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Magíster en Ingeniería de Redes de Comunicaciones / La conmutación de etiquetas multiprotocolo (MPLS por sus siglas en inglés, Multiprotocol Label Switching) surge como un mecanismo de convergencia para los protocolos que operan sobre los niveles 2 y 3 del modelo OSI. Su capacidad para proveer y administrar diversos servicios con garantías de calidad de servicio y disponibilidad sobre una infraestructura común, ha hecho que MPLS sea un estándar en las redes de transporte de los proveedores de servicios. La interconexión de data centers y en general de redes LAN y MAN corporativas, se realiza a través de servicios MPLS VPN considerando solamente la topología de la red. En este contexto, resulta útil proporcionar información adicional para seleccionar modelos VPN en función del tipo de tráfico que se desea transportar. En este trabajo se diseña e implementa escenarios experimentales para proporcionar métricas que permiten ese contraste; el resumen de cada capítulo se detalla a continuación. En el primer capítulo se describen tecnologías, métricas de desempeño, herramientas de modelación y herramientas estadísticas. En el segundo capítulo se describen los procesos de diseño, implementación y simulación de los escenarios experimentales. Los escenarios garantizan que el desempeño de los servicios MPLS VPN se ponga a prueba bajo las mismas condiciones. Esas condiciones comprenden nodos de borde y políticas de QoS comunes para los servicios que se contrastan. Además, los escenarios consideran la capacidad de los nodos emulados por Dynamips como restricción y el tráfico que atraviesa una red operativa como condición inicial. Este tráfico se modela con redes neuronales artificiales y para poder generarlo con IPERF, se utiliza BoxCox y Bootstrapping sobre el modelo para obtener estadísticos representativos. Los procesos de implementación y simulación se realizan sobre GNS3; este último comprende la ejecución simultanea y recurrente de IP SLA, kron, IPERF, Wireshark, NTP y TFTP. En el tercer capítulo se presenta el resultado de los test estadísticos aplicados sobre las métricas de estudio. Además, se utilizan herramientas de simulación para estimar los intervalos de confianza de la media y obtener una representación gráfica del desempeño de los servicios MPLS VPN. En el cuarto capítulo se exponen las conclusiones de este trabajo, estas analizan los resultados de los test estadísticos asociados a los objetivos e hipótesis planteadas. Para finalizar se exponen algunas apreciaciones sobre trabajos futuros.

The Fisher and Seater [Fisher, M.E. and Seater, J.J., 1993. Long run neutrality and superneutrality in an ARIMA framework. American Economic Review 83, 402-415.] methodology is applied to Taylor's [Taylor, A.T., 2002. A century of purchasing power parity. Review of Economics and Statistics 84, 139-150.] data to test for purchasing power parity. Generally, the evidence is supportive of PPP. Further, FS test statistics have no size distortion problem and test power is improved with longer samples.

College football stadiums host anywhere from 15,000 to 115,000 people each Saturday from late summer to early winter and leave fans exposed to ambient conditions. Amplified heat from stadium infrastructure substantially impact attendants’ thermal comfort. In order to assess personal heat exposure and mitigate exposure misclassification, temperature and relative humidity sensors (iButtons) were placed throughout Mississippi State University’s Davis Wade Stadium during the 2016 Football Season. iButton measurements established a micro-climate and compared its readings to the Soil Climate Analysis Network site 1.2 miles north of the stadium. The program RayMan Pro modeled a Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) micro-climate to create an individualized heat metric. The results of this study assess stadium occupants’ thermal comfort through Heat Index and PET. Heat-related health outcomes were examined regarding thermal comfort and the stadium micro-climate using data from the stadium’s EMS calls and First Aid stations during game days.

