Borrelios är den vanligaste fästingburna infektionen på norra halvklotet, och orsakas av spiroketer tillhörande Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato-komplexet. Dessa bakterier kan spridas till flera organ och ge upphov till olika symptom i bland annat hud, nervsystem, leder och hjärta. Omkring 15 % utvecklar neurologiska symptom, så kallad neuroborrelios. Den bästa indikatorn på aktiv neuroborrelios är framförallt karakteristiska neurologiska symptom samt tecken på en inflammatorisk förändring i cerebrospinalvätskan (CSV) i kombination med lokalt producerade antikroppar mot Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. i CSV. Nuvarande metod för diagnostik av neuroborrelios är en immunokemisk metod, en ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) som bygger på en jämförelse av Borrelia-antikroppsnivåer i CSV och i serum genom beräkning av antikroppsindex (AI). Beräkning av AI kompenserar för en eventuell ospecifik överföring av antikroppar från serum, till följd av en skada på blod-hjärnbarriären. Det finns dock tecken på att den nuvarande analysmetoden har för låg sensitivitet med falskt negativa resultat, framförallt tidigt i infektionsförloppet. För diagnostik av andra former av borrelios än neuroborrelios används en typ av ELISA baserad på C6-peptid. C6-peptid ELISA visar god känslighet för detektion av B. burgdorferi s.l.-specifika antikroppar i serum. C6-antigenet utgör en starkt immunogen och konserverad region av bakteriens VlsE-ytprotein. Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka om detektion av antikroppar mot C6-peptid i CSV kan komplettera den nuvarande använda metoden och därmed förbättra den totala sensitiviteten för diagnostik av neuroborrelios. I studien analyserades 169 patientprover från unga personer, samt 18 oklara patientfall som tidigare bedömts negativa med den nuvarande metoden. Antikroppar mot C6-peptid detekterades hos åtta unga patienter samt två oklara patientfall. Av dessa hade åtminstone tre unga patienter sannolikt neuroborrelios. Resultat från den här studien tyder på att C6-peptid-ELISA på CSV-prover kan fungera som ett komplement till befintlig metod för diagnostik av neuroborrelios. En kombination av båda metoderna kan sannolikt ge en betydligt högre sensitivitet. Vid tolkning av resultat från C6-peptid-baserade analysmetoder på CSV ska hänsyn tas till eventuell ospecifik överföring av B. burgdorferi s.l.-specifika antikroppar genom blod-hjärnbarriären. / Lyme Borreliosis, caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato-complex, is the most common tick-borne infection in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. The bacteria can infect many different organs, this can give rise to a variety of symptoms in skin, the nervous system, joints and heart. Approximately 15 % of the infected individuals show neurological symptoms referred to as neuroborreliosis. An active neuroborreliosis is indicated by inflammatory changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and local synthesis of anti-Borrelia antibodies in CSF. The current method to diagnose neuroborreliosis is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which compares levels of anti-Borrelia antibodies in CSF and serum by calculating an antibody index (AI). Calculations of AI compensate for unspecific leakage of antibodies from serum to CSF following an injury of the blood-brain barrier. The drawback of the current method is a low sensitivity with a high rate of false negative results in samples collected early during an infection. Another type of ELISA, based on the use of a C6 peptide, has earlier shown good sensitivity for detection of B. burgdorferi s.l.-specific antibodies in serum. The C6 antigen corresponds to a highly immunogenic and conserved region of the bacterial surface protein VlsE. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a detection of antibodies against the C6 peptide in CSF could improve the total sensitivity for the diagnostics of neuroborreliosis. In the current study, 169 samples with negative AI from young patients and 18 samples from special cases were analyzed. Antibodies against the C6 peptide were found in 8 young patients and in 2 samples from special cases. Out of these, 3 young patients were stated positive for neuroborreliosis. Results of this study show that the C6 peptide ELISA on CSF samples could act as a complement to the current serological method for diagnosing neuroborreliosis. A combination of both methods could possibly increase the overall sensitivity. However, the blod-brain barrier injury issue is a problem in the analysis and interpretation of the results of the C6 peptide-based method on CSF should take into consideration a possible dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier. In conclusion, a combination of both the current method and the C6 peptide ELISA could give a markedly improved sensitivity in diagnostics of neuroborreliosis.

The proposed thesis contributes to the basic knowledge in tick (Ixodes ricinus) and tick-borne pathogens (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, tick-borne encephalitis virus) ecology in particular studying the spatial distribution, host associations and its causes and consequences in Central European habitats.

