growth of P. citri. On the other hand, esfenvalerate and thiamethoxam insecticides did not cause a significant increase in the demographic parameters of the mite when compared to other treatments. Besides the changes in population abundance of P. citri, the pyrethroid insecticides caused reduction in survival and/or reproduction of I. zuluagai predator, demonstrating that these products can affect density and effectiveness of the predator in the biological control of arthropod pests in citrus groves. Given the increase in abundance and frequency of outbreaks of P. citri after application of pyrethroid and neonicotinoids insecticides and of impacts caused to I. zuluagai predator new management alternatives to P. citri control were investigated in this study. The results showed that the use of azadirachtin-, annonin-, and matrine-based biopesticides had high activity against P. citri and may be an important alternative in the management of the mite in replacement or rotation with synthetic acaricides. The information obtained in this study will contribute to support the integrated pest management programs of citrus groves.

Ce projet industriel porte sur la production de biopesticides actifs sur les nématodes à galles des cultures intensives de tomates sous abris au Maroc. Les travaux portent sur (i) l’isolement de souches de champignons filamenteux nématophages provenant des sols des cultures infectées par les nématodes, (ii) la réalisation de cultures de ces souches sur un milieu adapté à la Fermentation en Milieu Solide, technique optimale à la biologie des champignons filamenteux et présentant des avantages technologiques et économiques exploitables à une échelle industrielle, (iii) la production de biomasse et de molécules actives extrapolable à une échelle semi-industrielle, (iv) la mise en œuvre d’essais agronomiques pour valider l’efficacité d’un biopesticide produit par FMS dans des dispositifs innovants.24 souches de champignons filamenteux nématophages ont été isolées à partir des sols des cultures intensives de tomate sous serre au Maroc, mais également à partir de produits commerciaux. Le milieu FMS composé de sous-produits agro-industriels permettant une production de l’ordre de 1010 spores par gramme de substrat PS a été validé, et les conditions de cultures des souches établies. 4 dispositifs de Fermentation en Milieu Solide dont un à usage unique, de 300 à 5 000 g ont été mis au point, et ont été protégés par 3 brevets. Enfin, des essais agronomiques de différentes tailles (quelques billons à plusieurs hectares de tomates) ont été mis en place au Maroc de manière à valider l’utilisation de champignons filamenteux actifs contre les nématodes à galles comme étant une alternative écologique à l’utilisation de produits chimiques. / This industrial project involves the production of biopesticides active against root knot nematodes of intensive greenhouse tomato cultures in Morocco. This work focuses on (i) the isolement of nematophagous filamentous fungi from agricultural soils infected with nematodes, (ii) the cultures of these strains on a suitable medium for Solid State Fermentation (SSF), which is the optimal cultural technique for filamentous fungi, presenting technological and economical benefits at an industrial scale, (iii) the production of biomass and active molecules at a semi-industrial scale, (iv) the installation of agronomic assays to validate the effectiveness of a biopesticide production by SSF in innovative devices.24 nematophagous filamentous fungi strains were isolated from intensive greenhouse tomato culture soils, but also from commercial products. The SSF medium composed of agro-industrial by-products allowing a production of about 1010 spores per gram of DW substrate was validated, and the culture conditions of these strains were established. 4 SSF devices including one at single use, from 300 to 5 000 g DW substrate were developed, and were protected by 3 patents. Finally, agronomic assays of different sizes (from few lines to several hectares of tomatoes) were carried out in Morocco in order to validate the use of active filamentous fungi against root-knot nematodes as an ecological alternative to the use of chemical products.

