Abstract Single frequency laser has the advantages of high stability in frequency and low noise. Therefore, single frequency laser is now widely used in applications, such as high precision measurement, holography and data storage. Attempts to generate second harmonic radiation using a linear cavity have typically resulted in significant amplitude fluctuations due to longitudinal mode coupling. Various techniques have been proposed for solving the so called ¡§green problem¡¨ to achieve single longitudinal mode operation, such as inserting optical component in the conventional linear cavity or use ring cavity instead of linear cavity. Uni-directional ring cavity has shown to be the most robust method for producing single frequency laser. The purpose of this study is to develop compact and low-cost single frequency IR and green lasers. A novel symmetrical two-mirror figure ¡§8¡¨ ring cavity is developed. Instead of using several laser mirrors for beam deflection, this ring laser system employs only two spherical mirrors to form the laser cavity for traveling wave oscillation and eliminates ¡§spatial hole burning¡¨ caused by the standing wave operation. In this thesis, we use two-mirror figure ¡§8¡¨ ring cavity for the generation of single frequency IR and green lasers. The polarization status is crucial for high efficient intracavity frequency doubling. The polarization evaluation in a nonplanar and reentrant ring cavity is characterized by measuring the thermally induced linear and circular birefringence and analyzing the polarization rotation due to cavity configuration. We have demonstrated a 2-mirror figure ¡§8¡¨ ring cavity which is compact and has few optical elements. The stable single frequency laser output of our ring cavity promises to make the design widely applicable to solid-state lasers.

Different monomeric diols, with a central rigid FD unit connected with two aliphatic chains of various length, were prepared to react with aromatic mesogenic triad, TOBC. In this manner, thermotropic polyesters with possible low thermal transition temperatures (including Tmand Ti) and high solubility in organic solvent can be generated in view of the non-linear polymeric chain imposed by the rigid, bent FD moieties. In addition to the effect of the aliphatic chain length, polyesters of different molecular weight will be obtained by different synthesis approach (or fractionation of the resulting polyester product) and therefore, the influence of molecular weight on liquid crystalline properties can be evaluated.

Optical fiber sensors have already been developed from the experimental stage to practical applications in the past 20 years. There is no doubt that this technology can bring a wealth of applications, ranging from sensors in medical industry, aerospace and wind-energy industries, through to distributed sensors in oil and gas industry. Among a large amount of physical and chemical parameters which optical fiber sensors could measure, temperature and strain are the most widely studied. This thesis presents several low-cost optical fiber sensor configurations primarily for temperature and strain measurement. Several basic optical fiber components which are good candidates as optical fiber sensors are used in our experiments, such as fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), multimode fibers (MMFs), small-core dispersion compensation fibers (SCDCFs), high-birefringence fiber loop mirrors (HBFLMs), and polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fibers (PMPCFs). Temperature and strain cross sensitivity is a crucial issue when designing high performance optical fiber sensors, since most of the sensing components are both sensitive to temperature and strain. This would introduce an error when measuring each of them independently. We developed several schemes to overcome this problem by cascading an FBG and a section of MMF, inserting an FBG into an HBFLM, and space division multiplexing two HBFLMs. By measuring the wavelength shifts of the two independent components' spectra in each scheme, simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain could be achieved. However, all the above schemes need optical spectrum analyzers to monitor the spectral information, which increases the cost of the system and limits the operation speed. In order to avoid using optical spectrum analyzers, we use an intensity-based interrogation method with MMFs and HBFLMs as edge filters. By measuring power ratio changes, instead of monitoring spectra