The high teen birth rate in Holyoke, Massachusetts is a complex problem. The teen birth rate is over five times the state‘s rate and nearly three times the national rate. Since a majority of these births are to Latinas of Puerto Rican descent it is important to include the perceptions of Puerto Rican teens in approaches to prevent teen pregnancy and reduce the birth rate. Although there is a plethora of research on the topic of teen pregnancy and births, there is scarcity in the area of perceptions held by teens of Puerto Rican descent about teen pregnancy and births, future consequences faced by teen parents, contributing and protective factors of teen pregnancy, and potential preventive interventions. This qualitative study used a series of eight focus groups to gather data and examine perceptions held by Puerto Rican teens living in Holyoke about teen pregnancy and birth. The Ecological Model of Health Behavior provided the theoretical framework. Findings indicate that Puerto Rican teens in Holyoke perceive that: teen pregnancy is largely unintentional and a problem with negative outcomes, a lack of information on sexual health and reproduction contributes to this problem, sexual and reproductive health education should be provided to all teens, social factors may either contribute to or prevent teen pregnancy teens, and they want their ideas heard. These findings suggest that teen pregnancy and birth is a complex public health problem in need of a comprehensive approach recognizing that interventions focused on individuals are not likely to have powerful or sustained effects. Rather a combination of interventions addressing individual, interpersonal, community and societal levels are needed for risk reduction and effective behavior change

No / Congenital anomalies are a leading cause of infant death and disability and their incidence varies between ethnic groups in the UK. Rates of infant death are highest in children of Pakistani origin, and congenital anomalies are the most common cause of death in children younger than 12 in this ethnic group. We investigated the incidence of congenital anomalies in a large multiethnic birth cohort to identify the causes of the excess of congenital anomalies in this community. Methods: We obtained questionnaire data from the mothers of children with one or more anomalies from the Born in Bradford study, a prospective birth cohort study of 13 776 babies and their families in which recruitment was undertaken between 2007 and 2011. Details of anomalies were prospectively reported to the study and we cross checked these details against medical records. We linked data for anomalies to maternal questionnaire and clinical data gathered as part of the Born in Bradford study. We calculated univariate and multivariate risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs for various maternal risk factors. Findings: Of 11 396 babies for whom questionnaire data were available, 386 (3%) had a congenital anomaly. Rates for congenital anomaly were 305·74 per 10 000 livebirths, compared with a national rate of 165·90 per 10 000. The risk was greater for mothers of Pakistani origin than for those of white British origin (univariate RR 1·96, 95% CI 1·56–2·46). Overall, 2013 (18%) babies were the offspring of first-cousin unions. These babies were mainly of Pakistani origin—1922 (37%) of 5127 babies of Pakistani origin had parents in first-cousin unions. Consanguinity was associated with a doubling of risk for congenital anomaly (multivariate RR 2·19, 95% CI 1·67–2·85); we noted no association with increasing deprivation. 31% of all anomalies in children of Pakistani origin could be attributed to consanguinity. We noted a similar increase in risk for mothers of white British origin older than 34 years (multivariate RR 1·83, 95% CI 1·14–3·00). Maternal education to degree level was protective (0·53, 95% CI 0·38–0·75), irrespective of ethnic origin. Interpretation: Consanguinity is a major risk factor for congenital anomaly. The risk remains even after adjustment for deprivation, and accounts for almost a third of anomalies in babies of Pakistani origin. High levels of educational attainment are associated with reduced risk in all ethnic groups. Our findings will be valuable in health promotion and public health, and to those commissioning antenatal, paediatric, and clinical genetic services. Sensitive advice about the risks should be provided to communities at increased risk, and to couples in consanguineous unions, to assist in reproductive decision making. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care programme.