Os fungos entomopatogênicos do gênero Metarhizium e Beauveria compreendem um importante grupo de patógenos de artrópodes-praga. A seleção de isolados de fungos promissores é a primeira e uma das mais importantes etapas no desenvolvimento de um biopesticida, pois alguns isolados podem apresentar alta virulência e não necessariamente boa produção em substrato e vice-versa, sendo interessante a combinação desses dois parâmetros para a viabilidade comercial de um produto. A dificuldade de criação ou manutenção de algumas espécies de pragas em laboratório é um limitante para a condução de testes de virulência, tornando-se interessante a utilização de espécies modelo, de fácil criação, nas etapas preliminares de seleção. Nesse sentido, este estudo objetivou selecionar isolados com alta produção de conídios e virulência, comparando a eficiência de controle de M. anisopliae e B. bassiana às pragas alvo Mahanarva fimbriolata e Bemisia tabaci Biótipo B, respectivamente, com a mortalidade em Tenebrio molitor. Inicialmente, foram selecionados 50 isolados a partir de 100 isolados de cada gênero, baseado em avaliações visuais do crescimento e esporulação em meio de cultivo em placas de Petri. Estes isolados selecionados foram cultivados em arroz parboilizado para quantificação do rendimento produtivo de conídios. Os 25 isolados mais produtivos de cada espécie de fungo foram utilizados nos bioensaios com T. molitor. Posteriormente, os cinco isolados que causaram maior e menor mortalidade de cada gênero, foram utilizados nos bioensaios com as respectivas pragas-alvo. A variação no rendimento de conídios de Beauveria spp., foi de 0,3 a 7,7 x 109 conídios.grama de arroz-1 e de Metarhizium spp. foi de 0,1 a 2,5 x 109 conídios.grama de arroz-1. A mortalidade confirmada de larvas de T. molitor por Beauveria spp., variou de 5,5 a 96,4% e por M. anisopliae variou de 29,1 a 89,1%. Alguns isolados causaram mortalidade elevada tanto no inseto modelo quanto na praga-alvo, porém, não foi verificada uma relação entre a virulência para as duas espécies. Da mesma forma, não foi observada associação entre os parâmetros produção de conídios e virulência. O isolado ESALQ 4958 de B. bassiana se destacou nos dois bioensaios apresentando mortalidades elevadas de ninfas de B. tabaci Biótipo B. Nos bioensaios utilizando ninfas de M. fimbriolata, ESALQ 1641 foi o isolado que apresentou os maiores percentuais de mortalidade nos dois bioensaios. Analisando conjuntamente as variáveis produção de conídios e virulência a T. molitor e a espécie alvo, os isolados ESALQ 540 (B. bassiana) e ESALQ 1116 (M. anisopliae) se destacaram por apresentarem valores elevados para todas as variáveis de interesse. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de uma análise conjunta destas variáveis com um peso diferenciado para cada variável na seleção de isolados para utilização em produtos microbianos para o controle de pragas. / The genus Metarhizium spp. and Beauveria spp. are important entomopathogenic fungi used to control arthropod pests. The selection of promising fungal isolates is the first and one of the most important steps on the development of a biopesticide, since some isolates may present high virulence and not necessarily good production in substrate and vice-versa, being the combination of these two parameters important for the commercial viability. Difficulties of rearing or maintaining some species of pests in laboratory are limitations for the conduction of virulence tests, justifying the use of easy to breed model species on the preliminary steps of selection. Therefore, this study aimed to select isolates with high conidia production and virulence, comparing the control efficiency of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana to the target pests, Mahanarva fimbriolata and Bemisia tabaci biotype B, respectively, with mortality in Tenebrio molitor. At first, 50 isolates were selected from 100 isolates of each genus, based on growth and sporulation in culture medium on Petri dishes. These isolates were grown in parboiled rice to quantify the yield of conidia. The 25 most productive isolates of each fungus species were used in the bioassays with T. molitor. After, the five isolates that caused higher and lower mortality of each genus were used in the bioassays with the respective target pests. Beauveria spp. conidia yield ranged from 0.3 to 7.7 x 109 conidia.grams of rice-1 and Metarhizium spp. from 0.1 to 2.5 x 109 conidia.gram of rice-1. The confirmed mortality of T. molitor larvae by Beauveria spp. varied from 5.5 to 96.4% and M. anisopliae varied from 29.1 to 89.1%. Some isolates caused high mortality in both, model insect and the target pest; however, no relationship between the virulence of both species was observed. Similarly, there was no association between the parameters conidia production and virulence. The B. bassiana isolate ESALQ 4958 in both bioassays presented high mortalities of B. tabaci Biotype B. In bioassays using M. fimbriolata nymphs, ESALQ 1641 was the isolate that presented the highest mortalities in both bioassays. Analyzing the variables, conidia production and virulence to T. molitor and the target species, the isolates ESALQ 540 (B. bassiana) and ESALQ 1116 (M. anisopliae) showed high values for all variables of interest. The results reinforce the necessity of a joint analysis of these variables with different weight for each one in the selection of isolates, aiming to use them in microbial products for pest control.

