Fibrosis in the bone marrow is usually denominated myelofibrosis and may contribute to impaired hematopoiesis. Myelofibrosis is seen both in malignant and non-malignant diseases. The normal microenvironment in the bone marrow consists of a heterogenous population of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic stromal cells, their extracellular products and hematopoietic cytokines. The stromal cells produce a complex array of molecules, among others collagens and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of which hyaluronan (HYA) is the most abundant. Marrow fibrosis results from an increased deposition of collagens, which are polypeptides. Staining for reticulin, mostly composed of collagen type III, is the common way of visualizing myelofibrosis. HYA, like the collagens, is widely distributed in connective tissues. Little is known about the distribution of HYA in bone marrow. The aims of this thesis have been to determine how HYA is distributed in normal and malignant bone marrow, compared to reticulin staining, and to follow patients with chronic myeloproliferative diseases (CMPD) during two years treatment with anagrelide considering development of cellularity and fibrosis. In bone marrow biopsies from healthy volunteers, the controls, HYA was found in a pattern that was concordant with the reticulin staining. Comparing patients with different malignant diseases with and without bone marrow involvemen, HYA staining was found to be significantly stronger in both groups compared to the controls. The HYA scores were also significantly higher in the bone marrow of patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML), compared to the controls. There was a correlation between HYA and reticulin in the patients with de novo AML, and in the patients with different malignant diseases with and without bone marrow involvement as in the controls. Increase of HYA, reticulin and cellularity in the bone marrow of patients with CMPD after two years of treatment with anagrelide indicated progression of fibrosis. Anagrelide is a valuable drug for reduction of platelets but seems unable to stop progression of fibrosis and hypercellularity. HYA is an interesting molecule with properties not only contributing to the structure of extracellular matrix but also to cell signaling and behaviour, although the understanding of the detailed mechanisms is still incomplete.

<p>Although monophosphoryl lipid A was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration, more vaccine adjuvants are needed to meet the demand for vaccines against new, emerging, and re-emerging diseases. Additionally, characterizing the mechanisms of action of potent vaccine adjuvants is important for moving toward more rational vaccine design based on the careful selection of antigens and adjuvants to stimulate only the desired immune responses. Two experimental vaccine adjuvants, compound 48/80 (C48/80) and IL-1, were evaluated in these studies. The safety and efficacy of the mast cell activator C48/80 was evaluated when used as an adjuvant delivered intradermally (ID) with recombinant anthrax protective antigen (rPA) in comparison with two well-known adjuvants. Mice were vaccinated in the ear pinnae with rPA or rPA + C48/80, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG), or cholera toxin (CT). All adjuvants induced similar increases in serum anti-rPA IgG and lethal toxin-neutralizing antibodies. C48/80 induced balanced cytokine production (Th1/Th2/Th17) by antigen-restimulated splenocytes, minimal injection site inflammation, and no antigen-specific IgE. Our data demonstrate that C48/80 is a safe and effective adjuvant, when used by the intradermal route, to induce protective antibody and balanced Th1/Th2/Th17 responses. Histological analysis demonstrated that vaccination with C48/80 reduced the number of resident mast cells and induced an injection-site neutrophil influx within 24 hours. Nonetheless, rPA + C48/80 significantly increased antigen-specific IgG titers in mast cell-deficient mice compared to antigen alone, suggesting that C48/80 has mast cell-dependent and mast cell-independent mechanisms of action.</p><p>IL-1alpha and beta have been shown to have strong mucosal adjuvant activities, but little is known about their mechanism of action. Bone marrow chimeric mice were intranasally vaccinated with Bacillus anthracis lethal factor (LF) with or without 4 µg IL-1alpha or a control adjuvant (cholera toxin) to determine if IL-1R1 expression on stromal cells or hematopoietic cells was sufficient for the maximal adjuvant activity of nasally delivered IL-1alpha. IL-1alpha was not active in IL-1R1-deficient (<italic>Il1r1</italic>-/-) mice given <italic>Il1r1</italic>-/- bone marrow, demonstrating that the adjuvant activity of IL-1 was due to the presence of IL-1R1 and not contaminants. Cytokine and chemokine responses induced by vaccination with IL-1alpha were predominantly derived from the stromal cell compartment and included G-CSF, IL-6, IL-13, MCP-1, and KC. Nasal vaccination of <italic>Il1r1</italic>-/- mice given wild-type bone marrow (WT-->KO) and WT-->WT mice with LF + IL-1alpha induced maximal adaptive immune responses, while vaccination of wild-type mice given <italic>Il1r1</italic>-/- bone marrow (KO-->WT) mice resulted in significantly decreased production of LF-specific serum IgG, IgG subclasses, lethal toxin-neutralizing antibodies, and mucosal IgA compared to WT-->KO and WT-->WT mice (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that IL-1R1 expression in the hematopoietic compartment is sufficient for the maximal induction of antigen-specific adaptive immunity after nasal vaccination adjuvanted with IL-1alpha and that while stromal cells are required for maximal adjuvant-induced cytokine production, the adjuvant-induced stromal cell cytokine responses are not required for effective induction of adaptive immunity.</p> / Dissertation

