Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / Commentators have recognized the religious interests of the American philosopher Borden Parker Bowne (1847-1910). His influence in the development of the theological climate of The Methodist Church has been considerable. However, no thoroughgoing attempt has been made to organize systematically his doctrinal work. His theology has been mediated through his students who presented a variety of solutions to the theological problems raised by Bowne. The intention of the writer is to discover and expound the main features of Bowne's Christian theology, to relate them to historic Christian doctrine under the classical categories of apologetics, dogmatics, and ethics, and to appraise the nature and significance of his theological contribution. [TRUNCATED]

Sampling of an emplaced creosote source installed below the water table at CFB Borden was conducted over a period of ten years, with over nine thousand samples taken from approximately 250 multilevel samplers. This extensive dataset was used in several attempts to model the multi-chemical plumes emanating from this emplaced source, and to further understand the chemical and biological processes affecting these plumes and their natural attenuation. An aerobic microcosm study of naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene and acenaphthene was conducted in order to determine the possibility of interactions between these three chemicals. All three chemicals degraded within the eight days of the study, and the degradation of naphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene was not affected by the presence of any of the three chemicals studied. Acenaphthene degraded more quickly when naphthalene was present in the microcosm. The programs Visual MODFLOW and RT3D were used to model the transport and degradation of naphthalene at CFB Borden. Both a first order rate reaction module and a multiple electron acceptor reaction module were used, and contaminant mass was introduced to the model through a fence of observed concentrations. Good results were found at early time with the multiple electron acceptor reaction package, however at late time the model did not match to observations. The program BIONAPL/3D was used in a similar attempt to model the transport and degradation of naphthalene. Naphthalene mass was introduced to the model through a fence of observed concentrations, and multiple electron acceptors were used to degrade this chemical. Results were good at early time, but at late time the model did not match observations. BIONAPL was then used to simulate the dissolution of the original source NAPL. Several chemicals of interest were examined: naphthalene, m-xylene, 1-methylnaphthalene and acenaphthene. Naphthalene and m-xylene dissolved from the source at rates similar to observations, however the dissolution of 1-methylnaphthalene and acenaphthene was not as well modeled. As with the Visual MODFLOW model, the BIONAPL model which best matched observations generally worked well at early times, but did not at late times. The models were not able to successfully simulate many processes that occur in the field, such as chemical and biological interactions and NAPL source dissolution. Mismatches between the models and observations are likely due to these reasons. It may be that we do not fully understand these processes, so we are unable to model them.

An emplaced source of coal tar creosote within the sandy Borden research aquifer has provided an opportunity to document the long term (5140 days) natural attenuation for this complex mixture. Plumes of dissolved chemicals were produced by the essentially horizontal groundwater flowing at about 9 cm/day. Eleven chemicals were extensively sampled seven times using a monitoring network of ~280 14-point multilevel samplers. A model of source dissolution using Raoult’s Law adequately predicted the dissolution of nine of eleven compounds analysed. Mass transformation has limited the extent of the plumes as groundwater flowed more than 500 m yet the plumes are no longer than 50 m. Phenol and xylenes were removed and naphthalene was attenuated from its maximum extent on day 1357. Some compound plumes reached an apparent steady state and the plumes of other compounds (dibenzofuran and phenanthrene) are expected to continue to expand due to an increasing mass flux and limited degradation potential. Biotransformation is the major process controlling natural attenuation at the site. The greatest organic mass loss is associated with the high solubility compounds. However, the majority of the mass loss for most compounds has occurred in the source zone. Oxygen is the main electron acceptor yet the amount of organics lost cannot be accounted for by aerobic mineralization or partial mineralization alone. After 10 years the source zone was treated with permanganate in situ to reduce the flux of contaminants into the dissolved plume and to permit natural attenuation to further reduce the plume extent. A sufficient mass of permanganate was injected to oxidize ~10% of the residual source. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that eight of ten of the study compounds were readily oxidized by permanganate. Once treated oxidized compounds displayed a reduced plume mass and mass discharge while they migrated through the monitoring network. Once beyond the monitoring network the mass discharge and plume mass of these compounds returned to pre-treatment trends. Non-reactive compounds displayed no significant decrease in mass discharge or plume mass. Overall the partial in situ chemical oxidation of the coal tar creosote source produced no long-term effect on the dissolved plumes emanating from the source.