shifts, simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain could be realized with a low cost and high speed. The resolutions of the above five configurations are between 0.26 - 1.2 ^oC in temperature and 9.21 - 29.5 με in strain, which are sufficient for certain applications. We also investigate the sensing applications with the SCDCF. Since the cutoff wavelength of this kind of fiber is around 1663 nm, which makes it naturally an MMF in the wavelength range of 1550 nm. By slightly offsetting the core of the SCDCF with respect to that of the standard single-mode fiber (SMF), a high extinction ratio could be achieved with almost 9 dB. When a lateral force (lateral strain) applied on the SCDCF, extinction ratio will decrease. The change of the extinction ratio is almost independent of temperature variation. The measured extinction ratio change has a good quadratic relationship with respect to applied lateral force. This feature could be used to measure lateral force (lateral strain). In addition, we also use this feature to realize simultaneous measurement of both the longitudinal strain and lateral strain, since the applied longitudinal strain results in the whole spectrum shift. Moreover, a miniature high temperature sensor could also be made using the SCDCF. One end of a 4-mm long SCDCF is spliced directly to SMF with the other end cleaved. By monitoring the reflection spectrum of the SCDCF, temperature information could be obtained. This sensing head is very compact and could realize high temperature measurement up to 600 ^oC. Recently, a kind of PMPCF has been found to have very small responses to temperature change. This offers an opportunity to measure other parameters without considering temperature influence. We construct a compact 7-mm long transmission-type sensor with this kind of PMPCF. The interference spectrum generated by the coupling of cladding modes and core mode is obtained by slightly offsetting the PMPCF core to SMF core. The experiment shows that the interference spectrum is almost unchanged within the temperature range of 25-60 ^oC. The presented sensor has the potential to be used to measure strain and refractive index in the normal environment without temperature discrimination for practical applications.

Orientador: Victor Ciro Solano Reynoso / Banca: Keizo Yukimitu / Banca: Raul Fernando Cuevas Rojas / Resumo: O presente trabalho visou a produção e o estudo das propriedades físicas de amostras de resina epóxi transparente dopadas com diferentes concentrações de nanocristais de sulfeto de cádmio (CdS). As técnicas de difração de raios-X, espectroscopia no infravermelho, espectroscopia Raman e calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) foram utilizadas para estudar as propriedades estruturais. Espectroscopias de refletância e de transmitância foram utilizadas para obter a dispersão do índice de refração e do coeficiente de extinção na região do UV-Vis para amostras dopadas com diferentes concentrações de CdS. A técnica do ângulo de Brewster foi também utilizada para determinar o índice de refração das diferentes amostras. Os valores dos índices de refração obtidos através das medidas de refletância e de transmitância na região do UV-Vis e da técnica do ângulo de Brewster foram comparados e os resultados mostraram que a técnica do ângulo de Brewster além de apresentar valores que conferem com a literatura apresentou valores com alta precisão. Foram realizadas medidas de birrefringência opticamente. Foram obtidos resultados da birrefringência fotoinduzida por um fóton para diferentes concentrações de CdS por amostra e para diferentes intensidades da luz de excitação. Os resultados foram quantificados utilizando alguns dos principais modelos teóricos, onde foi observado que a resina epóxi pura apresenta birrefringência fotoinduzida e a adição do CdS contribui para o aumento da birrefringência. / Abstract: The present work sought production and study of the physical properties of samples of transparent epoxy resin doped with different concentrations of structures of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocrystals. