My thesis is concerned to old age pension scheme issue in the Czech republic conditions. There is an analyse of PAYG and funded system from individual point of view. The aim of this work is to construct a model which would be able to inform individuals about the effectiveness of each current pension pillar. Model of comparison defined pension age break-even point, which represent age when the total amount of contributions payd are equal to retired pay received. By using original model, it is possible to find minimum desired value of returns from private pension funds.

This master thesis deals with information systems used by tourism. Its aim was to map the accommodation reservation systems, describe their characteristics from the prospective of both accomodation providers and their clients and describe the associated business processes. Existing reservation systems on the accommodation market were evaluated according to preselected criteria. A perfect the reservation system was proposed based on the investigation of the characteristics and criteria compliance.

[pt] A introdução de um objeto estranho ao corpo humano pode resultar de diferentes processos que abrangem desde eventos iatrogênicos oriundos de procedimentos cirúrgicos, até eventos traumáticos, ocasionados por acidentes ou violência, como disparos de arma de fogo e perfurações com objetos cortantes. A presença desses corpos estranhos dentro do organismo humano pode ocasionar problemas de saúde que vão desde dor e incômodos ao óbito. Para remoção cirúrgica, torna-se essencial a localização desses objetos, com elevada exatidão, para redução do tempo cirúrgico e garantia de sucesso do procedimento. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo ampliar o estudo do problema de localização de corpos estranhos magnéticos (intrinsicamente magnético ou por indução magnética externa) no organismo humano. Foram desenvolvidos algoritmos computacionais capazes de promover simulações dos padrões de densidade de fluxo magnético em um plano decorrentes de uma fonte extensa, representada por parâmetros modificáveis de comprimento, posição espacial e inclinação ao plano de medição. Essas simulações foram utilizadas como entrada para o treinamento de Redes Neurais Artificiais que, após treinamento, foram capazes de resolver o problema inverso, caracterizando, a partir do mapa de campo magnético, a posição espacial, tamanho (comprimento) e inclinação da fonte metálica. Os resultados obtidos indicaram melhor desempenho com o uso de sensores triaxiais, cujo erro quadrático médio, em 3640 testes, mostrou-se inferior a 2 mm na orientação espacial, a 8 mm no comprimento e a 17 graus Celsius para a inclinação da fonte magnética em relação ao plano de medição. / [en] The introduction of a foreign object into the human body may result from different processes ranging from iatrogenic events during surgical procedures to traumatic events caused by accidents or violence such as firing and piercing with sharp objects. The presence of these foreign bodies within the human body can cause health problems ranging from pain and discomfort to death. For surgical removal, it is essential to locate these objects, with high accuracy, to reduce surgical time and guarantee the success of the procedure. The objective of the present work is to contribute to the study of the localization problem of magnetic foreign bodies (intrinsically magnetic or by external magnetic induction) in the human body. The developed computational algorithms are capable of promoting simulations of magnetic flux density patterns in a plane from an extensive source, represented by modifiable parameters of length, spatial position and slope to the measurement plane. These simulations were used as input for the training of Artificial Neural Networks that, after training, were able to solve the inverse problem, characterizing, from the magnetic field map, the spatial position, size (length) and slope of the metallic source. The results indicated a better performance with the use of triaxial sensors, whose mean square error, in 3640 tests, was less than 2 mm in the spatial orientation, 8 mm in length and 17 Celsius degrees for the tilt of the magnetic source in relation to the measurement plane.

Corporate Governance (CG) nowadays is on the agenda of most developed and developing countries, including Jordan, and is receiving considerable attention in the business world as well as in the area of academic research, which is an indication of its importance for business development and society as a whole. The knowledge base about CG in developing countries appears to be limited, but it is growing in size and importance. This study therefore aims to investigate current CG practices and barriers to the development of good CG practices in firms. In order to accomplish the research objectives, a mixed research methodology was adopted. The findings of the study contribute to knowledge by providing empirical data to test and extend the theory of CG. The results suggest that most big and old firms are applying best practice of good CG. Regarding factors inhibiting the practice of effective CG, the results indicate that weakness of the legal environment for firms and lack of knowledge of BODs about CG principles are the most important factors. The empirical results find that constitution, compliance and conscience will affect firm’s performance positively. Separation between the position of CEO and Chairman, the existence of independent NEDs, the use of board subcommittees and a strong disclosure regime also help firms to improve performance. On the basis of the empirical results, the study recommends that the government needs to reform the relevant legislation. These suggestions may strengthen the internal governance of firms, thereby increasing performance and maximise shareholders’ wealth.

This diploma thesis describes problem of change-points in volatility of the time-series and their impact on price of nancial assets. Those change-points are estimated by using statistical methods and tests. Change-point estimation was tested on simulated datas and real world driven datas. Simulation helped to discover signi cant characteristics of change-point test, those data were simulated with using stochastic calculus. Google share prices and prices of call options were chosen to analyse impact of volatility change on those prices. Also implied volatility and its impact to call option price was analysed.