L-moments are defined as linear combinations of expected values of order statistics of a variable.(Hosking 1990) L-moments are estimated from samples using functions of weighted means of order statistics. The advantages of L-moments over classical moments are: able to characterize a wider range of distributions; L-moments are more robust to the presence of outliers in the data when estimated from a sample; and L-moments are less subject to bias in estimation and approximate their asymptotic normal distribution more closely. Hosking (1990) obtained an asymptotic result specifying the sample L-moments have a multivariate normal distribution as n approaches infinity. The standard deviations of the estimators depend however on the distribution of the variable. So in order to be able to build confidence intervals we would need to know the distribution of the variable. Bootstrapping is a resampling method that takes samples of size n with replacement from a sample of size n. The idea is to use the empirical distribution obtained with the subsamples as a substitute of the true distribution of the statistic, which we ignore. The most common application of bootstrapping is building confidence intervals without knowing the distribution of the statistic. The research question dealt with in this work was: How well do bootstrapping confidence intervals behave in terms of coverage and average width for estimating L-moments and ratios of L-moments? Since Hosking's results about the normality of the estimators of L-moments are asymptotic, we are particularly interested in knowing how well bootstrap confidence intervals behave for small samples. There are several ways of building confidence intervals using bootstrapping. The most simple are the standard and percentile confidence intervals. The standard confidence interval assumes normality for the statistic and only uses bootstrapping to estimate the standard error of the statistic. The percentile methods work with the (α/2)th and (1-α/2)th percentiles of the empirical sampling distribution. Comparing the performance of the three methods was of interest in this work. The research question was answered by doing simulations in Gauss. The true coverage of the nominal 95% confidence interval for the L-moments and ratios of L-moments were found by simulations.

Partial reconfiguration (PR) is the process of configuring a subset of resources on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) while the remainder of the device continues to operate. PR extends the usability of FPGAs and makes it possible to perform design bootstrapping. Just like bootstrapping in PCs, bootstrapping in FPGAs consists of using a small application to initialize basic services and load a larger, more complex application to the device. Bootstrapping allows for unique design applications that can be used to maintain communication services, increase design security, reduce initial configuration time, and reduce nonvolatile configuration memory storage. This thesis presents a generic bootstrap framework that can be used to construct a variety of bootstrap designs. This thesis also discusses necessary PR design rules and techniques for bootstrap design creation. Additionally, this thesis presents two applications that demonstrate the feasibility of bootstrapping. One application is a bootstrap loader featuring a PCI Express endpoint; this loader is capable of reconfiguring a subset of the hardware on an as-need basis. The other application is a prototype designed to demonstrate the bootstrapping for nonvolatile configuration memory reduction in space-bound payloads. While bootstrap design is more complex than standard FPGA designs, bootstrapping increases the flexibility and capability of FPGAs.

High-Shear Low-CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) (HSLC) Tornado Outbreaks (TOs) are a specific subset of TOs that occur each year, primarily East of the Rocky Mountains. This study looks to define HSLC TOs with the use of quartiles of the most supported shear and CAPE measure, create a climatology of HSLC TOs, and to give a better description of the synoptic-scale patterns associated with HSLC TOs. Statistical analysis of quartiles and inner quartile range (IQR) were conducted to see which is the best measure. Ultimately, Mixed-layer CAPE (MLCAPE) and 0-3km shear were used due to past support and were used to define HSLC TOs. Bootstrapping was conducted, and compositing was created for each of the five regions. Bootstrapping between some regions showed statistical significance, and some of the composites matched up closely to what was seen in past HSLC research.