Sampling of an emplaced creosote source installed below the water table at CFB Borden was conducted over a period of ten years, with over nine thousand samples taken from approximately 250 multilevel samplers. This extensive dataset was used in several attempts to model the multi-chemical plumes emanating from this emplaced source, and to further understand the chemical and biological processes affecting these plumes and their natural attenuation. An aerobic microcosm study of naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene and acenaphthene was conducted in order to determine the possibility of interactions between these three chemicals. All three chemicals degraded within the eight days of the study, and the degradation of naphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene was not affected by the presence of any of the three chemicals studied. Acenaphthene degraded more quickly when naphthalene was present in the microcosm. The programs Visual MODFLOW and RT3D were used to model the transport and degradation of naphthalene at CFB Borden. Both a first order rate reaction module and a multiple electron acceptor reaction module were used, and contaminant mass was introduced to the model through a fence of observed concentrations. Good results were found at early time with the multiple electron acceptor reaction package, however at late time the model did not match to observations. The program BIONAPL/3D was used in a similar attempt to model the transport and degradation of naphthalene. Naphthalene mass was introduced to the model through a fence of observed concentrations, and multiple electron acceptors were used to degrade this chemical. Results were good at early time, but at late time the model did not match observations. BIONAPL was then used to simulate the dissolution of the original source NAPL. Several chemicals of interest were examined: naphthalene, m-xylene, 1-methylnaphthalene and acenaphthene. Naphthalene and m-xylene dissolved from the source at rates similar to observations, however the dissolution of 1-methylnaphthalene and acenaphthene was not as well modeled. As with the Visual MODFLOW model, the BIONAPL model which best matched observations generally worked well at early times, but did not at late times. The models were not able to successfully simulate many processes that occur in the field, such as chemical and biological interactions and NAPL source dissolution. Mismatches between the models and observations are likely due to these reasons. It may be that we do not fully understand these processes, so we are unable to model them.

An emplaced source of coal tar creosote within the sandy Borden research aquifer has provided an opportunity to document the long term (5140 days) natural attenuation for this complex mixture. Plumes of dissolved chemicals were produced by the essentially horizontal groundwater flowing at about 9 cm/day. Eleven chemicals were extensively sampled seven times using a monitoring network of ~280 14-point multilevel samplers. A model of source dissolution using Raoult’s Law adequately predicted the dissolution of nine of eleven compounds analysed. Mass transformation has limited the extent of the plumes as groundwater flowed more than 500 m yet the plumes are no longer than 50 m. Phenol and xylenes were removed and naphthalene was attenuated from its maximum extent on day 1357. Some compound plumes reached an apparent steady state and the plumes of other compounds (dibenzofuran and phenanthrene) are expected to continue to expand due to an increasing mass flux and limited degradation potential. Biotransformation is the major process controlling natural attenuation at the site. The greatest organic mass loss is associated with the high solubility compounds. However, the majority of the mass loss for most compounds has occurred in the source zone. Oxygen is the main electron acceptor yet the amount of organics lost cannot be accounted for by aerobic mineralization or partial mineralization alone. After 10 years the source zone was treated with permanganate in situ to reduce the flux of contaminants into the dissolved plume and to permit natural attenuation to further reduce the plume extent. A sufficient mass of permanganate was injected to oxidize ~10% of the residual source. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that eight of ten of the study compounds were readily oxidized by permanganate. Once treated oxidized compounds displayed a reduced plume mass and mass discharge while they migrated through the monitoring network. Once beyond the monitoring network the mass discharge and plume mass of these compounds returned to pre-treatment trends. Non-reactive compounds displayed no significant decrease in mass discharge or plume mass. Overall the partial in situ chemical oxidation of the coal tar creosote source produced no long-term effect on the dissolved plumes emanating from the source.

This study aims to evaluate the ability of high-frequency (450 and 900 MHz) ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to monitor the effects of an ethanol release over an existing gasoline-contaminated zone. In September 2009, 184L of denatured ethanol mixture (E95) was released into an unconfined sand aquifer directly over gasoline residuals (E10) released the previous year. GPR profiling prior to the ethanol release indicated that the residual gasoline-contaminated zone was largely confined to its initial release point. The GPR profiling performed post ethanol release observed strong shallow reflection events which propagated laterally away from the trench over a one-month period, at which point the maximum extent was established. The effects of the ethanol were also observed with the 450MHz frequency, in the form of an apparent “velocity pull-up” of a stratigraphic reflector. After the initial expansion, reduction in reflection amplitude and increasing traveltimes within the trench, were observed until the onset of winter conditions and the development of frozen soil. Over the winter the presence of ethanol inhibited the freezing process of the pore water in the contaminated zone, thus resulting in a difference in the dielectric properties of the unfrozen verse frozen zone. The unfrozen zone was significantly greater than the spatial extent of the strong reflection events that were monitored through GPR prior to winter. The spatial extent and depth of the unfrozen zone imaged by the GPR profiling was confirmed by a physical impedance depth survey. After thaw, evidence of the ethanol or gasoline was absent until mid-summer, when the water table dropped to approximately 80cm. At this point strong reflection events were again observed throughout the contaminated zone.

