M.A. (National Strategy) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

The desire to influence ones opponent without using violence, has probably existed in all times. Reflexive control is a method used historically without the user knowing about the concept, but through research during the 1900s, theories from psychology, behavioral science and cybernetics entered into the military application of modern influence operations. Reflexive control builds upon the fact that a stimulated organism responds with a reflex. Which, in the context of the essay, means that a controller transfers prepared information to a partner or a counterpart to bring him to single-handedly take one of the controller intended decision. This is expressed either by methods used intuitively by an intelligent user or systematically by a controller with knowledge and resources, creating a situation which voluntarily brings or forces the other part to make decisions as the controller wants for its own use. The methods are based on knowledge of the other part's self-image. A self-image that can be individual, for example, a president, or a group, such as a state leadership. The reflex may contain of a decision or of an action that are not well considered but that benefits the controller. The controller then exploits the new situation created by its preparations that may have been on going for a long time. The essay describes some of the methods that has been used by the Soviet Union and later integrated into the Russian warfare. The essay askes the questions; Can Bismarck's actions in 1870 and Russia's actions in the Georgia conflict in 2008 be explained by the theory of reflexive control? Is there a difference? If it is - how is the difference expressed? Yes, both cases reflect reflexive control. The differences between them are explained by the evolution from intuitive actions into systematic use.

Orientador: Marcos Fernando de Souza Teixeira / Banca: Ana Maria Pires / Banca: Antonio Carlos Dias Angelo / Resumo: A formação de filmes poliméricos contendo azobenzeno tem recebido atenção especial devido à sua aplicação em dispositivos fotônicos. Neste trabalho estudamos a eletropolimerização de Bismarck Brown R (4-3- (2,4-diamin-5-metilfenil)- 4-metilfenildiazenil]diazenil-6-metilbenzeno-1,3-diamindiclorohidrato), filmes ultra-finos sobre substratos de ITO. Foi realizado o estudo do comportamento do filme polimérico variando-se parâmetros durante a etapa de eletropolimerização para a otimização do poliBBR, visando o desenvolvimento de eletrodos modificados para serem utilizados como sensores químicos. O uso da técnica eletroquímica na preparação de filmes poliméricos tem diversas vantagens, tais como a formação do filme diretamente sobre diferentes substratos, controle de espessura do filme, alta reprodutibilidade, geração de polímeros dopados e possibilidade de imobilização de espécies durante a fase de polimerização. Os filmes ultra-finos depositados nos substratos condutores por eletropolimerização foram caracterizados eletroquimicamente (voltametria cíclica e pulso diferencial), espectroscopia de ultravioleta-visível e microscopia de força atômica (AFM). O trabalho se destaca por possuir pouco ou nenhum relato na literatura sobre os dados obtidos dos estudos eletroquímicos e ópticos do comportamento do polímero de Bismarck Brown R. Foram obtidos dados interessantes no comportamento óptico no estudo da imobilização de íons metálicos na estrutura polimérica do BBR, destacando-se as diferentes geometrias e conformações (cis e trans) investigadas no trabalho / Abstract: The formation of azobenzeno containing polymeric films have been special attention due to its application in photonic devices. In this work we studied the electropolymerization of Bismarck Brown R (4-3-(2,4-diamin-5-methylphenyl)-4-methylphenyldiazenyl]diazenyl-6-methilbenzene-1,3-diamindiclorohidrato), ultra thin films on substrates of ITO. Was carried out study the behavior of the polymer film varying the parameters during the step for the electropolymerization polyBBR optimization, in order to develop modified electrodes to be used as chemical sensors. The use of electrochemical technique for preparing polymer films have several advantages, such as film formation directly on different substrates, film thickness control, high reproducibility, generating doped polymers and possible immobilization of species during the polymerization. The ultra-thin films deposited in conductive substrates were characterized electrochemically (cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse), UV-Vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The work stands out due to little or no reports in the literature on data obtained from studies of the electrochemical and optical behavior of polymer Bismarck Brown R. We obtained interesting data on optical behavior in the study immobilization of metal ion in the polymeric structure of the BBR, highlighting the different geometries and conformations (cis and trans) investigated in the work / Mestre

Univ., Diss.--Augsburg, 2001.

