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Le sujet de cette thèse, traite des engagements du général Koenig (1898-1970) en tant que militaire, homme politique et militant pour la cause israélienne et l‟amitié avec le peuple juif. Natif de Caen, Pierre Koenig eut dès son enfance une vocation affirmée pour la carrière militaire. Engagé volontaire pendant la première guerre mondiale, il servit ensuite en Silésie, en Allemagne et pendant une longue période au Maroc dans la Légion étrangère. Au début de la 2e guerre mondiale, il participa en 1940 à la campagne de Norvège et se rallia en juin au général de Gaulle dont il fut un des plus fidèles compagnons. Sa carrière se poursuivit en Afrique : Gabon, Levant, Libye et Tunisie. C‟est en Libye en juin 1942 à Bir-Hakeim que Koenig et ses troupes en résistant pendant plus de dix jours aux forces germano-italiennes du maréchal Rommel, ont signé un des plus grands succès des armes françaises pendant la deuxième guerre mondiale. Après la campagne de Tunisie, Koenig fut appelé par le général de Gaulle à occuper des postes importants faisant appel à ses qualités de diplomate et de négociateur : état-major d‟Alger, représentant du Gouvernement provisoire de la République Française auprès du commandement interallié et chef des Forces Françaises de l‟intérieur. Á la Libération, il fut nommé Gouverneur militaire de Paris et ensuite commandant de la zone d‟occupation française en Allemagne avec les pouvoirs civils et militaires. [etc.] / This thesis deals with the engagements carried out general Koenig (1898-1970) as a soldier, a politician and a fighter for the Israeli cause and friendship with the Jewish people. Pierre Koenig was born in Caen (France). Since childhood he had inclined always strongly to a military career. He was a volunteer during the First World War, then he served in Silesia, in Germany and in the Foreign Legion in Morocco for a long period of time. When the Second world war began, he took part in the Norway campaign early in 1940, then in June he joined General de Gaulle and became one of his most faithful companions. His career went on in Africa : Gaboon, the Levant, Libya, Tunisia. In Bir-Hakeim in Libya in June 1942, Koenig and his troops held out against Marshal Rommel‟s German and Italian forces for over ten days, thus achieving one of the greatest successes for french arms during the Second world war. After the Tunisia campaign, Koenig was called by General de Gaulle to high appointments summoning his qualities as a diplomat and negotiator. Posted first at the Algiers Headquarters, he was then the Representative of the provisional government of the French Republic next to the S.H.A.E.F. and later on chief of the Home French Forces. After the liberation of France he was appointed as “Military governor” in Paris, and afterwards commander-in-chief for the French occupation zone in Germany with civilian and military powers [etc.]

No description available.

L’ouverture de l’Océan Néotéthys au nord du bassin de Ghadamès et de la Jeffara s’accompagne d’une phase d’extension. Ceci engendre une phase de subsidence qui se traduit par le dépôt des premières séries syn-rift d’âges Permien moyen à supérieur (formation El Watiah) et Trias inférieur à moyen (formations Bir el Jaja, Ouled Chebbi et Ras Hamia/Kirchaou). Cette étude propose la compréhension de l’architecture stratigraphique et séquentielle des formations triasiques détritiques, et de la partie supérieure clastique de la formation El Watiah. 221 puits et 18 coupes sédimentologiques de terrain (affleurements du Sud tunisien) ont été corrélées à travers l’ensemble du bassin de Ghadamès et de la Jeffara. Il est démontré que ces séries s’organisent en 11 séquences de 3ème ordre. 28 cartes d’isochores et de paléogéographie ont été réalisées. D’un point de vue tectonostratigraphique, un épaississement drastique des séquences a notamment été confirmé en direction du nord de la Jeffara, à la faveur d’une subsidence forte et très différentielle. Dans le sud du bassin, un domaine caractérisé par une subsidence faible et peu différentielle a aussi été reconnu. Par ailleurs, une réinterprétation sédimentologique de la formation du TAGI de la région d’El Borma (équivalent latéral de la formation ladinienne Ras Hamia) a été proposée. / During the opening of the Neotethys Ocean north of the Ghadames and Jeffara basin, an extensional phase created subsidence. It resulted in the deposition of the first syn-rift strata aged Middle to Upper Permian (El Watiah formation) and Lower to Middle Triassic (Bir el Jaja, Ouled Chebbi and Ras Hamia / Kirchaou formations). This study provides details of the stratigraphic and sequential architecture of triassic siliciclastic series and the upper clastic part of the El Watiah formation. 221 wells and 18 sedimentological field sections (outcrops from south Tunisia) have been correlated across the entire Ghadames basin and Jeffara. An organization in 11 sequences has been highlighted. 28 isochores and paleogeographic maps have been drawn. In terms of tectonostratigraphy, a major thickening of sequences has been confirmed toward the North of Jeffara, resulting from a very strong and differential subsidence. Low and subtle differential subsidence has been demonstrated in the southern part of the basin. In addition, a new sedimentological interpretation of the TAGI formation (lateral equivalent of the ladinian Ras Hamia formation) has been considered in the El Borma area.