Com Alouatta (bugios) as primeiras translocações não apresentaram monitoramento e quando começaram a ser feitos, duraram apenas um ano. Os resultados destes períodos curtos não permitem a avaliação de todas as condições sazonais do lugar da soltura. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, ao longo de cinco anos, a translocação de um casal de bugios-pretos (Alouatta caraya) e o grupo formado a partir desta translocação, no campus da USP em Ribeirão Preto, SP. O casal de bugios-pretos foi translocado em novembro de 2009. Foram avaliados os nascimentos e o orçamento de atividades do casal e do grupo, de janeiro a dezembro dos anos de 2010, 2012, 2013 e 2014 (quatro dias por mês, com média de 580 horas de observação por ano); como também, o orçamento de atividades e a posição em relação à mãe e à irmã mais velha, dos segundo (Inf-2) e terceiro (Inf-3) filhotes do casal, do nascimento ao 12° mês de vida (ago/2012 - jul/2013 e ago/2013 - jul/2014, respectivamente). As categorias avaliadas para o orçamento de atividades foram: Agarrado, Descanso, Locomoção, Alimentação, Brincadeira e Social; e para posição em relação à mãe e à irmã mais velha foram: Agarrado ao ventre, Agarrado ao dorso, Encostado, Ao alcance do braço e Distante; ambos registrados pelo método de Varredura a cada 20 minutos. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas pelo Modelo Misto Linear Generalizado (GLMM). Entre maio e junho de 2013, tentamos suplementar o grupo com uma fêmea não aparentada (FNA), que permaneceu em um cativeiro na área do grupo. A aproximação e as interações sociais entre os indivíduos do grupo e a FNA foram registradas pelo método de Todas as Ocorrências. Também relatamos um encontro entre o grupo de estudo e o outro grupo residente no campus. Durante o período de estudo foram registrados quatro nascimentos, concentrados na estação seca. Os segundo e terceiro infantes do casal apresentaram orçamento de atividades semelhante durante o primeiro ano de vida. Porém, apresentaram diferenças na posição em relação à mãe e à irmã mais velha, onde Inf-3 passou mais tempo próximo a irmã mais velha. Os infantes também apresentaram diferenças entre as díades de interação social, Inf-2 foi catado apenas pela mãe e Inf-3 foi catado pela mãe e pela irmã. Em relação ao tempo de soltura do casal, houve um primeiro período de exploração, caracterizado por maior tempo em locomoção e um segundo período, caracterizado por um padrão no orçamento de atividades que se repetiu ao longo dos anos. O grupo de estudo e o outro grupo residente do campus, se encontraram no final do quinto ano após a soltura do casal. Houve confronto físico e, a partir deste encontro, o grupo de estudo passou a vocalizar todas as manhãs. No início da familiarização da FNA com o grupo, o macho adulto e os imaturos, foram os indivíduos que mais se aproximaram da FNA e realizaram algumas interações afilitiavas. Porém, a fêmea adulta foi quem ficou maior tempo em contato visual com a FNA e quem iniciou as interações agonísticas, em seguida, também realizadas pelo macho adulto. A FNA não permaneceu com o grupo. Desta forma, verificamos que o casal se adaptou às características da área de soltura e atingiu êxito reprodutivo, como também êxito no desenvolvimento dos infantes. Além disso, o encontro entre os grupos tornou real a possibilidade de mistura gênica entre eles. Assim, concluímos o êxito da translocação do casal. Apesar da FNA não ter permanecido com o grupo, este estudo descreveu pela primeira vez, as interações entre um grupo coeso de vida livre e uma fêmea não aparentada cativa, servindo de experiência para tentativas futuras. / Monitoring after translocation must be part of any project. After the first translocations that have happened with Alouatta (howler monkeys), monitoring was not done and when they began, lasted for only a year. The results obtained in this short period of time do not allow an evaluation of all seasonal conditions of the release place. The aim of this study was to evaluate, during a five-year period, the translocation of a black howler monkey couple (Alouatta caraya) and the group resulted from this translocation in USP campus in Ribeirão Preto, SP. The black howler monkey couple was translocated in November, 2009. Birth rates and activity budget of the couple and the group were evaluated from January to December of 2010, 2012, 2013,and 2014 (four days a month in an average of 580 hours a year), as well as the activity budget and the position relating to the mother and the older sister of the second (Inf-2) and the third (Inf-3) babies of the couple, from birth to their 12th month old (Aug/2012 Jul/2013 and Aug/2013 Jul/2014, respectively). The categories that were evaluated as Activity Budget were: Clinging, Rest, Moving, Feeding, Play and Social. As for the positions relating to the mother and older sister were: Abdominal Clinging, Back Clinging, Leaning, Arms Reach and Distant; both records were made by Scan Method every 20 minutes. Statistical analyses were done by Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM). Between May and June, 2013, we tried to assemble a non-related female (NRF) that was kept in captivity in the group area. The approach and social interactions between the group individuals and the NRF were registered by the All Occurrence Sampling Method. We also related an encounter between the study group and another group from the campus. During the study period we registered four births during the dry period. The second and third babies showed a similar activity budget during their first year of life. However they both showed differences in the