Th.--Sci.--Bordeaux 1, 1979. N°: 616.

Th.--Chim. de coordination--Toulouse 3, 1978. N°: 815.

There are two important omissions in the literature on bore polishing, firstly there is no evidence of the successful development of a reliable tribo test device to simulate bore polishing and secondly, the mechanism of bore polishing has not been fully defined. The aims of this study were: 1. To establish the principal characteristics of bore polishing In engines. 2. To produce bore polishing in the laboratory. 3. Differentiate between two reference oils in a laboratory tribo test. 4. To understand the mechanism of bore polishing. The principal characteristics of bore polishing have been identified by the examination of Tornado cylinder bores from an engine test. The graphite structure is visible on the surface which has a surface finish of less then 0.125 micro-m in C.L.A. value. The components used in these tests were a grey cast iron piston ring running on a grey cast iron cylinder bore typically used in commercial engines. A reciprocating tribo test was used to distinguish between the two reference oils. The result showed higher friction, wear and a smoother surface with the oil causing bore polishing compared to the other oil which did not produce bore polishing. Adding carbon, taken from the wall of a piston used in an engine test, to the lubricant in the laboratory tribo test produced a phenomenon resembling bore polishing. Comparisons have been made between the tribo test results and service engines and a good correlation has been obtained. Several analytical techniques have been used and the knowledge of bore polishing has been advanced. In particular, it is suggested that a combination of two processes, one mechanical and the other chemical, are associated with bore polishing. Four wear mechanisms were identified during this investigation; abrasion, delamination, corrosion and adhesion.

In recent years, extreme natural phenomena such as tsunamis or storm surges have affected populated coastal regions around many coastal regions around the world and with particular impact for countries bordering the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Such extreme events caused significant loss of life and extensive damage to coastal communities. Field surveys conducted from the 1992 Nicaragua Tsunami to the relatively recent 2011 Tohoku Japan Tsunami have recorded lots of evidence of scour around damaged buildings and bridge foundations. It is documented that scouring is one of the significant causes of coastal structural damages. In post-tsunami forensic engineering surveys of India and Thailand following the 2004 Great Sumatra Andaman tsunami, researchers were able to document local scour occurrences not only at buildings located close to shore, but also hundreds of meters inland. (Yeh and Li 2008, Nistor et al. 2012 and Li et al. 2012). The most damaging 2011 Tohoku Tsunami provided an outstanding opportunity to document (Chock et al., 2013) a variety of failure modes of infrastructure including coastal and onshore structures. This research program encompassed a comprehensive experimental and numerical investigation and analysis for the scour mechanism and vortex structures due to inland-propagating tsunami-like bores on a dry or flooded horizontal mobile bed, representing comprehensive tsunami-induced scour study. The primary objective of this thesis was to investigate the influence of different parameters on the bore propagation characteristics and how they affect the scouring process. To achieve this objective, a series of hydraulic bores consistent with the dam-break wave theory were generated. Extensive experiments were conducted to perform parametric analysis on both bore propagation and local scour (e.g., influence of structure size, bore height, bed initial condition, bed material size and second tsunami wave). The secondary objective involved development of a numerical model to simulate local scour and predict the threedimensional (3D) flow pattern around a structure induced by tsunami–like bore. The open source TelemacMascaret numerical model was used to determine flow characteristics adjacent to the structure and the associated bed evolution and resulting local scour. The 3D hydrodynamic Telemac model couples internally with the sediment transport module SISYPHE to solve bed evolution equations. The efficiency of the numerical model was assessed and compared quantitatively and qualitatively with the results of the physical experiments. The studies show a longer duration of a turbulent bore induced more scour depth compared to that generated by solitary or long waves. The short duration and very turbulent nature of the bores induced rapid scour. It was shown that the location of maximum scour depth and sediment deposition pattern downstream of the structure are well captured by the numerical model, however; magnitude of scour depth is underpredicted compared to that of the experimental work. It was found that the ASCE (2016) prescriptions on estimating scour underpredicts the maximum scour depth and thus, the use of the ASCE (2016) provisions, may lead to undesirable underestimations of maximum scour depth. The results of this study have contributed to the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 7 Chapter 6, which is the first standard written in mandatory language in the world, which specifically prescribes guidance for the design of tsunami resilient critical infrastructure using also a probabilistic framework for the determination of the extent of coastal inundation.