The thesis deals with subsemigroups of (Nm 0 , +), a special discussion is later devoted to the cases m = 1, m = 2 and m = 3. We prove that a subsemigroup of Nm 0 is finitely generated if and only if its generated cone is finitely generated (equivalently polyhedral) and we describe basic topological properties of such cones. We give a few examples illustrating that conditions sufficient for finite generation in N2 0 can not be easily trans- ferred to higher dimensions. We define the Hilbert basis and the related notion of Carathéodory's rank. Besides their basic properties we prove that Carathédory's rank of a subsemigroup of Nm 0 , m = 1, 2, 3, is less than or equal to m. A particular attention is devoted to the subsemigroups containing non-trivial subsemigroups of "subtractive" elements.

Les fluctuations dominantes du vent au-dessus des couverts végétaux sont régies par une instabilité de type couche de mélange (ou Kelvin-Helmholtz), liée à l'inflexion du profil devent moyen au niveau du sommet du couvert. La thèse porte sur l'analyse du couplage<br />entre la dynamique du vent et l'ondulation des cultures sous le vent.<br /><br />Une technique expérimentale innovante a été développée pour mesurer, sur site et de manière non-intrusive, le mouvement global d'une culture. Le mouvement d'un champ de blé ou de luzerne est filmé en présence de vent. Puis, par une analyse de corrélation entre images, fondée sur des algorithmes de PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry), on en déduit le champ de vitesse bi-dimensionnel spatio-temporel de la surface du couvert végétal. La partie cohérente du mouvement est ensuite extraite à l'aide d'une décomposition bi-orthogonale du champ de vitesse. On montre que les propriétés spatiales et temporelles correspondantes ne peuvent s'expliquer à l'aide du modèle de la couche de mélange du vent, qui constitue l'approche la plus courante dans ce contexte. En particulier, on démontre le rôle de la dynamique des plantes, à travers leur fréquence propre, dans la sélection de fréquence et de longueur d'onde du mouvement cohérent du couvert végétal.<br /><br />Un modèle couplé, dans lequel les fluctuations du vent et le mouvement du couvert végétal interagissent à travers un terme de traînée est ensuite proposé. Une analyse de stabilité linéaire permet de mettre en évidence un mécanisme d'accrochage, par lequel la fréquence de l'instabilité dévie de la loi de Kelvin-Helmholtz et s'accroche sur la fréquence propre des plantes. Ce résultat est ensuite comparé avec les donnnées expérimentales des mesures sur site, et un bon accord qualitatif et quantitatif est obtenu avec le comportement des longueurs d'onde et fréquences de l'ondulation des cultures.