Thesis (doctoral) - Universität, Wuppertal, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [274]-291) and index.

Texte remanié de: Diss.--Neuphilologische Fakultät--Universität Tübingen, 1993. / Bibliogr. p. 539-554. Index.

Inaug.-Diss.--Philosophische Fakultät--Universität zu Köln, 1989. / Mention parallèle de titre ou de responsabilité : Der @ägyptische Knüppel. Contient des statistiques économiques. Bibliogr. p. 274-291.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-04-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:38:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cincotto_fh_me_sjrp.pdf: 789637 bytes, checksum: 23f32cf9d8279cacf5618ee5020c1dc6 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A formação de filmes poliméricos contendo azobenzeno tem recebido atenção especial devido à sua aplicação em dispositivos fotônicos. Neste trabalho estudamos a eletropolimerização de Bismarck Brown R (4-3- (2,4-diamin-5-metilfenil)- 4-metilfenildiazenil]diazenil-6-metilbenzeno-1,3-diamindiclorohidrato), filmes ultra-finos sobre substratos de ITO. Foi realizado o estudo do comportamento do filme polimérico variando-se parâmetros durante a etapa de eletropolimerização para a otimização do poliBBR, visando o desenvolvimento de eletrodos modificados para serem utilizados como sensores químicos. O uso da técnica eletroquímica na preparação de filmes poliméricos tem diversas vantagens, tais como a formação do filme diretamente sobre diferentes substratos, controle de espessura do filme, alta reprodutibilidade, geração de polímeros dopados e possibilidade de imobilização de espécies durante a fase de polimerização. Os filmes ultra-finos depositados nos substratos condutores por eletropolimerização foram caracterizados eletroquimicamente (voltametria cíclica e pulso diferencial), espectroscopia de ultravioleta-visível e microscopia de força atômica (AFM). O trabalho se destaca por possuir pouco ou nenhum relato na literatura sobre os dados obtidos dos estudos eletroquímicos e ópticos do comportamento do polímero de Bismarck Brown R. Foram obtidos dados interessantes no comportamento óptico no estudo da imobilização de íons metálicos na estrutura polimérica do BBR, destacando-se as diferentes geometrias e conformações (cis e trans) investigadas no trabalho / The formation of azobenzeno containing polymeric films have been special attention due to its application in photonic devices. In this work we studied the electropolymerization of Bismarck Brown R (4-3-(2,4-diamin-5-methylphenyl)-4-methylphenyldiazenyl]diazenyl-6-methilbenzene-1,3-diamindiclorohidrato), ultra thin films on substrates of ITO. Was carried out study the behavior of the polymer film varying the parameters during the step for the electropolymerization polyBBR optimization, in order to develop modified electrodes to be used as chemical sensors. The use of electrochemical technique for preparing polymer films have several advantages, such as film formation directly on different substrates, film thickness control, high reproducibility, generating doped polymers and possible immobilization of species during the polymerization. The ultra-thin films deposited in conductive substrates were characterized electrochemically (cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse), UV-Vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The work stands out due to little or no reports in the literature on data obtained from studies of the electrochemical and optical behavior of polymer Bismarck Brown R. We obtained interesting data on optical behavior in the study immobilization of metal ion in the polymeric structure of the BBR, highlighting the different geometries and conformations (cis and trans) investigated in the work

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Die Arbeit untersucht die parlamentarische Diskussion im Deutschen Reichstag um die (Bismarckschen) Sozialversicherungsgesetze 1881-1889 hinsichtlich ihrer Beeinflussung durch christlich-religiös motivierte Standpunkte. Sie weist nach, dass die Prägekräfte religiöser Überzeugungen und Argumentationsmuster nicht nur auf einer kirchlichen oder theologischen Ebene wirksam sind, sondern beispielsweise mit der Sozialversicherung bis in die unmittelbare Gegenwart wirksam sind. Die Arbeit enthält einen umfassenden Überblick über die sozialreformatorische Diskussion des 19. Jahrhunderts sowie über die sozialpolitischen Maßnahmen bis zur Einführung der Sozialversicherung.