Les aciers fabriqués en métallurgie des poudres (MP) conventionnelle sont caractérisés par une proportion importante de porosités inhérentes au procédé de fabrication. Ces porosités constituent des défauts dans la microstructure et ont pour effet de limiter les propriétés mécaniques atteignables dans les aciers MP, en comparaison avec les matériaux corroyés. L'option la plus directe pour réduire l'incidence négative des porosités est de tout simplement réduire leur proportion, soit en augmentant la densité à crue ou en favorisant la densification lors du frittage. Concernant cette dernière approche, un système métallurgique en MP peut être conçu pour permettre la formation d'une phase liquide lors de l'étape de frittage. La phase liquide a pour effet d'activer des mécanismes de densification et de transport de matière supplémentaire dont la cinétique est plus rapide que les mécanismes se produisant à l'état solide. Dans les aciers MP, l'ajout d'une certaine proportion de bore permet de créer une phase liquide menant à une densification améliorée. Bien que le bore permette, à terme, d'atteindre des densités frittées supérieures à ce qu'il est possible d'obtenir lors du frittage à l'état solide, la solidification d'une phase liquide issue d'une réaction eutectique mène obligatoirement à la formation d'une structure eutectique contenant au moins un composé riche en bore. La présence de cette structure eutectique, reconnue pour conférer un comportement fragile aux aciers MP contenant du bore, constitue un élément limitant les possibilités et l'adoptabilité de ces matériaux. Cette situation ambivalente est problématique puisque la relation entre les propriétés mécaniques, la phase liquide solidifiée et la composition chimique n'est pas bien documentée. Cette thèse s'attaque à la question du frittage en phase liquide des aciers MP contenant du bore sous plusieurs aspects. L'utilisation d'un alliage-mère spécialement conçu pour promouvoir la formation d'une phase liquide est d'abord explorée. Il s'avère possible de produire des aciers MP au bore n'étant pas sujet aux impacts néfastes de la phase liquide solidifiée en contrôlant la teneur de plusieurs éléments chimiques autres que le bore, tels le carbone et le molybdène. Les travaux sont ensuite axés sur l'effet de la teneur en molybdène pré-allié sur l'initiation et sur les mécanismes du frittage en phase liquide, ainsi que sur la relation entre la microstructure formée lors de la solidification de la phase liquide et les propriétés mécaniques. Une analyse détaillée des microstructures en microscopie optique et électronique, ainsi que de la nature des phases composant la structure eutectique, a permis de révéler l'importance de promouvoir la formation de borures et non de borocarbures, en limitant la teneur en Mo pré-alliée. De plus, cette thèse explore une alternative à l'alliage-mère initialement étudié, soit le pré-alliage du bore. L'optimisation de la composition chimique d'aciers fabriqués à partir d'une poudre de fer pré-allié avec du bore a révélé que chaque élément d'alliage utilisé, et non seulement le molybdène, présentent une teneur seuil à ne pas dépasser pour ne pas impacter négativement les propriétés mécaniques. Finalement, ces travaux apportent de nouvelles connaissances sur les aciers MP au bore et sur leur frittage en phase liquide, et permettent d'établir des plages de teneur en éléments d'alliage permettant de profiter des effets bénéfiques de la présence d'une phase liquide sur la densification. / Steels produced by conventional powder metallurgy (PM) are characterized by a high proportion of porosities, inherent to the manufacturing process comprised of uniaxial compaction of metal powders and sintering. These porosities constitute defects in the microstructure and are limiting factors for the mechanical properties of PM steels, in comparison with wrought materials. The most direct option to reduce the negative impact of porosities is to simply reduce their proportion, either by increasing green density or by promoting densification during sintering. Regarding the latter approach, a metallurgical system in PM can be designed to promote the formation of a liquid phase during the sintering step, thus activating mechanisms of densification and mass transport having faster kinetics than mechanisms occurring in solid state. In PM steels, adding a certain proportion of boron can promote the formation of a liquid phase leading to improved densification. Although boron ultimately makes it possible to achieve sintered densities greater than what is possible in solid state sintering alone, the solidification of a liquid phase resulting from a eutectic reaction obviously leads to the formation of a eutectic structure containing at least one boron-rich compound. The presence of this eutectic structure, known to be the source of the brittle behavior associated with PM steels containing boron, constitutes an element limiting the possibilities and the adoptability of