The subject of greater concern related to environmental degradation in a disposal system of urban solid wastes is the leachate generation. The high pollutant power of leachate is due to the presence of organic and inorganic composts formed during the decomposition of wastes. The inadequate leachate management can pollute environmental sites, particularly the soil, surface waters and groundwater basin. Through the verification of a system of treatment conducted by stabilization ponds it is possible to evaluate the efficiency of the process responsible for the removal of pollutants and to esteem the impact generated by the outflow in a receptor. This evaluation aimed to study the environmental impact generated in Caturrita's Landfill, located in Santa Maria RS, which has a total area of 374435.72 m2 and is part of the hidrographic Sub basin of Arroio Ferreira, receiving approximately 150 ton/day of urban solid wastes. Through Swiss, Rational and Balance Water Methods, leachate flows were estimated and checked by real measurements which took place on the site, thus determining the methodology employed in the quantitative evaluation of the leachate which was generated. The qualitative evaluation consisted of a monitoring system that was conducted from August 2003 to March 2005. It presented characteristics of the leachate generated during the disposal of solid wastes, as well as characteristics of the quality of water in the outflow receptor of the system of treatment of leachate. This evaluation enabled the determination of the effectiveness concerning the system of ponds used for stabilization, together with the determination of the outflow impact and the present degradation status of the landfill. The quantitative results were obtained through the use of error graphs evaluation for long series (data gathered from 34 years of precipitation and 29 years of evapotranspiration) and short series (between May 2004 and April 2005 for precipitation and evapotranspiration) and presented for the Balance Water, Rational and Swiss Methods, 31%, 13% and 34% of error rate, considering long historic series of data; and 48%, 21% and 76%, considering short historic series of data. Regarding the qualitative aspects of leachate, more precisely its degradation status (solid waste degradation), showing a confidence level of 95%, the mean ratio found between BOD/COD was 0.46± 0.08 and concerning the PH it was 7.9 ± 0.14. The mean effectiveness of the system of treatment was 69±11% when BOD was removed and 58±10% when COD was removed. In 92 % of the cases, the outflow presented BOD values above the maximum limit of 200 mg/L. A similar situation is observed regarding the COD parameter, presenting a maximum limit of 450 mg/L. The Balance Water Method proved to be apt to be used in dimensioning processes of systems of treatment of outflows, showing a mean error of 34% above the real flow and was susceptible to the real montly tendencies. The degradation processes of leachate in Caturrita's Landfill were found in the end of the final acidogenic phase, due to the values found for the ratio BOD/COD and the PH, enphasizing how much organic matter is still possible to be degraded. The mean effectiveness of the system of ponds of treatment was showed to be insufficient, considering that the mean concentration on the site is 390± 91mg/L (outflow site) for the first and 1403±209 mg/L (outflow site) for the second. In order to meet the values indicated by law (Portaria 05/89 SSMA RS), it would be necessary a concentration inferior to 200 mg/L for BOD and 450 mg/L for COD. / A questão de maior preocupação quanto à degradação ambiental em um sistema de disposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos é a geração de percolado (lixiviado ou chorume). A elevada carga poluidora presente no percolado é devido à presença de compostos de origem orgânica e inorgânica formados durante a decomposição dos resíduos. O gerenciamento inadequado deste percolado pode levar à poluição dos compartimentos ambientais, em particular, o solo, águas superficiais e águas subterrâneas. Através do monitoramento do sistema de tratamento por lagoas de estabilização é possível avaliar a eficiência do processo de remoção de poluentes e estimar o impacto gerado no lançamento dos efluentes em um corpo receptor. Neste trabalho, estudou-se o impacto ambiental gerado no Aterro Controlado da Caturrita, localizado no município de Santa Maria RS, inserido na Sub-Bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Ferreira, com área total de 374.435,72 m2, recebendo aproximadamente 150 ton/dia de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Pelos Métodos Suíço, Racional e Balanço Hídrico, fez-se estimativas de vazões de percolado aferidas por medições reais no local, determinando a metodologia empregada na avaliação quantitativa do percolado gerado. Quanto à avaliação qualitativa, a mesma consistiu no monitoramento compreendido entre Agosto de 2003 e Março de 2005, apresentado características do percolado gerado durante a disposição dos resíduos sólidos e na qualidade da água no corpo receptor do efluente do sistema de tratamento de percolado, possibilitando determinar a eficiência do sistema das lagoas de estabilização, o impacto do lançamento de efluentes e o estado de degradação atual do aterro. Nos resultados quantitativos, utilizando gráficos de avaliação de erros para séries longas (dados de 34 anos para precipitação e 29 para evapotranspiração) e curtas (entre Maio de 2004 e Abril de 2005 para a precipitação e evapotranspiração), obteve-se para os Métodos do Balanço Hídrico, Racional e Suíço, respectivamente, 31%, 13% e 34% de erros, considerando séries históricas longas de dados, e 48%, 21% e 76%, considerando séries históricas curtas de dados. Para os aspectos qualitativos do percolado, quanto ao estado de degradação dos resíduos, com nível de confiança de 95% a razão média encontrada entre DBO/DQO foi de 0,46±0,08 e para o pH igual a 7,9±0,14. A eficiência média do sistema de tratamento foi de 69±11% na remoção da DBO e 58±10% para a DQO. Em 92% das ocorrências o efluente apresentou valores de DBO acima do limite máximo de 200 mg/L. Situação semelhante é observada para o parâmetro DQO, que apresenta um limite máximo de 450 mg/L. O Método do Balanço Hídrico mostrou-se apto para utilização em dimensionamentos de sistemas de tratamento de efluentes com erro médio calculado de 34% acima da vazão real e se mostrando suscetível às tendências mensais reais. Os processos de degradação do percolado no aterro da Caturrita encontram-se no fim da fase acidogênica final, em virtude dos valores encontrados para razão DBO/DQO e pH, evidenciando o quanto ainda é possível degradar de matéria orgânica. A eficiência média do sistema de lagoas de tratamento, apresentou-se insuficiente, uma vez que a média de concentração do local é de 390±91 mg/L (ponto efluente) para a primeira e 1403±209 mg/L (ponto efluente) para a segunda, sendo que para atender a Portaria 05/89 SSMA-RS seria necessário uma concentração inferior a 200 mg/L para DBO e 450 mg/L para a DQO.

The objective of this thesis was to analyze the activities of a company engaged in the storage and distribution of goods for ?Jednota? stores for a period of one calendar year, to identify potential weaknesses and to suggest measures for their removal. Theoretical knowledge from professional literature was applied in the actual part of the thesis. The analysis of inventory management was conducted with three selected items from the ?A? category for which economically favourable ordering quantity was calculated using the Camp formula; minimum safety stock of 90% and 95% was determined and the point of order was calculated too. These model calculations were then compared with the actual data for all three items: still table water ?Klasik? (2 litres), whole-meal wheat flour ?Klasik? and ?Tuzemák Jindřichohradecký? (0.5 litre).

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