The objective of this thesis was to investigate BiOWiSHTM-Aqua, a commercial dry solid formulation containing a consortium of bacteria and yeast, as a biopesticide for treatment of Botrytis cinerea, a gray mold that affects strawberries. BiOWiSHTM-Aqua was compared with another commercial product specifically used as a fungicide and bacteriocide, Serenade® Garden Disease Control Spray (concentrated Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713). Both laboratory tests as well as in vivo lab tests were conducted. BiOWiSHTM-Aqua results varied widely from plate to plate, regardless of experimental conditions. In some of these plates, inhibition zones were observed around colonies from BiOWiSHTM-Aqua, indicating efficacy. The organism responsible for the inhibition zones of B. cinerea growth was isolated from BiOWiSHTM-Aqua, and 16s rRNA analysis identified this culture as a strain of B. subtilis. This strain was designated as B. subtilis ssp. KLB. The B. subtilis KLB concentration required to completely inhibit B. cinerea was 9.1x104 CFU/mL when B. subtilis KLB was inoculated 48 hours before B. cinerea, 1.3x105 CFU/mL at 24 hours, and 3.2x106 CFU/mL when both were inoculated at the same time. Various preliminary experiments using B. subtilis KLB were also conducted to investigate its economic feasibility, to characterize the organism, and to test its post-harvest in vivo viability. B. subtilis KLB cell concentration was 1.6x109 CFU/mL in a bioreactor with LB at the end of the log growth phase. B. subtilis KLB achieved cell concentrations as high as 5x109 CFU/mL in shake flasks with food-grade tapioca as a carbon source. Inoculation of B. subtilis KLB on post-harvest strawberries did not have an effect on Botrytis infection rates compared to the negative control. These various experiments were the first step in research to potentially produce B. subtilis KLB on a commercial scale.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-05-03T18:31:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) renata_couto_avila.pdf: 1413291 bytes, checksum: 669e7c9a25e57d1c58d553d00cbb588a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T12:06:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) renata_couto_avila.pdf: 1413291 bytes, checksum: 669e7c9a25e57d1c58d553d00cbb588a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T12:06:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) renata_couto_avila.pdf: 1413291 bytes, checksum: 669e7c9a25e57d1c58d553d00cbb588a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Por causa da introdu??o de pragas ex?ticas, as planta??es de Eucalipto est?o sofrendo com consider?veis perdas na produ??o por todo o territ?rio brasileiro. Uma dessas pragas foi detectada em 2008 e ? conhecida como percevejo bronzeado (Thaumastocoris peregrinus). Essa praga de origem Australiana se espalhou rapidamente pelas planta??es de eucalipto no pa?s por causa da falta de seu inimigo natural. Ainda n?o foi encontrado um controle eficaz para o percevejo bronzeado. Para se conseguir a certifica??o florestal, n?o ? recomendado o uso de inseticidas qu?micos ou sint?ticos. Uma das alternativas para o controle desse inseto ? a detec??o e utiliza??o de gen?tipos resistentes nas planta??es e a utiliza??o de bioinseticidas a partir de ?leos essenciais. Para essa constata??o se faz necess?rio testes de resist?ncia nos gen?tipos a fim de encontrar as ideais para os plantios. No laborat?rio de Biotecnologia Florestal da UFVJM foi realizado teste de sobreviv?ncia e de n?o-preferencia alimentar em 27 clones comerciais da empresa Gerdau LTDA e de indiv?duos de Eucalyptus camaldulensis e Corymbia. citriodora, a fim de identificar o n?vel de resist?ncia e suscetibilidade entre os mesmos. Para as duas vari?veis foram considerados os gen?tipos C. citriodora e os clones C4, C11, C24, C25, C27 e C17 como sendo altamente suscept?veis em rela??o aos demais, e os clones C1, C15, C20, C21 e C13 como sendo os mais resistentes em rela??o aos demais. Ap?s a caracteriza??o dos clones foram extra?dos os ?leos essenciais de 3 clones resistentes, 3 suscept?veis e de indiv?duos de E. camaldulensis. Nos ?leos extra?dos foram encontrados compostos que s?o descritos para o controle de diversos insetos, como 1,8 cineol e linalool. Esses compostos comprovam o potencial inseticida dos ?leos essenciais de eucalipto. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / Because of the introduction of exotic pests, these plantations are suffering considerable losses in production throughout the Brazilian territory. One such pest was detected in 2008 and is known as Bronze bug. This Australian origin worm spread rapidly through the Eucalyptus plantations in the country because of the lack of their natural enemy. We have not yet found an effective control for Bronze bug. To achieve forest certification is not recommended the use of chemical insecticides. One of the alternatives to control this insect is the detection and use of resistant genotypes in plantations and the use of biopesticides from essential oils. For this finding is necessary stress tests in genotypes in order to find the ideal for plantations. In laboratory UFVJM Forest Biotechnology was held survival test and non-food preference in 27 commercial clones of Gerdau LTDA and E. camaldulensis individuals and C. citriodora in order to identify the level of resistance and susceptibility among thereof. For the two variables were considered the genotypes E. Citriodora, C4, C11, C24, C25, C27 and C17 as the most susceptible in relation to others and the clones C1, C15, C20, C21 e C13 as the toughest in relation to others After the characterization of the clones, have been derived the essential oils of three resistant clones, three susceptible clones and E. camaldulensis. In extracted oils, it have been found many compounds that are described to control various insects, as 1,8 cineol and linalool. These compounds show potential insecticide essential oils of Eucalyptus.