Detailed study of strata associated with the glauconite-rich Floyds Knob Bed in the western Appalachian and eastern Illinois basins have corroborated previous interpretations that the unit is a widespread, largely synchronous marker horizon. However, in some areas there are multiple glauconite beds; in others a distinct bed is lacking, but the glauconite is dispersed throughout many beds, forming an interval rather than a distinct bed. In Kentucky and adjacent states, the Floyds Knob interval, in upper parts of the Lower-Middle Mississippian Borden-Grainger delta sequence and in lower parts of the Fort Payne carbonate sequence, was deposited at the end of loading-type relaxation during a flexural cycle in the Neoacadian (final) tectophase of the Acadian Orogeny. Tectonic influence, combined with a major late Osagean sea-level lowstand, created conditions that generated sediment starvation and shallower seas across widespread parts of the western Appalachian and eastern Illinois basins. In the absence of major sediment influx, glauconite was deposited uniformly across many major depositional settings, ranging from delta-platform to basinal environments. Especially important, however, is the newly reported occurrence of the Floyds Knob interval in basinal Fort Payne environments from south-central Kentucky, where it is represented by a thick, pelletal, glauconite-rich horizon that separates clastics at the base of the Fort. Payne Formation from carbonates at top. The study also provides the first-ever radiometric dating of the Floyds Knob glauconites, which suggests a late Osagean origin. These results support the existing biostratigraphic studies that point to a late Osagean origin for the Floyds Knob interval.

This study aims to evaluate the ability of high-frequency (450 and 900 MHz) ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to monitor the effects of an ethanol release over an existing gasoline-contaminated zone. In September 2009, 184L of denatured ethanol mixture (E95) was released into an unconfined sand aquifer directly over gasoline residuals (E10) released the previous year. GPR profiling prior to the ethanol release indicated that the residual gasoline-contaminated zone was largely confined to its initial release point. The GPR profiling performed post ethanol release observed strong shallow reflection events which propagated laterally away from the trench over a one-month period, at which point the maximum extent was established. The effects of the ethanol were also observed with the 450MHz frequency, in the form of an apparent “velocity pull-up” of a stratigraphic reflector. After the initial expansion, reduction in reflection amplitude and increasing traveltimes within the trench, were observed until the onset of winter conditions and the development of frozen soil. Over the winter the presence of ethanol inhibited the freezing process of the pore water in the contaminated zone, thus resulting in a difference in the dielectric properties of the unfrozen verse frozen zone. The unfrozen zone was significantly greater than the spatial extent of the strong reflection events that were monitored through GPR prior to winter. The spatial extent and depth of the unfrozen zone imaged by the GPR profiling was confirmed by a physical impedance depth survey. After thaw, evidence of the ethanol or gasoline was absent until mid-summer, when the water table dropped to approximately 80cm. At this point strong reflection events were again observed throughout the contaminated zone.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University. / The problem of this dissertation is to determine how Aristotle, Kant, and Bowne defined a category. This question is one which has neither been answered previously nor approached through an exhaustive analysis of relevant texts. The dissertation examines first Aristotle's Categories. This early document suggests that simple verbal expressions signifying substance, quantity, quality, relation, place, time, position, state, action, and affection are the categories. The doctrine implied may mean a classification of namable entities. It is argued, however, that at this stage "category" for Aristotle meant the ultimate type of predicate which is predicable of namable entities.[TRUNCATED]

Analysis of Borden's papers, including unpublished (to 1975), to discover logic used to formulate and test hypotheses. Available data and explanatory patterns shown. Work characterized as search for Northwest Coast chronology with three periods: Early. Evidence from stratigraphy, geology, historical linguistics, ethnographies, study of spatial distribution of similar artifacts. Middle. Application of 0-14 dating to test and correct earlier hypotheses. Recent. Sequences of hypotheses to explain complex, puzzling phenomena involving many basic sciences. Papers shown to be series of retroductions, moving from puzzling phenomina to hypotheses from which the phenomena would follow as a matter of course.