these materials. This ambivalent situation is problematic since the relationship between the mechanical properties, the solidified liquid phase and the chemical composition is not well documented. This thesis tackles the question of liquid phase sintering of MP steels containing boron from several angles. The use of a specially designed master-alloy to promote the formation of a liquid phase is first explored. It was found that it is possible to produce boron PM steels that are not subject to the adverse impacts of the solidified liquid phase by controlling the content of several chemical elements other than boron, such as carbon and molybdenum. This work then focused on the effect of pre-alloyed molybdenum content on the initiation and on the mechanisms active during liquid phase sintering. Moreover, the relationship between the microstructure formed during the solidification of the liquid phase and the properties mechanical were also studied. A detailed analysis of the microstructures by optical and electron microscopy, as well as the nature of the phases composing the eutectic structure, revealed the importance of promoting the formation of borides and not of borocarbides by limiting the content of pre-alloyed Mo. In addition, this thesis explores an alternative to the master-alloy initially studied, namely the use of an iron powder pre-alloyed with boron. Optimization of the chemical composition of steels made from an iron powder pre-alloyed with boron revealed that each alloying element used, and not just molybdenum, has a threshold content that should not be exceeded to avoid a negative impact on the mechanical properties. Finally, this work provides new knowledge on PM steels containing boron and their sintering in the presence of a liquid phase and safe concentration zones in alloying elements can be established to take advantage of the beneficial effects of the presence of a liquid phase on densification while avoiding fragilization.

La demande croissante de pièces fabriquées par l'impression par liants (IL) requiert le développement de nouvelles poudres métalliques qui sont spécifiquement adaptées pour ce procédé de fabrication additive. Le frittage de pièces fabriquées par IL est habituellement effectué à haute température pendant de périodes prolongées pour maximiser la densification. Ce projet de recherche se concentre sur l'optimisation de la composition chimique de l'AISI 4340, un acier qui peut facilement durcir, et de l'AISI D2, un acier à outil utilisé pour sa bonne résistance à l'usure, pour la création de grades d'acier spécifiques pour l'IL qui peuvent être frittés à des températures faibles dans des fours conventionnels, et ce sans limiter la densification. Des ajouts faibles de bore permettent la formation d'une phase liquide riche en bore, dans les aciers, à une température approximative de 1200 °C, ce qui permet d'augmenter significativement la cinétique de densification à travers le frittage en phase liquide permanente. L'effet de l'ajout de bore sur la densification et des propriétés de traction a été étudié pour ces deux aciers. Les résultats ont démontré qu'un ajout faible en bore peut effectivement augmenter la densification de l'AISI 4340 et de l'AISI D2 de manière marquante, et ce à des températures pas plus élevées que 1200 °C. Par la suite, les deux poudres ont été imprimées par impression par liants et les résultats entre les pièces fabriquées et les pièces imprimées ont été comparés. Une densification plus élevée a été obtenue pour les pièces imprimées, aux dépens des propriétés mécaniques et cet effet est probablement lié au temps de frittage. / The growing demand for parts manufactured by binder jetting (IL) requires the development of new metal powders that are specifically tailored for this additive manufacturing (AM) process. Furthermore, the sintering of IL parts is usually performed at high temperatures and for extended periods of time to maximize densification. This work focuses on the optimization of the chemical composition of AISI 4340, a highly hardenable steel, and of AISI D2, a tool steel used for wear resistance, to create specific steel grades for IL that can be sintered at lower temperatures in conventional belt furnaces without limiting densification. Small additions of boron lead to the formation of a boron-rich liquid phase in steels at approximately 1 200 °C, which significantly increases densification kinetics through permanent liquid phase sintering. The effect of boron content on densification and tensile properties was studied for both steel grades. The results showed that small additions of boron can indeed substantially improve densification of AISI 4340 and D2 at temperatures no higher than 1 200°C. Both powders were then printed by binder jetting and results between fabricated parts and printed parts were compared, where higher densification was obtained for printed parts, at the expense of lower mechanical properties probably linked to longer sintering times.