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy e differential scanning calorimetry techniques were used to study their structural properties. Reflectance and transmittance spectroscopy were used to obtain of the refraction index and of the extinction coefficients dispersion in the UVVis region for doped samples with different concentrations of CdS. The Brewster angle technique also was used to determine the refraction index of the different samples. The refraction index values obtained using the reflectance and transmittance measurement in the UV-Vis region and Brewster angle technique were compared and the results showed that the Brewster angle technique besides presents values that check with the literature, presented values with high precision. Measurements of optically induced birefringence were accomplished. Were obtained results of the photo induced birefringence by a photon for different concentrations of CdS for sample and for different intensities of the excitement light. The results were quantified using some of the principal theoretical models, where was observed that the pure epoxy resin presents photo induced birefringence and the addition of the CdS contributes to the increase of the birefringence. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-30 / Introdução: O tendão calcâneo é um dos tendões mais lesados e a sua cicatrização total pode levar semanas, ou até meses. Na busca de acelerar o reparo tendíneo, a terapia a laser de baixa intensidade (TLBI), vem demonstrando efeitos satisfatórios. Objetivo: Avaliar a ação das diferentes potências da terapia a laser de baixa intensidade no reparo tendíneo, em ratos. Métodos: O laser utilizado foi (AsGaAl) 830nm, densidade de energia 30J/cm2 e potências de 40mW, 60mW, 80mW e 100mW, por um período de 5 dias consecutivos para todos os grupos. Todos os animais foram submetidos à lesão parcial do tendão calcâneo. No 6º dia após lesão, os tendões foram retirados e analisados por microscópio de polarização. Foi mensurada a organização das fibras de colágeno por meio da análise de birrefringência e verificada a predominância do tipo de colágeno no tendão calcâneo através da análise de picrosirius. Resultados: Os grupos tratados com TLBI mostraram uma melhora significante no realinhamento das fibras de colágeno, mas não apresentaram diferença significante entre si (p=0,139). Quanto à avaliação da quantidade de colágeno tipo III, foi observado que houve um aumento do percentual de colágeno, conforme o aumento da potência do laser (60 a 100mW) (p<0,01). Em relação ao colágeno tipo I, o grupo 80mW apresentou maior quantidade do que o grupo sham (p=0,05). Conclusão: A terapia a laser de baixa intensidade não apresentou diferença no realinhamento das fibras de colágenos entre diferentes potências. Potências a partir de 60mW aumentaram a quantidade de colágeno tipo III. Potência de 80mW aumentou a quantidade de colágeno tipo I e III. / Introduction: Calcaneous tendon is one of the most damaged tendons, and its healing may last from weeks to months to be completed. In the search after speeding tendon repair, low intensity laser therapy has shown favorable effect. Objective: To assess the effect of 40, 60, 80 and 100mW powers of low level laser on the process of tissue repair in partial lesion calcaneous tendon in rats. Methods: The was used 830-nm GaAlAs diode laser operating at output powers of 40, 60, 80 and 100 mW and energy density of 30 J/cm2 on the repair of partial calcaneal tendon ruptures in rats. A partial tendon rupture was induced in all animals, which were treated with laser irradiation for 5 consecutive days. Six days after injury, the injured tendons were removed and examined by polarized light microscopy. Results: Collagen fiber organization was evaluated by birefringence measurements, and collagen content was determined by picrosirius red staining. It was observed that the higher the output power (60-100 mW) the greater was the amount of type III collagen (P < 0.01). The amount of type I collagen was significantly greater (P = 0.05) in the 80-mW group than in the control group (sham stimulation). A non-statistically significant improvement in the realignment of collagen fibers was observed in the irradiated groups. Conclusion: Low-level laser therapy resulted in significantly greater amounts of type III collagen (output powers of 60 mW or more) and type I collagen (output power of 80 mW), however, no significant differences between groups were found in the realignment of collagen fibers. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Misturas liotrópicas de laurato de potássio (KL)/ sulfato de potássio (K2SO4)/ álcool (CnH2n+1OH)/ água (H2O) apresentam fases no estado líquido cristalino nemático. Essas fases nemáticas foram colesterizadas através da adicão do agente quiral brucina à mistura. Este estudo foi realizado mantendo as frações molares de todos os constituintes das misturas constantes e variando o comprimento da mol´ecula de álcool entre oito (1-octanol) e dezesseis (1-hexadecanol) átomos de carbono. Três fases colestéricas foram identificadas: ChD (colestérica discótica), ChB (colestérica biaxial) e ChC (colestérica calamítica). O diagrama de fases foi construído em função do número de átomos de carbono n na molécula do álcool. As transições entre as fases colestéricas foram investigadas por medições das birrenfringências ópticas usando microscopia óptica de luz polarizada. As misturas com 9 n 12 apresentaram as três fases colestéricas como função da temperatura e uma região de crossover entre as fases ChD e ChB, com comprimento de correlação a temperatura nula maior do que as dimensões micelares típicas. Misturas com n=8 e n=13 apresentaram transição de fase de primeira ordem entre as fases ChD e ChC, sem a presença da fase ChB intermediária a elas. As misturas com n=14, 15 e 16 apresentaram somente a fase ChC como função da temperatura. Os resultados foram interpretados como consequência da nanosegregação das moléculas de álcool nas micelas com relação às moléculas do anfifílico principal. / Lyotropic mixtures of potassium laurate (KL)/ potassium sulphate (K2SO4)/ alcohol (CnH2n+1OH)/ water (H2O) present nematic liquid crystal phases. These nematic phases were cholesterized by the doping of the mixtures with the chiral agent brucine. This study was conducted by keeping constant the molar fractions of all constituents of the mixtures and varying the length of the alcohol molecule between eight (1-octanol) and sixteen (1-hexadecanol) carbon atoms. Three cholesteric phases were identified: ChD (discotic cholesteric), ChB (biaxial cholesteric), and ChC (calamitic cholesteric). The phase diagram was constructed as a function of the number of carbon atoms n in the alcohol molecule. The cholesteric-cholesteric phase transitions were investigated by measurements of the optical birefringences via polarized light microscopy. The mixtures with 9 n 12 presented the three cholesteric phases as a function of temperature and a crossover between the ChD and ChB phases, with a bare correlation length larger than the typical micellar dimensions. Mixtures with n =8 and n =13 exhibited first order phase transitions among the ChD and the ChC phases, without the presence of the intermediate ChB phase. Mixtures with n =14, 15 and 16 showed only the ChC phase as a function of temperature. These results were interpreted as a consequence of the nanosegregation of the alcohol molecules in the micelles with respect to the main amphiphilic molecules.

Foram investigadas as propriedades de formação de filmes de Langmuir e as propriedades ópticas e elétricas de filmes mistos de Langmuir-Blodgeti (LB) preparados com os polímeros HPDR13, MMA-DR13 e IPDI-DR19CI com adição de estearato de cádmio (CdSt). Para caracterizar os polímeros foram usadas as técnicas de calorimetria diferencial de varredura, espectroscopia ultravioleta-visível (W-Vis) e difração de raios X. As medidas de isotermas de pressão e de potencial de superfície com os filmes Langmuir mostraram que ocorre agregação molecular associada a interações dipolares. Medidas de absorção no W-Vis mostraram que os agregados dipolares formados são do tipo-J. As investigações dos sistemas poliméricos mostraram que o sinal da birrefringência fotoinduzida pode depender do número de camadas LB, potência da luz de excitação e temperatura. Funções com duas exponenciais e de Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts foram usadas de forma sistemática para analisar as curvas de crescimento e decaimento do sinal de birrefringência. As dependências das constantes de tempo das funções citadas também foram analisadas em função da temperatura. Observou-se que os filmes de IPDI-DR19CI/CdSt apresentam os resultados mais regulares e mais reprodutíveis para a birrefringência fotoinduzida. Isso foi atribuído a maior homogeneidade desse tipo de filme devida a menor agregação dipolar. Experimentos realizados em baixa temperatura com o polímero MMA-DRI 13 mostraram que o sinal máximo da birrefringência fotoinduzida aumenta até 120 K e diminui acima desse valor. 