position relating to their mother and older sister in which Inf-3 spent more time near the older sister. Babies have also shown differences in the social interactions dyads. Inf-2 was groomed by the mother only and Inf-3 by the mother and the older sister. After the couples release, there was a period of exploration first which was characterized by a lot of moving and another period with a pattern in the activity budget that was repeated along the following years. The study group and the preexisting group from the campus found each other at the end of the fifth year after the couples release. There was physical confrontation and after that, the group vocalized every morning. During the begging of the familiarization of the NRF with the group, the adult male and the young were the ones who approached more and have some affiliative interactions. Although it was the female who kept visual contact for longer periods with NRF and then started agonistic interactions towards NRF, which were followed by the adult male. NRF did not stay with the group. Thus, we confirmed that the couple has adapted to the characteristics of the release area and reached reproductive success as well as the babies development achievement. Besides, the meeting of the two groups made real the possibility of genetic crossing between them. So we came to the conclusion that the couples translocation was a success. Although NRF did not remain with the group, this study has described, for the first time, interaction between a free cohesive group and a non-related captive female, providing information for future attempts.

Despite substantial evidence linking improved pregnancy outcomes with receipt of prenatal care and recent improvements in prenatal care utilization, specific subpopulations continue to receive late prenatal care and experience adverse birth outcomes. This study will use the Health Belief Model and the Intersectionality Framework to examine the timing of prenatal care utilization, prenatal care compliance, and adverse birth outcomes within a group of low-income, black women in the South. Black women have worst rates of late prenatal care utilization and compliance than any other racial group. This late prenatal care utilization and compliance leads to adverse birth outcomes. A secondary data analysis was conducted using binary logistic regression and OLS regression to examine agency factors, structural factor, and risk health behavior in predicting timing of prenatal care utilization and compliance. In addition, this study also examines timing of prenatal care utilization and compliances and its effects on preterm birth and low birth weight. The results show that family size and knowledge/attitude significantly influences timing of prenatal care. Prenatal care compliance is influenced by church social support and low birth weight is influenced by private insurance. The results of this study show that although much is known in comparing different racial groups, more investigation is needed to explain why low income black women still experience less prenatal care use and compliance and worse adverse birth outcomes than any other racial group in the United States.

Abstract Identifying Data Needs to Support the Public Health Program of First Care Background: First Care (FC) is a Georgia (GA) public health (PH) program funded by Title V Block Grant, whose main purpose is to provide collaborative skilled PH services for infants with LBW and VLBW (low and very low birth weight) as well as those considered at high risk for illness and disabilities. Purpose: 1. Describe current health outcomes of GA infants less than one years of age. * Current baselines of IMR (infant mortality rate), preterm, very low birth weight (VLBW) and low birth weight (LBW) births 2. Use data to inform FC program in order to improve overall health outcomes in LBW, VLBW and preterm infants less than 1 years of age in GA as well as IMR. * Identifying common diagnoses and reasons for the hospitalization of infants less than one. Methods: Several online secondary data sources containing GA birth outcomes were evaluated. These sources were used to produce most current or 2008, GA and national profiles on health outcomes such as IMR, preterm, LBW and VLBW births. SAS was used to evaluate OHIP (Office of Health Information and Policy) hospital discharges in 2008 to determine common diagnosis affecting GA children under 1 years of age. Results: National comparisons of health outcomes revealed that GA consistently ranks below the national average for IMR, preterm, VLBW, and LBW births. GA’s poor health outcomes are also seen when compared to Healthy People 2010 objectives. A comparison of GA public health districts (PHD) health outcomes demonstrates lagging indicators mainly in the southern and midsection (central section) of GA. This study also revealed racial disparities indicating Blacks falling behind in all health outcomes when compared to Whites and Hispanics. Statistical analysis of hospital discharges showed that the top 25 discharges reflect common conditions that affect high-risk infants such as preterm, VLBW and LBW infants. Higher rates of morbidity were found in the southern and central PHDs of GA. Conclusion: The purpose for FC is to provide current data baselines on health outcomes of GA infants less than one year of age, as well as information regarding current hospitalizations. Current results are only preliminary findings underscoring the need for continued research. By emphasizing their need for monitoring will allow FC to focus on this critical role that will only grow with an expanding population in GA.