Le microbiote bactérien cuticulaire des fourmis (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) est connu pour avoir un rôle défensif chez ces insectes sociaux, notamment chez les fourmis attines (Formicidae : Attini) grâce l’utilisation de molécules antimicrobiennes produites par des actinobactéries cuticulaires. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons étudié le microbiote bactérien des fourmis de Guyane en utilisant différentes approches en chimie des produits naturels et en écologie moléculaire. Le premier chapitre décrit l’isolement, l’identification, la culture et l’évaluation biologique de 43 actinobactéries cuticulaires de fourmis de Guyane. Les tests d’antagonismes des souches isolées et l’activité antibiotique des extraits de culture contre des micro-organismes pathogènes humains sont présentés ainsi que l’identification d’un dipeptide cyclique (Cyclo(LPro-LPhe)) antimicrobien qui a été isolé à partir d’une souche proche de Streptomyces thioluteus. Par ailleurs, la mise en œuvre de réseaux moléculaires appliqués à une analyse par UPLC/MS/MS de cocultures d’actinobactéries a permis d’explorer la diversité des métabolites produits dans ces conditions. Le deuxième chapitre présente une étude méthodologique pour comparer quatre méthodes d’extraction d’ADN, en termes de richesse et de composition du microbiote bactérien cuticulaire, par séquençage haut débit à partir des espèces Atta cephalotes et Pseudomyrmex penetrator. Les résultats du métabarcoding ADN mettent en lumière deux méthodes d’extraction et révèlent des différences inter- et intraspécifiques dans la composition des communautés bactériennes cuticulaires. Enfin, le chapitre trois décrit la composition du microbiote bactérien cuticulaire des espèces Camponotus femoratus et Crematogaster levior dans les jardins de fourmis. Les résultats soulignent l’acquisition d’une partie du microbiote dans l’environnement. En parallèle l’analyse métabolomique des cuticules montre à contrario une plus grande spécificité liée à l’espèce de fourmi. Les recherches futures axées sur les stratégies d’analyses statistiques combinant le métabarcoding et la métabolomique sont discutées. / The bacterial microbiota of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is known to have a defensive role in social insects, particularly for leaf-cutting ants (Formicidae: Attini) due to the use of antimicrobial molecules produced by cuticular actinobacteria. In this thesis, we studied the bacterial microbiota of ants in French Guyana using different approaches based on natural products chemistry and molecular ecology. The first chapter describes the isolation, identification, culture and biological evaluations of 43 cuticular actinobacteria. Antagonism bioassays of isolated strains and antibiotic activities of the culture extracts against human pathogens are presented as well as the identification of an antimicrobial cyclic dipeptide (Cyclo (LPro-LPhe)) isolated from a strain close to Streptomyces thioluteus. Moreover, the implementation of molecular networks applied to UPLC/MS/MS analysis of actinobacterial cocultures allowed us to explore the diversity of metabolites produced under these conditions. The second chapter presents a methodological study to evaluate the capacity of four DNA extraction methods, in terms of richness and composition of the cuticular bacterial microbiota, in high-throughput sequencing from Atta cephalotes and Pseudomyrmex penetrator. The results of metabarcoding highlight two methods of extraction and reveal inter- and intraspecific differences in the composition of cuticular bacterial communities. Finally, chapter three describes the composition of the cuticular bacterial microbiota of Camponotus femoratus and Crematogaster levior in ant garden and the results reveal the acquisition in the environment of a part of the microbiota. In parallel, metabolomic analyses of ant’s cuticle show, on the contrary, a greater specificity related to the ant species. Future researches focusing on statistical analysis strategies combining metabarcoding and metabolomics data are discussed.