Les aciers fabriqués en métallurgie des poudres (MP) conventionnelle sont caractérisés par une proportion importante de porosités inhérentes au procédé de fabrication. Ces porosités constituent des défauts dans la microstructure et ont pour effet de limiter les propriétés mécaniques atteignables dans les aciers MP, en comparaison avec les matériaux corroyés. L'option la plus directe pour réduire l'incidence négative des porosités est de tout simplement réduire leur proportion, soit en augmentant la densité à crue ou en favorisant la densification lors du frittage. Concernant cette dernière approche, un système métallurgique en MP peut être conçu pour permettre la formation d'une phase liquide lors de l'étape de frittage. La phase liquide a pour effet d'activer des mécanismes de densification et de transport de matière supplémentaire dont la cinétique est plus rapide que les mécanismes se produisant à l'état solide. Dans les aciers MP, l'ajout d'une certaine proportion de bore permet de créer une phase liquide menant à une densification améliorée. Bien que le bore permette, à terme, d'atteindre des densités frittées supérieures à ce qu'il est possible d'obtenir lors du frittage à l'état solide, la solidification d'une phase liquide issue d'une réaction eutectique mène obligatoirement à la formation d'une structure eutectique contenant au moins un composé riche en bore. La présence de cette structure eutectique, reconnue pour conférer un comportement fragile aux aciers MP contenant du bore, constitue un élément limitant les possibilités et l'adoptabilité de ces matériaux. Cette situation ambivalente est problématique puisque la relation entre les propriétés mécaniques, la phase liquide solidifiée et la composition chimique n'est pas bien documentée. Cette thèse s'attaque à la question du frittage en phase liquide des aciers MP contenant du bore sous plusieurs aspects. L'utilisation d'un alliage-mère spécialement conçu pour promouvoir la formation d'une phase liquide est d'abord explorée. Il s'avère possible de produire des aciers MP au bore n'étant pas sujet aux impacts néfastes de la phase liquide solidifiée en contrôlant la teneur de plusieurs éléments chimiques autres que le bore, tels le carbone et le molybdène. Les travaux sont ensuite axés sur l'effet de la teneur en molybdène pré-allié sur l'initiation et sur les mécanismes du frittage en phase liquide, ainsi que sur la relation entre la microstructure formée lors de la solidification de la phase liquide et les propriétés mécaniques. Une analyse détaillée des microstructures en microscopie optique et électronique, ainsi que de la nature des phases composant la structure eutectique, a permis de révéler l'importance de promouvoir la formation de borures et non de borocarbures, en limitant la teneur en Mo pré-alliée. De plus, cette thèse explore une alternative à l'alliage-mère initialement étudié, soit le pré-alliage du bore. L'optimisation de la composition chimique d'aciers fabriqués à partir d'une poudre de fer pré-allié avec du bore a révélé que chaque élément d'alliage utilisé, et non seulement le molybdène, présentent une teneur seuil à ne pas dépasser pour ne pas impacter négativement les propriétés mécaniques. Finalement, ces travaux apportent de nouvelles connaissances sur les aciers MP au bore et sur leur frittage en phase liquide, et permettent d'établir des plages de teneur en éléments d'alliage permettant de profiter des effets bénéfiques de la présence d'une phase liquide sur la densification. / Steels produced by conventional powder metallurgy (PM) are characterized by a high proportion of porosities, inherent to the manufacturing process comprised of uniaxial compaction of metal powders and sintering. These porosities constitute defects in the microstructure and are limiting factors for the mechanical properties of PM steels, in comparison with wrought materials. The most direct option to reduce the negative impact of porosities is to simply reduce their proportion, either by increasing green density or by promoting densification during sintering. Regarding the latter approach, a metallurgical system in PM can be designed to promote the formation of a liquid phase during the sintering step, thus activating mechanisms of densification and mass transport having faster kinetics than mechanisms occurring in solid state. In PM steels, adding a certain proportion of boron can