生育事件究竟是一種生物事件(biological events)或是社會事件(social events)，一直以來，引發學者不同面向之探討，然至今尚無定論。對於生育行為是否存在季節性之變化，過去的研究結果呈現不同之見解。本研究企圖釐清生育事件是否存在特定季節或其他之變化模式，特別利用台灣地區歷年(1906~2003)生育資料，經由統計運算與圖形之呈現，證實台灣地區生育事件之變遷模式，確實存在季節模式之變化。整體而言，生育事件的季節週期模式，呈現U型，以四月到七月為出生淡季、十月到隔年一月為出生高峰。但此一模式在「結婚事件的季節週期模式」維持穩定不變的前提下，一九七０年代開始慢慢逐漸式微，甚至到了九０年代二十一世紀初，生育事件的月份波動情形已轉為年終高峰之左傾模式。 綜合言之，促使台灣地區生育事件典型季節模式的解釋機制主要可以歸納為「農業週期」與「節慶」兩點。另外，對於導致整個二十世紀台灣地區生育事件季節性模式變遷的原因討論中，在「結婚事件的季節模式」穩定持續存在前提之下，意味著「結婚」與「生育」兩者間的傳統直接關係受到了其他變項的介入，亦或者在「結婚事件」與「生育事件」之上，存在著前置變項(antecedent variables)的影響。 隨著七０年代之後，台灣正式進入工業化開發中國家之列，經濟產業結構的轉變，亦可能是導致七０年代開始，台灣地區生育事件的季節週期逐漸脫離傳統U型模式的因素之一。 最後，對於改變近期台灣地區生育事件季節模式最重要也最關鍵的原因乃是，自一九六０年代開始迄今，在政府成功地推行多次家庭計畫下，子宮內避孕器裝置、口服避孕藥、保險套與男女性結紮等有效的人工避孕方法之誕生與普及化，徹底改變了國人傳統的生育態度與行為。同時，對於生育知識的瞭解，以及對於生育控制能力的增加，亦大幅度地降低了外在自然環境對於人們生育行為的干涉程度。因此，「家庭計畫」對於七０年代之後台灣地區生育事件季節模式的淡化與式微，占有擧足輕重之地位。

xiii, 307 p. / The midwifery model and the medical model constitute the two main bodies of knowledge and practice that characterize the way pregnancy and birth are viewed in the United States. The midwifery model emphasizes the normalcy of pregnancy and birth, while the medical model is characterized by a belief in the supremacy of technology over nature and in medical supervision and intervention during pregnancy and delivery. Although both models do espouse important information regarding pregnancy and birth and, at times, there is overlap in the practical application of the models, practitioners of the two models rarely interact with one another. The one situation where practitioners of these two models do come into contact is during home-to-hospital transports for planned home births. Through in-depth interviews with direct-entry midwives, mothers, obstetricians, and nurses, this dissertation explores what happens when practitioners of the two models are forced to interact during home-to-hospital transports in order to provide care for women and their babies. Building on Davis-Floyd's and Johnson and Davis-Floyd's work on home-to-hospital transport, interview data suggest that a series of professional and organizational level factors influence the interactions between obstetricians, direct-entry midwives, and nurses during transports. Findings indicate that care providers engage in emotion work as they navigate the disjuncture between home and hospital, managing their own feelings and the feelings of others during a home-to-hospital transport. Due to the lack of institutionalized protocols governing conduct during transports, practitioners of the two models of care are left to construct their own versions of protocols through micro-level interactions, which at particular times and among certain providers have the effect of transcending the boundaries that divide home and hospital. With the interaction that occurs during a home-to-hospital transport as the central focus, this dissertation provides insight into how the lack of integration between the more marginalized midwifery model and the dominant medical model of care in the U.S. affects care providers and laboring/birthing women during transport situations. / Committee in charge: Jocelyn Hollander, Chairperson; Yvonne Braun, Member; Linda Fuller, Member; Carol Stabile, Outside Member; Melissa Cheyney, Non-UO Member

Com Alouatta (bugios) as primeiras translocações não apresentaram monitoramento e quando começaram a ser feitos, duraram apenas um ano. Os resultados destes períodos curtos não permitem a avaliação de todas as condições sazonais do lugar da soltura. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, ao longo de cinco anos, a translocação de um casal de bugios-pretos (Alouatta caraya) e o grupo formado a partir desta translocação, no campus da USP em Ribeirão Preto, SP. O casal de bugios-pretos foi translocado em novembro de 2009. Foram avaliados os nascimentos e o orçamento de atividades do casal e do grupo, de janeiro a dezembro dos anos de 2010, 2012, 2013 e 2014 (quatro dias por mês, com média de 580 horas de observação por ano); como também, o orçamento de atividades e a posição em relação à mãe e à irmã mais velha, dos segundo (Inf-2) e terceiro (Inf-3) filhotes do casal, do nascimento ao 12° mês de vida (ago/2012 - jul/2013 e ago/2013 - jul/2014, respectivamente). As categorias avaliadas para o orçamento de atividades foram: Agarrado, Descanso, Locomoção, Alimentação, Brincadeira e Social; e para posição em relação à mãe e à irmã mais velha foram: Agarrado ao ventre, Agarrado ao dorso, Encostado, Ao alcance do braço e Distante; ambos registrados pelo método de Varredura a cada 20 minutos. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas pelo Modelo Misto Linear Generalizado (GLMM). Entre maio e junho de 2013, tentamos suplementar o grupo com uma fêmea não aparentada (FNA), que permaneceu em um cativeiro na área do grupo. A aproximação e as interações sociais entre os indivíduos do grupo e a FNA foram registradas pelo método de Todas as Ocorrências. Também relatamos um encontro entre o grupo de estudo e o outro grupo residente no campus. Durante o período de estudo foram registrados quatro nascimentos, concentrados na estação seca. Os segundo e terceiro infantes do casal apresentaram orçamento de atividades semelhante durante o primeiro ano de vida. Porém, apresentaram diferenças na posição em relação à mãe e à irmã mais velha, onde Inf-3 passou mais tempo próximo a irmã mais velha. Os infantes também apresentaram diferenças entre as díades de interação social, Inf-2 foi catado apenas pela mãe e Inf-3 foi catado pela mãe e pela irmã. Em relação ao tempo de soltura do casal, houve um primeiro período de exploração, caracterizado por maior tempo em locomoção e um segundo período, caracterizado por um padrão no orçamento de atividades que se repetiu ao longo dos anos. O grupo de estudo e o outro grupo residente do campus, se encontraram no final do quinto ano após a soltura do casal. Houve confronto físico e, a partir deste encontro, o grupo de estudo passou a vocalizar todas as manhãs. No início da familiarização da FNA com o grupo, o macho adulto e os imaturos, foram os indivíduos que mais se aproximaram da FNA e realizaram algumas interações afilitiavas. Porém, a fêmea adulta foi quem ficou maior tempo em contato visual com a FNA e quem iniciou as interações agonísticas, em seguida, também realizadas pelo macho adulto. A FNA não permaneceu com o grupo. Desta forma, verificamos que o casal se adaptou às características da área de soltura e atingiu êxito reprodutivo, como também êxito no desenvolvimento dos infantes. Além disso, o encontro entre os grupos tornou real a possibilidade de mistura gênica entre eles. Assim, concluímos o êxito da translocação do casal. Apesar da FNA não ter permanecido com o grupo, este estudo descreveu pela primeira vez, as interações entre um grupo coeso de vida livre e uma fêmea não aparentada cativa, servindo de experiência para tentativas futuras. / Monitoring after translocation must be part of any project. After the first translocations that have happened with Alouatta (howler monkeys), monitoring was not done and when they began, lasted for only a year. The results obtained in this short period of time do not allow an evaluation of all seasonal conditions of the release place. The aim of this study was to evaluate, during a five-year period, the translocation of a black howler monkey couple (Alouatta caraya) and the group resulted from this translocation in USP campus in Ribeirão Preto, SP. The black howler monkey couple was translocated in November, 2009. Birth rates and activity budget of the couple and the group were evaluated from January to December of 2010, 2012, 2013,and 2014 (four days a month in an average of 580 hours a year), as well as the activity budget and the position relating to the mother and the older sister of the second (Inf-2) and the third (Inf-3) babies of the couple, from birth to their 12th month old (Aug/2012 Jul/2013 and Aug/2013 Jul/2014, respectively). The categories that were evaluated as Activity Budget were: Clinging, Rest, Moving, Feeding, Play and Social. As for the positions relating to the mother and older sister were: Abdominal Clinging, Back Clinging, Leaning, Arms Reach and Distant; both records were made by Scan Method every 20 minutes. Statistical analyses were done by Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM). Between May and June, 2013, we tried to assemble a non-related female (NRF) that was kept in captivity in the group area. The approach and social interactions between the group individuals and the NRF were registered by the All Occurrence Sampling Method. We also related an encounter between the study group and another group from the campus. During the study period we registered four births during the dry period. The second and third babies showed a similar activity budget during their first year of life. However they both showed differences in the position relating to their mother and older sister in which Inf-3 spent more time near the older sister. Babies have also shown differences in the social