0s resultados abaixo de 120 K foram analisados a luz da teoria do volume livre local e dos mecanismos de fotoisomerização e difusão rotacional térmica As medidas elétricas com os filmes LB mostraram que todos os filmes poliméricos apresentam um r e m e de condução ôhmico em baixos campos elétricos e um outro regime não ôhmico atribuído a injeção de portadores no volume do material. Concluiu-se das medidas elétrica que o CdSt determina as propriedades de condução dos filmes LB mistos / The formation of Langmuir films and the optical and electrical properties of mixed Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films were studied. Films were prepared using cadmium stearate (CdSt) and the polymers HPDR13, MMA-DR13 and IPDI-DR19CI. These polymers were characterized with differential scanning calorimetry, visible-ultraviolet spectroscopy (UVVis) and X-ray- diffraction. Surface pressure and surface potential isotherms of the Langmuir films indicated the presence of molecular aggregation due to dipolar interactions. UV-Vis spectroscopy suggested J-type aggregation of dipoles. Measurements on mixed LB film showed that the photoinduced birefringence depends on the number of LB layers, the power of excitation light and on the temper-re. A double exponential function and the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts function were used for analyzing the experimental curves of growth and decay of the birefringence signal. The dependence of time constants of such functions on the temperature was also analyzed. Mixed LB films of IPDI-DR19CI/CdSt presented the most reproducible results of photoinduced birefringence, which was attributed to the better homogeneity of this type film probably due to the low dipolar aggregation. Experiments carried out with the polymer MMA-DRI3 at low temperatures revealed that the maximum of birefringence increases up to 120 K and then decreases for higher temperatures. Results under 120 K were analyzed using the free local volume theory and included photoisomerization and thermal rotational diffusion processes. Electrical measurements of LB films showed that all LB films present an ohmic conduction regime at low electric fields and a non-ohmic regime attributed to charge carrier injection into the film bulk. It is concluded that CdSt determines the conduction properties of mixed LB films

Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2017-12-13T14:36:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Cláudia Barbosa Rezende - 2017.pdf: 21935269 bytes, checksum: 272d811b336e01cf2107f2eda5d68db3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-12-14T10:16:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Cláudia Barbosa Rezende - 2017.pdf: 21935269 bytes, checksum: 272d811b336e01cf2107f2eda5d68db3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-14T10:16:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Cláudia Barbosa Rezende - 2017.pdf: 21935269 bytes, checksum: 272d811b336e01cf2107f2eda5d68db3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Ultrasound is a powerful tool used in modern medical and industrial applications. The portability, applicability and ease of working with ultrasound, together with the fact that it is a non-destructive technique and of lower costs, contribute to its use. Modernly, thermoplastic polymer polymethylmethacrylate (acrylic) or PMMA has been used for a variety of applications, from transparent aerospace components to medical-hospital equipment. The study of PMMA’s acustoelasticity using ultrasonic methods allows the indirect inspection of certain physical characteristics of this material. It is known that acoustic waves are a ected by the characteristics of the medium, such as temperature, texture and tension. The research was divided into three stages, the first one to analyze the influence of temperature on the velocity of critically refracted longitudinal ultrasonic waves (Lcr) in PMMA. For this, the transmission method was used for three di erent frequencies. In the second, the structural anisotropy was evaluated using the acoustic birefringence using the pulse-echo method. At this stage a rectangular sample was fractured transversely and rejoined to simulate a symmetry break. The third and final step was devoted to characterizing the acoustoelastic constants L22, L21 and L23 of homogeneous samples by means of longitudinal and shear waves in the pulse-echo mode and the application of an uniaxial force. The results with the waves Lcr showed a significant influence of the temperature on the propagation velocity of the ultrasonic waves, another factor of influence was the frequency of the transducers. On the other hand, with acoustic birefringence it was possible to identify a great variation of this magnitude near the fractured zone, that is, of greater anisotropy. The acoustoelastic constants L22, L21 and L23 were characterized and an