Homing is the process that stem cells move to their own stem cell niches under the influence of chemokines like stromal-derived factor-1&alpha / (SDF-1&alpha / ) upon bone marrow transplantation (BMT). There is a need for increasing homing efficiency after BMT since only 10-15% of the transplanted cells can home to their own niches and a limited amount of donor marrow can be transplanted. In this study, we aimed to develop and characterize bone marrow targeted liposomal SDF-1&alpha / delivery system prepared by extrusion method. Alendronate conjugation was chosen to target the liposomes to bone marrow microenvironment, particularly the endosteal niche. Optimization studies were conducted with the model protein (

A new paradigm has evolved in which multiple regulatory interactions between the skeletal and hematopoietic systems have been identified. Previous studies have demonstrated that megakaryocytes (MK) play a dual role in skeletal homeostasis by stimulating osteoblast proliferation and simultaneously inhibiting osteoclast (OC) development. Here we identify a novel regulatory pathway in which the main MK growth factor, thrombopoietin (TPO), directly regulates osteoclastogenesis. To study the role of TPO in OC development, spleen or bone marrow (BM) cells (2x10[exponent]6 cells/ml) or BM macrophages (BMM, 1x10[exponent]5 cells/ml) from C57BL/6 mice , as a source of OC precursors, were cultured with M-CSF (30 ng/ml) and RANKL (50 ng/ml) to induce OC formation. TPO (0.1-1000 ng/ml) and/or primary MK (0-0.5%), derived from C57BL/6 fetal livers, were titrated into these cultures and OC were identified as tartrate resistant acid phosphatase positive (TRAP+) giant cells with >3 nuclei. There was a significant, up to 15-fold reduction in OC formed when MK were added to all OC generating cultures, p < 0.001. Moreover, if OC generating cultures did not contain MK or MK progenitors, TPO treatment significantly enhanced OC formation up to six-fold, p < 0.01. This data demonstrates that MK are responsible for the inhibition of OC formation and that in cultures containing MK or MK progenitors such as BM or spleen cells, that TPO acts indirectly to inhibit OC formation by stimulating megakaryopoiesis, whereas in the absence of MK or MK progenitors TPO directly enhances OC formation. This conclusion is further supported by Real-Time PCR data which demonstrates that OC progenitors express c-mpl, the TPO receptor, albeit at low levels when compared to expression of c-mpl on MK. Finally, we have begun to dissect the c-mpl signaling pathway in OC progenitors. We have found that TPO induces tyrosine phosphorylation of several specific cellular proteins in the JAK/STAT pathway. Thus, TPO acts in a somewhat paradoxical manner by inhibiting OC formation through the stimulation of MK, while simultaneously playing a direct role in enhancing osteoclastogenesis.

Adult bone marrow contains a population of mesenchymal stem cells capable to self-renew and to differentiate into haematopoietic-supportive stroma, osteo, adipo- and chondrocytes. However, the identity of mesenchymal stem cells still remains uncertain. The complex population of their descendants, bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM MSCs), represents a model to study the principles of differentiation and commitment into mesodermal lineages. The experiments using BM MSCs are often hampered by their low proliferative capacity in vitro. In the present study, we established conditionally immortalized BM MSCs from tetracycline-regulated SV40 Large T-antigen transgenic mice. The identity of the conditionally immortalized BM MSCs was confirmed by marker expression, ability to support haematopoiesis and differentiation potential. The advantages of the conditional immortalization are encompassed in (1) indefinite expansion of cell populations, (2) possibility to perform cellular cloning and (3) prevention from spontaneous differentiation. We demonstrated the heterogeneity of BM MSCs and identified at least 6 types of progenitors within BM MSCs population based on their differentiation potential (“OAC”, “OA”, “OC”, “AC”, “O”, “A”). A hypothetical model of BM MSC hierarchy and the relationships between the progenitors has been proposed. We observed that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and GSK3 activity could modulate the efficiency of osteo- and adipogenic differentiation pathways, but we didn’t find evidence that the lineage commitment of BM MSCs is determined by Wnt. We elucidated the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of the adipogenic induction of BM MSCs in vitro. Our data revealed the key regulatory role of PPARγ1 during adipogenesis in BM MSCs. Furthermore, we assume that PPARγ1 is a potential trigger of the adipogenic commitment of the BM MSCs progenitors. Finally, the non-adipogenic BM MSCs progenitors were converted into the adipogenic lineage using ectopical expression of the transcription factors C/EBPα, C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ. Our findings provide a novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of BM MSCs lineage commitment.