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Purpose: The study aims to examine how small and medium sized enterprises applies financial bootstrapping and whether there are any disparities in appliance. Further on the study aims to examine resource requirements for the beer brewing industry and whether there are any disparities in requirement between small and medium sized companies. Theory: The theoretical framework applied in the study permeates two main domains: resource and financial bootstrapping. Methodology: A case study with a deductive approach has been conducted. The study applies a comparative research design in order to collect primary data through semi-constructed interviews with founders of small and medium sized companies. Results: The results show that a majority of companies experience an overall good access to all the resources. Human resources was perceived as most important. All companies applied financial bootstrapping in one way or another, and services were most commonly bootstrapped. Analysis: The medium sized companies experienced higher access to human resource due to their attraction of competent and experienced workers. This may possible be due to the company’s maturity status, brand or localization. The reason bootstrapping was most commonly used for services can be depended on the fact that people doesn’t value their time and knowledge according to the market. All bootstrapping categories and strategies can be traced and some tendencies in differences can be perceived. Conclusion: The companies experienced an overall good to very good access to all resources. Human resources was named as the most important resource to create value for the company. Medium sized companies apply relation and subsidy oriented bootstrapping to a larger extent as well as effective bootstrapping-strategy. Small companies applied owner financed bootstrapping to a higher extend. / Syfte: Att undersöka hur små respektive medelstora företag tillämpar finansiell bootstrapping, samt om det föreligger skillnad av tillämpning. Studien avser även att undersöka resursbehovet inom ölbryggeribranschen, samt om det råder skillnad i behov mellan små respektive medelstora företag. Teori: Studiens teoretiska referensram utgörs av teorier kopplade till två huvudteman; resursbaserat synsätt samt finansiell bootstrapping. Metod: En fallstudie med deduktiv ansats har tillämpats. Studien är av komparativ design och ämnar att undersöka små respektive medelstora företag. Primärdata har genererats från en kvalitativ semistrukturerad intervjuserie med grundare som är aktiva i företagen. Empiri: Resultatet visar att majoriteten av företagen i studien upplevde sin tillgång till samtliga resurser hög. Den viktigaste resursen var genomgående humankapitalet. Finansiell bootstrapping tillämpades av samtliga företag i någon form och bootstrapping utav tjänster var vanligast förekommande. Analys: Tillgång till humankapital upplevdes högre av de medelstora företagen vilket kan bero på att de hade lättare att attrahera kompentent och erfaren personal. Detta kan tydas bero på företagets mognadsfas, varumärke eller lokalisering. Anledningen till att bootstrapping var vanligast förekommande vid tjänster kan bero på att människor inte värderar sin tid enligt marknaden. Samtliga bootstrapping kategorier och strategier tillämpades av företagen och vissa tendenser i skillnader kunde tydas. Slutsats: Generellt har företagen i studien hög till väldigt hög tillgång till samtliga resurser. Humankapital är den viktigaste resursen för både små och medelstora företag vidvärdeskapande. Medelstora företag tillämpar i högre omfattning relation och bidragsorienterad bootstrapping samt en effektiv bootstrapping strategi än små företag. Små företag tillämpar ägarfinansierad bootstrapping i högre grad.

Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att identifiera vilka bootstrappingsmetoder som svenska småföretag tillämpar samt hur dessa tillämpas. Dessutom ämnar studien att kartlägga vilka av de identifierade bootstrappingskategorierna som anses vara mest effektiva på att tillfredsställa behovet av kapital. Teoretiskt perspektiv: Den teoretiska referensramen utgörs av teorier om det finansiella gapet samt asymmetrisk informationsfördelning. Vidare behandlas entreprenörens preferensordning av kapital i Pecking Order Theory samt teorier om finansiell bootstrapping och dess olika metoder. Metod: Studien utgår från ett positivistiskt inslag och besitter en iterativ forskningsansats. Undersökningen utgörs av en surveyundersökning med semistrukturerade intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod. Urvalet i denna studie består utav ägare av små företag som uppfyller EU kommissionens krav på ett litet företag. Primärdata i undersökningen genereras av intervjuer genomförda på dessa småföretag. Empiri: Empirin består av en presentation av den data som samlades in från de tio personliga intervjuerna genomförda på tio ägare från olika verksamheter. Slutsats: Studien visar att de sex mest tillämpade bootstrappingsmetoderna är inte tagit ut någon lön, delat utrustning med andra företag, använt eget konto för att finansiera verksamheten, samarbetat med andra företag, använt leasad utrustning samt förhandlat bästa villkor med leverantörer. Vidare har det visat sig att relationsorienterade- samt ägarfinansierade bootstrappingsmetoder anses vara mest effektiva på att minska verksamhetens kapitalbehov. / Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify what financial bootstrapping methods small Swedish enterprises exercise and also how they exercise these methods. Furthermore, this study will seek to map which of the identified bootstrapping categories are the most effective at relieving the company’s need of capital.  Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework in this study compiles theories of The Financial Gap and asymmetrical information. Furthermore, it consists of theories about entrepreneurs and their preferences of capital in The Pecking Order Theory, as well as theories about Financial Bootstrapping and its different methods. Methodology: This thesis has a positivistic and an iterative approach. Furthermore,    this thesis consists of a survey research and applies semi-structured interviews as a method to generate data. The sample in this study consists of owners of small enterprises that meet the criteria for a small business according to the EU. The primary data used in this thesis has been generated through interviews with the selected business owners.  Result: The empirical findings in this thesis consist of a presentation of the data generated from the interviews with ten different business owners from various enterprises. Conclusion: The most frequently-used bootstrapping methods are: Withhold managers salary, share equipment with other businesses, use own credit cards to finance the enterprise, cooperate with other businesses, lease equipment and seek out best conditions with suppliers. Furthermore the findings in this thesis show that relationship-oriented and private owner-financed financial bootstrapping categories are the most effective at relieving the company’s need of capital.