Pour lutter contre les nuisibles des cultures (herbivores et pathogènes), de nouvelles voies ont été explorées et en particulier la lutte biologique. Utilisé la nature et ses organismes pour réguler les populations de pathogènes, tel est le but de la lutte biologique aussi appelé biocontrôle. Parmi les organismes couramment retrouvés dans le biocontrôle se trouve les micro-organismes, que cela soit des champignons ou des bactéries. Ces micro-organismes possèdent des capacités très intéressante pour des agriculteurs et agronomes. En effet, des études ont montré qu’ils étaient capables d’interagir avec les plantes pour permettre une meilleure croissance et santé de celle-ci. Alors, dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux bactéries pour trouver des méthodes de luttes alternatives à Fusarium graminearum, un pathogène des céréales responsables de fortes pertes de rendements, en particulier grâce à la production de mycotoxines qui va rendre les grains impropres à la consommation humaine et animales. Par l’intermédiaire d’une approche original consistant à garder des souches non-inhibitrice in vitro pour des tests in planta, nous avons pu montrer les limites de la sélection in vitro. Grâce à l’exploration métaboliques d’une souche particulièrement efficace, nous avons aussi pu mettre en évidence de potentiels nouvelles molécules antifongiques. Par l’intermédiaire d’une souche modèle, nous avons explorer les mécanismes de la mise en place d’une résistance systémique chez le blé induite par les bactéries. Et enfin, nous avons exploré le potentiel des combinaisons de bactéries dans la protection du blé qui semble représenter un vrai futur dans le monde du biocontrôle. Les travaux effectués s’inscrivent dans les besoins de nouvelles ressources pour limiter l’utilisation des pesticides, mais aussi dans un besoin de mieux comprendre les interactions tripartite entre blé, pathogène et bactéries bénéfiques / To combat pests of crops (herbivores and pathogens) new pathways have been explored, in particular biological control. Used the nature and its organisms to regulate the populations of pathogens, that is the goal of the biological fight also called biocontrol. Among the organisms commonly found in biocontrol are micro-organisms, be they fungi or bacteria. These microorganisms have very interesting capabilities for farmers and agronomists. Indeed, studies have shown that they are able to interact with plants to allow a better growth and health of it.Then, in this thesis, we were interested in bacteria to find alternative methods of struggle with Fusarium graminearum, a pathogen of cereals responsible for high yield losses, especially thanks to the production of mycotoxins that will make the seeds unfit for human and animal consumption.Through an original approach of keeping noninhibitory strains in vitro for in planta tests, we have been able to show the limitations of in vitro selection. Thanks to the metabolic exploration of a particularly efficient strain, we have also been able to highlight potential new antifungal molecules. Through a model strain, we explored the mechanisms of the establishment of systemic resistance in wheat induced by bacteria. And finally, we have explored the potential of bacterial combinations in wheat protection that seems to represent a real future in the world of biocontrol.The work done is in line with the needs of new resources to limit the use of pesticides, but also in a need to better understand the tripartite interactions between wheat, pathogen and beneficial bacteria