Thesis (B.S.)--University of Wisconsin -- La Crosse, 2009. / Also available online. Includes bibliographical references (p. 26-28).

Für das Rett Syndrom, eine der häufigsten genetischen Ursachen für mentale Retardie-rung bei Frauen, gibt es bisher keine kausale Therapie, obwohl gentherapeutische Studi-en mit konditionellen knockout Mäusen gezeigt haben, dass es sich um eine therapierbare Erkrankung handelt. Um neue Therapien entwickeln zu können, werden Mausmodelle benötigt, die auf den beim Menschen am häufigsten gefundenen Mutation beruhen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein Mausmodell mit der häufigsten humanen Nonsense-Mutation R168X im Mecp2 Gen charakterisiert. Mit Hilfe dieses Mausmodells wurden dann die Therapieansätze der „Stop-Codon Readthrough-Therapie“ und einer Knochenmarktransplantation auf ihre Wirksamkeit in vitro und in vivo untersucht. Die Charakterisierung der Mauslinie zeigte, dass männliche MeCP2R168X-Mäuse im Gegensatz zu anderen MeCP2-Mausmodellen kein verkürztes MeCP2 Protein exprimieren. Desweiteren weisen männliche MeCP2R168X-Mäuse einen Phänotyp, inklu-sive der drastisch verkürzten Lebenspanne, auf, wie er bei bereits etablierten Mausmo-dellen für das Rett Syndrom beschrieben wurde. Dagegen zeigten weibliche, heterozy-gote MeCP2R168X-Mäuse nur einen sehr mild ausgeprägten Phänotyp verglichen mit bereits etablierten MeCP2-Mauslinien. Für die „Stop-Codon Readthrough-Therapie“ wurde die Effizienz der Aminoglykoside Geniticin, Gentamicin und Neomycin, der Komponenten NB54, NB84 und NB124, sowie der niedermolekularen Substanz PTC124 auf ihre Wirksamkeit bei der Induktion eines Readthroughs mit transfizierten HeLa-Zellen und MeCP2R168X/y-Mausohrfibroblasten in vitro untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich eine deutliche Steigerung der Readthrough-Effizienz der NB-Komponenten, gemessen an der detektierbaren Menge an MeCP2, mit zunehmender Generation (NB54 --> NB84 --> NB124) und gegenüber dem klinisch angewandten Gentamicin. Während die Behandlung mit Neomycin zu einem minimalen Readthrough-Produkt führte, zeigte die Behandlung mit PTC124 kei-nen messbaren Readthrough. Anschließend wurden männliche MeCP2R168X-Mäuse mit den in vitro getesteten Sub-stanzen, mit Ausnahme von Geniticin, behandelt. Die Expression eines MeCP2-Proteins voller Länge konnte durch keine der applizierten Substanzen induziert werden. Auch bei Behandlungen über einen längeren Zeitraum mit hohen Dosierungen, im Fall von Gentamicin nahe der LD50-Dosis und nachweisbarer intrazellulärer Aufnahme, konnte in den behandelten Tieren weder ein verkürztes noch ein MeCP2 Protein nativer Länge detektiert werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass für die „Stop-Codon Readthrough-Therapie“ für das Rett Syndrom neue Komponenten entwickelt werden oder andere Applikationswege gewählt werden müssen, da mit den derzeit verfügbaren Substanzen kein therapeutischer Erfolg erzielt werden kann. Im letzten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde die Theorie einer gestörten Phagozytose MeCP2-defizienter Mikroglia, sowie die Therapie von MeCP2-defizienten Mäusen durch eine Knochenmarktransplantation überprüft. Dabei konnte weder in vitro noch in vivo eine Veränderung der Phagozytoseaktivität der MeCP2-defizienten Mikroglia nachgewiesen werden, wie sie von Derecki und Kollegen publiziert wurde. Die Transplantation von gesundem Knochenmark führte bei männlichen MeCP2R168X-Tieren zu keiner Verlängerung der Überlebensspanne oder einer allgemeinen Abmilde-rung der Symptomatik, wie sie ebenfalls von Derecki und Kollegen publiziert wurde. Bei weiblichen Tieren führte die Transplantation gesunden Knochenmarks zu einer Verschlechterung der motorischen Fähigkeiten. Diese Ergebnisse sind im Einklang mit denen Ergebnissen der Arbeitsgruppen von An-drew Pieper, Antonio Bedalov und Jeffrey Neul, die in anderen Mausmodellen die Wir-kung der Knochenmarktransplantation untersuchten. Die Ergebnisse aller beteiligten Arbeitsgruppen legen daher nahe, dass eine Knochen-marktransplantation nach einer Ganzkörperbestrahlung keine geeignete Therapie für das Rett Syndroms darstellt.