The study deals with investigation of acoustical characteristics of a hybrid silencer made up of a dissipative silencer and a quarter wave tube resonator. The theoretical and experimental analyses are performed to define acoustic characteristics of a simple expansion chamber and reactive perforated silencer, while the numerical and experimental solutions are presented for dissipative perforated silencer. Furthermore, the experiments and numerical solutions are extended to the hybrid silencer to find the effect of quarter wave tube resonator on the silencer performance. The experimental results of dissipative silencer are verified with theoretical solutions. The empirical expressions for acoustic impedance of perforation and filling material are presented in this study for use in a three-dimensional boundary element method (BEM). Besides, an experimental setup is also established to find the characteristic impedance and wavenumber of absorbing material to import BEM solution when the empirical expression cannot be used. The results found with BEM are compared by analytical and experimental results favorably.

The aim of this study was developing an energy benchmarking method for urban quarters in order to design or manage the energy efficiently at urban scale. Rational implementation of energy efficiency strategies for the urban settlements can be possible with the comprehensive building stock models which have the ability to estimate and evaluate the energy demand of the building stock together with surrounding urban structures. The research initially focused to determine the factors which have an influence on the urban energy performance and rating, labeling, benchmarking systems used for evaluation of the energy performance. The field of study has narrow down to residential urban quarters which is approximately 70 % of the building stock. It has been considered surrounding attributes, building properties and occupant behavior. The results of the measurements from casestudy area were evaluated with regresional analysis in order to understand which factors have influence on energy performance. Artificial representative residential settlements were configured in that some of the factors were not possible to consider or evaluate with casestudy data. These representative residential settlements were evaluated with EnergyPlus simulation program and the results were compared with each other for forming a benchmarking method. The simulation results shows that density of the area and building envelope properties have significant effect on the urban energy performance. In order to use these benchmarking results, simulations were applied to the web tool. This urban energy benchmarking method provide the quantified energy performance of the different settlement types for urban designers and urban energy planners enabling them to estimate the urban energy requirement without socio economic context.

Formal verification of programs can be done with the aid of an interactive theorem prover. The program to be verified is represented in an intermediate language representation inside the interactive theorem prover, after which statements and their proofs can be constructed. This is a process that can be automated to a high degree. This thesis presents a proof procedure to efficiently generate a theorem stating the weakest precondition for a program to terminate successfully in a state upon which a certain postcondition is placed. Specifically, the Poly/ML implementation of the SML metalanguage is used to generate a theorem in the HOL4 interactive theorem prover regarding the properties of a program written in BIR, an abstract intermediate representation of machine code used in the PROSPER project. / Bevis av säkerhetsegenskaper hos program genom formell verifiering kan göras med hjälp av interaktiva teorembevisare. Det program som skall verifieras representeras i en mellanliggande språkrepresentation inuti den interaktiva teorembevisaren, varefter påståenden kan konstrueras, som sedan bevisas. Detta är en process som kan automatiseras i hög grad. Här presenterar vi en metod för att effektivt skapa och bevisa ett teorem som visar sundheten hos den svagaste förutsättningen för att ett program avslutas framgångsrikt under ett givet postvillkor. Specifikt använder vi Poly/ML-implementationen av SML för att generera ett teorem i den interaktiva teorembevisaren HOL4 som beskriver egenskaper hos ett program i BIR, en abstrakt mellanrepresentation av maskinkod som används i PROSPER-projektet.