interactions dyads. Inf-2 was groomed by the mother only and Inf-3 by the mother and the older sister. After the couples release, there was a period of exploration first which was characterized by a lot of moving and another period with a pattern in the activity budget that was repeated along the following years. The study group and the preexisting group from the campus found each other at the end of the fifth year after the couples release. There was physical confrontation and after that, the group vocalized every morning. During the begging of the familiarization of the NRF with the group, the adult male and the young were the ones who approached more and have some affiliative interactions. Although it was the female who kept visual contact for longer periods with NRF and then started agonistic interactions towards NRF, which were followed by the adult male. NRF did not stay with the group. Thus, we confirmed that the couple has adapted to the characteristics of the release area and reached reproductive success as well as the babies development achievement. Besides, the meeting of the two groups made real the possibility of genetic crossing between them. So we came to the conclusion that the couples translocation was a success. Although NRF did not remain with the group, this study has described, for the first time, interaction between a free cohesive group and a non-related captive female, providing information for future attempts.

This work investigates births to white, African American and Hispanic adolescents in Hillsborough and Pinellas Counties, Florida, from 1992 to 1997 in two age groups - 13 to 17 year-olds and 18 to 19 year-olds - using spatial statistical techniques along with key informant interviews to provide insights into the utility of the research findings. The research developed a method for estimating the adolescent population in inter-census years, which was used to determine denominators for calculating teen birth rates. It also developed a composite deprivation index using socioeconomic indicators at the census block group level. The index provided context for hot and cold spot analysis, areas where expected teen birth rates were statistically higher or lower than expected. The association between socioeconomic deprivation in a neighborhood and rates of teen births was inconclusive, indicating a need for further research. Next steps include investigating individual-level risk and protective factors using multi-level modeling and cluster analysis as alternate analytic methods, and conducting ethnographic investigation to help provide context to the neighborhoods.

This study explores factors that influence the sexual attitudes and behaviors of adolescents specifically through an examination of social constructs that measure sexual beliefs and attitudes of adolescents and the relationships between race and gender and sexual beliefs and attitudes. As the U.S. has maintained one of the highest rates of unplanned teen pregnancy and births among industrialized nations, schools and community groups have struggled to combat teen pregnancy and worked toward designing effective prevention programs. Through an emphasis either on abstinence or safe sex practices, these programs strive to influence adolescents' sexual behavior. However, studies and reports reveal a paucity of research that examines adolescents' attitudes and beliefs of sexual behavior, especially for cultural- and gender- specific groups of adolescents. Drawing from social constructionist theory and multiracial and radical feminist theoretical frameworks, this study utilizes Virginia Abstinence Education Initiative (VAEI) data from surveys administered to adolescents measuring sexual attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. This study examines race and gender differences among the participants with regard to beliefs and attitudes about sexual behavior. The goal is to both better understand race and gender influences on adolescents' sexual beliefs and attitudes and to provide information to those who are in the position to develop more successful and effective teen pregnancy prevention programs. Consistent with existing literature, findings indicate gender-based differences regarding sexual beliefs and attitudes and minimal race-based differences in this analysis. An intersectional analysis further suggests that although female adolescents across race held similar beliefs and attitudes regarding sexuality, there were differences across race among male adolescents.