Due to an increase in malaria control programs in the last decade, the world has witnessed dramatic reductions in the number of infections and deaths caused by the malaria parasite. With malaria eradication on the global health agenda, a shift toward transmission-focused research has led to a renewed focus on a previously neglected stage of malaria: the sexual stage (gametocyte). Malaria's sexual stages are the only stages in the human host that are transmitted to the mosquito vector, and are therefore of critical importance for blocking transmission of this devastating disease. The process through which developing gametocytes sequester outside of the bloodstream during their 8-10 day maturation is not well understood and stands to be exploited as a potential target for therapeutic intervention. In Chapter 1, we discuss the current state of knowledge on the development of these stages in the human host. In Chapter 2, we investigate anatomical enrichment sites for developing gametocytes in the human host using autopsy tissue from cases of fatal malaria. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR-based assessments identified the bone marrow as a preferential enrichment site of developing gametocytes. Co-localization with host proteins revealed the enrichment of gametocytes inside the extravascular space of the bone marrow, often observed in contact with erythroblastic island structures. In vitro experiments with erythrocyte precursor cells, as well as in vivo co-localization studies demonstrated that gametocytes can develop within the cells of the hematopoietic system of the bone marrow. In Chapter 3, we present an assay and analysis tool for inferring the presence of young and mature asexual and sexual stages in the peripheral blood of infected patients based on gene expression data. We apply this assay to malaria patient cohorts and in vitro drug perturbation time course experiments, and demonstrate its use in identifying young and mature gametocyte carriers, as well as characterizing the effect of a given perturbation on parasite development. This body of work aims to contribute to the overall knowledge base for malaria’s elusive gametocytes as well as to establish tools for performing future assessments on these transmissible stages.

A Comparison of Bone Marrow Derived and Adipose Derived Stem Cells in Point of Care Goat Non-Instrumented Posterolateral Intertransverse Spinal Fusion Daria Brigitte Neidre, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, May, 2010 Supervisor: Roger P. Farrar Concentrated bone marrow containing mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in combination with osteoconductive scaffolds has been used in orthopaedics to replace the need for iliac crest bone grafts. Autologous BMSC volume is limited, but adipose tissue represents a large reservoir of stem cells; adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs). To test these cells, a large animal model using goats was selected due to their similarities to humans in loading conditions of the spine, trabecular bone structure of the vertebrae, and their common use in testing orthopaedic therapies as a clinically relevant model. The aim of this study is to characterize cell surface markers of the isolated cells through flow cytometry, compare goat BMSCs and ADSCs using multilineage differentiation into the osteogenic and adipogenic lineages, and utilize them in a “Point-of-Care” non-instrumented posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion. Both BMSCs and ADSCs were confirmed as stem cells through lack of expression of markers CD34, CD45, CD90, and CD105, which is supported by literature. Both cell types also differentiated into both the adipogenic and osteogenic lineages. Although we had positive in vitro results, we had limited in vivo results. There were no differences between BMSCs, ADSCs and control implantation in identifiable spinal fusion at 3 or 6 months through radiographs or CT scans. Additionally, there were no differences between groups at 6 months in biomechanical testing, histology and microradiographs. Although our in vivo results were lacking in demonstrating fusion at 6 months, this study is the first of it’s kind to investigate a large animal model comparison of BMSCs and ADSCs in spinal fusion and demonstrated that “Point-of-Care” stem cells derived from either bone marrow or adipose tissue demonstrated the potential for bone formation. The in vivo results suggests that this model can be used for stem cell research in orthopaedics, but further research needs to be performed to determine their use, proper scaffold and potential osteoinductive materials needed for solid fusion results in the in vivo model. / text

published_or_final_version / Pathology / Master / Master of Philosophy