increase in the propagation time of the ultrasound wave as a function of the strain was observed for the constants L22 and L23. The constant L21 decreased the propagation time of the ultrasonic shear wave as a function of the deformation. The ultrasonic techniques employed were relevant and allowed to obtain new results not yet described in the literature. The characterization of the acoustoelastic constants also made it possible to estimate the third order elastic constants (l, m, n and A, B, C). The constants characterized in this research are important to obtain a complete understanding of the elastic properties of polymethylmethacrylate. / O ultrassom é uma poderosa ferramenta empregada modernamente tanto em aplicações médicas quanto industriais. A portabilidade, aplicabilidade e facilidade em se trabalhar com ultrassom, aliado ao fato de ser uma técnica não-destrutiva e de custos mais baixos, contribuem para sua utilização. Modernamente, o polímero termoplástico polimetilmetacrilato (acrílico) ou PMMA tem sido utilizado para diversas aplicações, desde componentes aeroespaciais transparentes a equipamentos médico-hospitalares. O estudo da acustoelasticidade do PMMA empregando métodos ultrassônicos possibilita a inspeção indireta de certas características físicas deste material. Sabe-se que as ondas acústicas são afetadas pelas características do meio, como a temperatura, textura e tensões. A pesquisa foi dividida em três etapas, a primeira dedicada a analisar a influência da temperatura sobre a velocidade das ondas ultrassônicas longitudinais criticamente refratadas (Lcr) noPMMA.Para isso, foi empregado o método de transmissão para três frequências distintas. Na segunda, foi avaliada a anisotropia estrutural empregando a birrefringência acústica por meio do método pulso-eco. Nesta fase uma amostra retangular foi fraturada transversalmente e novamente unida para simular uma quebra de simetria. A terceira e última etapa foi dedicada a caracterizar as constantes acustoelásticas L22, L21 e L23 de amostras homogêneas por meio de ondas longitudinais e cisalhantes no modo pulso-eco e a aplicação de uma força uniaxial. Os resultados com as ondas Lcr mostraram influência significativa da temperatura sobre a velocidade de propagação das ondas ultrassônicas, outro fator de influência foi a frequência dos transdutores. Por sua vez, com a birrefringência acústica foi possível identificar uma grande variação dessa grandeza próxima a zona fraturada, ou seja, de maior anisotropia. As constantes acustoelásticas L22, L21 e L23 foram caracterizadas e observou-se um crescimento do tempo de propagação da onda de ultrassom em função da deformação para as constantes L22 e L23. A constante L21 apresentou decréscimo do tempo de propagação da onda cisalhante ultrassônica em função da deformação. As técnicas ultrassônicas empregadas mostraram-se relevantes e possibilitaram a obtenção de novos resultados ainda não descritos na literatura. A caracterização das constantes acustoelásticas também possibilitou estimar as constantes elásticas de terceira ordem (l, m, n e A, B, C). As constantes caracterizadas nesta pesquisa são importantes para se obter uma completa compreensão das propriedades elásticas do polimetilmetacrilato.

Este trabalho de doutoramento propôs investigar novas configurações geométricas para as fibras ópticas microestruturadas a base de sílica. Aproveitando-se da flexibilidade que sua geometria proporciona, diferentes das fibras ópticas convencionais, foram propostas fibras ópticas microestruturadas com perfil tipo D atuando, especificamente, em duas aplicações distintas: fibras compensadoras de dispersão ou fibras altamente birrefringentes. Para o estudo teórico das fibras ópticas microestruturadas foram utilizados dois métodos numéricos: o método da Sobre-Relaxação Sucessiva (SOR) e o método de Arnoldi Implicitamente Reiniciado (IRAM). Foi necessário implementar o método IRAM para determinar os modos de mais alta ordem presentes em guias de onda multimodos, uma vez que o método SOR fornece apenas a solução para o modo fundamental. Neste contexto, as fibras ópticas microestruturadas com perfil D, propostas e investigadas neste trabalho, demonstraram ser extremamente promissoras para atuar na compensação da dispersão cromática ou no aumento do efeito da birrefringência. Foram projetadas fibras capazes de compensar a dispersão em banda larga, cobrindo as bandas de telecomunicações S, C e L, ou, ainda, fibras com um alto coeficiente de dispersão negativo em torno do comprimento