promote the formation of a liquid phase leading to improved densification. Although boron ultimately makes it possible to achieve sintered densities greater than what is possible in solid state sintering alone, the solidification of a liquid phase resulting from a eutectic reaction obviously leads to the formation of a eutectic structure containing at least one boron-rich compound. The presence of this eutectic structure, known to be the source of the brittle behavior associated with PM steels containing boron, constitutes an element limiting the possibilities and the adoptability of these materials. This ambivalent situation is problematic since the relationship between the mechanical properties, the solidified liquid phase and the chemical composition is not well documented. This thesis tackles the question of liquid phase sintering of MP steels containing boron from several angles. The use of a specially designed master-alloy to promote the formation of a liquid phase is first explored. It was found that it is possible to produce boron PM steels that are not subject to the adverse impacts of the solidified liquid phase by controlling the content of several chemical elements other than boron, such as carbon and molybdenum. This work then focused on the effect of pre-alloyed molybdenum content on the initiation and on the mechanisms active during liquid phase sintering. Moreover, the relationship between the microstructure formed during the solidification of the liquid phase and the properties mechanical were also studied. A detailed analysis of the microstructures by optical and electron microscopy, as well as the nature of the phases composing the eutectic structure, revealed the importance of promoting the formation of borides and not of borocarbides by limiting the content of pre-alloyed Mo. In addition, this thesis explores an alternative to the master-alloy initially studied, namely the use of an iron powder pre-alloyed with boron. Optimization of the chemical composition of steels made from an iron powder pre-alloyed with boron revealed that each alloying element used, and not just molybdenum, has a threshold content that should not be exceeded to avoid a negative impact on the mechanical properties. Finally, this work provides new knowledge on PM steels containing boron and their sintering in the presence of a liquid phase and safe concentration zones in alloying elements can be established to take advantage of the beneficial effects of the presence of a liquid phase on densification while avoiding fragilization.

No description available.

With the number of wind power units (WPUs) on the rise worldwide, it is inevitable that some of these would be exposed to natural disasters like tsunamis and it will become a necessity to consider their effects in the design process of WPUs. This study initially attempts to quantify the forces acting on an existing WPU due to a tsunami bore impact. Surge and bore heights of 2m, 5m and 10m are used to compute the forces using the commercially available full 3D Navier Stokes equation solver FLOW3D. The applicability of FLOW3D to solve these types of problems is examined by comparing results obtained from the numerical simulations to those determined by small scale laboratory experiments. The simulated tsunami forces on the WPU are input into a simplified numerical structural model of the WPU to determine its dynamic response. The tsunami force is also used to obtain base excitation which when applied on the WPU would be equivalent dynamically to the tsunami forces acting on it. This base excitation is useful to obtain the response of the WPU experimentally, the setup for which is available at University of California, San Diego's (UCSD) Large High Performance Outdoor Shake Table (LHPOST). The facility allows full scale experimental setup capable of subjecting a 65kW Nordtank wind turbine to random base excitations. A stress analysis of turbine tower cross section is performed in order to assess the structural integrity of the WPU. It has been determined that the WPU is unsafe for bore/surge heights above 5 m. It has also been postulated that the structural responses could be considerable in case of the taller multi megawatt wind power units of present day.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Chimie des matériaux : Lyon 1 : 2006. / Titre provenant de l'écran titre. 290 réf. bibliogr.