de onda de 1550nm. Adicionalmente, verificou-se também que com as novas configurações propostas foi possível projetar fibras com elevado grau de birrefringência, sendo atrativas no projeto de fibras mantedoras do estado de polarização. / This work proposed to investigate new geometric configurations for the silica microstructured optical fibers. Based on their design flexibility, not usually found in conventional silica fibers, D-shape microstructured optical fibers were designed, specifically, for two different applications: dispersion compensation or high birefringence. For the theoretical analysis two numerical methods were used: the finite difference Successive Over Relaxation (SOR) method, and the Implicitly Restarted Arnoldi Method (IRAM). It was necessary to develop the IRAM method to determine the higher order modes inside the multimodo optical waveguide, since the SOR method is able to yield only the fundamental mode. In this framework, the D-shape microstructured optical fibers, which have been proposed and investigated in this work, proved to be extremely efficient for chromatic dispersion compensation and increasing the birefringent effect. Fibers have been designed in order to compensate the wideband dispersion, covering three entire telecommunication bands, namely: S-, C- and L- bands, simultaneously. Additionally, with these new proposed configurations it is possible to design high birefringent fibers, which are very attractive in polarization maintaining applications.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito dos tempos de aplicação 3, 4 e 5 minutos por ERA do ultrassom terapêutico (UST) na organização das fibras de colágeno em lesão do tendão do calcâneo de ratos. Foram utilizados quarenta ratos machos Wistar, dos quais 32 sofreram tenotomia total do tendão do calcâneo e foram divididos em 5 grupos: GC, sem tenotomia e tratamento; GT, com tenotomia e sem tratamento; UST3, UST4 e UST5 submetidos à tenotomia e tratados com UST nos tempos de 3, 4 e 5 minutos por área de radiação efetiva respectivamente. Os animais foram submetidos à primeira aplicação do UST foi 24 horas após a cirurgia de tenotomia. A irradiação ultrassônica foi aplicada com os seguintes parâmetros: 1 MHz, modo pulsado com 20% do ciclo de trabalho (2 ms de emissão / 8 ms de intervalo), frequência de 100 Hz, 0,5 W / cm² de intensidade e ERA de 0,5 cm². A aplicação foi realizada 1x/dia. Os animais foram sacrificados após a 10ª sessão de tratamento, no 12º dia pós-operatório. Os tendões foram retirados cirurgicamente para análise da organização das fibras colágenas através do método de birrefringência (retardo óptico - OR). As fibras colágenas mostraram melhor agregação e organização no grupo UST3, UST4 e UST5 quando comparado ao GT (p<0.05) e o UST5 apresentou melhor resposta na comparação intergrupos. Conclui-se que o UST, aplicado no tempo de 5 minutos por área de radiação efetiva, apresentou a melhor dose-resposta quanto à organização das fibras colágenas no reparo tecidual de tendões de ratos / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of application times 3, 4 and 5 minutes ERA of therapeutic ultrasound in the organization of the collagen fibers in rat calcaneal tendon injury. Forty male Wistar rats were used, of which 32 underwent complete tenotomy of the calcaneal tendon and were divided into 5 groups: GC without tenotomy and treatment; GT tenotomy with and without treatment; UST3, UST4 UST5 and submitted to tenotomy treated with therapeutic ultrasound at times 3, 4 and 5 minutes per effective radiating area respectively. The animals were submitted to the first application of therapy US tenotomy 24 hours after surgery. Ultrasonic irradiation was applied with the following parameters: 1 MHz, pulsed mode at 20% duty cycle (2ms transmission / 8 ms interval), frequency 100 Hz, 0.5 W / cm² intensity and ERA 0.5 cm². The application was performed 1x / day. The animals were sacrificed after the 10th treatment session, on the 12th postoperative day. The tendons were surgically removed for analysis of the organization of the collagen fibers through birefringence method (optical delay - OR). The collagen fibers showed better aggregation and organization in group UST3, UST4 and UST5 when compared to the GT (p <0.05) and UST5 showed better response in the intergroup comparison. We conclude that the UST, applied in time of 5 minutes for effective radiation area, presented the best dose-response as the organization of the collagen fibers in tissue repair of rat tendons