The tick Ixodes ricinus is one of the most important vectors of human pathogens like the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi and TBE virus. The effect of repeated infestations with pathogen-free I. ricinus nymphs and the effect of vaccination with ticks saliva of the tick I. ricinus on the transmision Borrelia burgdorferi and on the production of the cytokines were studied. The draining lymph nodes of C3H/HeN mice were examined for IL-2, IFN-? and IL-10 production by antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Spirochete load in skin, heart and bladder was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

La maladie de Lyme est la maladie à transmission vectorielle la plus répandue de l’hémisphère Nord. La peau est un organe clef dans cette maladie, car c’est à cet endroit qu’interagissent les cellules de l’hôte, le pathogène, le microbiote cutané et le vecteur. Nous avons développé un modèle murin d’infection disséminée de borréliose de Lyme, qui nous a permis de développer une méthode spécifique de détection de protéines de Borreliella dans le tissu cutané murin par SRM-MS, pouvant aboutir à une méthode de diagnostic chez l’homme. Dans un deuxième temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux relations entre le microbiote cutané, les cellules résidentes de la peau, kératinocytes et fibroblastes, avec Borreliella. Les sécrétomes de trois bactéries commensales, S. epidermidis, P. acnes et C. striatum possèdent un effet synergique sur l’expression de gènes inflammatoires par les kératinocytes et les fibroblastes. Les sécrétomes de P. acnes et de C. striatum se sont également montrés capables d’inhiber une partie de la réponse inflammatoire des kératinocytes, pouvant aider le pathogène lors de la transmission/dissémination précoce. / Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the Northern Hemisphere. Skin is a key organ in the disease, since it is the key interface where host cells, pathogen, skin microbiota and vector interact early during pathogen transmission. We developed a late lyme borreliosis model on mice. This model allowed us to develop a specific detection method of Borreliella proteins in the mouse skin by SRM-MS that might be used to develop a human diagnosis of disseminated Lyme disease. In a second part, we analysed the relationship between skin microbiota, resident skin cells (keratinocytes and fibroblasts), in the presence or absence of Borreliella. The secretome of three commensals bacteria, S. epidermidis, P. acnes and C. striatum was shown to have a synergistic activity with Borreliella in pro-inflammatory gene expressions by keratinocytes and fibroblasts. P. acnes and C. striatum secretomes were also able to inhibit partially the inflammatory response of keratinocytes that might help the transmission/dissemination of the pathogen.

Nous avons étudié le rôle de l'immunité innée de la peau lors de la transmission des Borrelia (agent infectieux de la borréliose de Lyme) par son vecteur, une tique dure du genre Ixodes. Nous avons montré que la salive de tique et la protéine salivaire Salp15 inhibent la réaction inflammatoire (production de chimiokines et de peptides antimicrobiens) des kératinocytes induite par Borrelia. Cet effet anti- « alarmine » de la salive de tique contribue probablement à créer un environnement cutané local favorable à la transmission de Borrelia. Nous avons montré que Borrelia induit également au niveau des fibroblastes cutanés la transcription de nombreux gènes proinflammatoires. Nous avons observé un effet toxique direct de la salive de tique sur les fibroblastes cutanés : cet effet dose-dépendant est de nature protéique mais non lié à la protéine Salp15. Ces résultats indiquent que les fibroblastes jouent un rôle important dans l’inflammation cutanée induite par Borrelia. / We studied the role of the skin innate immunity during the transmission of Borrelia (the infectious agent of Lyme borreliosis) by its vector, a hard tick belonging to the genus Ixodes. We showed that tick saliva and its protein Salp15 both inhibate Borrelia-induced inflammatory reaction of keratinocytes. The antialarmin effect of tick saliva ensure a favorable environment for Borrelia. We also showed that Borrelia induce a strong inflammatory response in dermal fibroblasts. We also demonstrate a dose-dependent lytic effect of tick salivary gland extracts on dermal fibroblasts and that this cytotoxic effect was of proteinaceous nature and not related to Salp15. These results indicate that dermal fibroblasts could be considered as central mediators in immune cell recruitment to the skin site of Borrelia invasion.

To increase capacity for monitoring and surveillance of tick-borne diseases, publicly available tick distribution and climate change datasets are required to create accurate predictive distribution models. It is difficult, however, to assess model accuracy and utility when using incomplete datasets.  The more recent development of comprehensive tick databases for Europe and availability of climate change scenarios from multiple IPCC Assessment Reports allows for improved modeling efforts. Multiple tick datasets were combined and three climate change projections were compared by predicting current and future distributions of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe using the MaxEnt species distribution model. Overall, much of Europe contains suitable habitat for the Ixodes ricinus tick, both now and under future climate change projections.  Contraction of habitable areas is predicted to occur at lower latitudes and altitudes, while expansion is predicted to occur at higher altitudes in mountainous regions and the higher latitudes, primarily in northern Scandinavia.

This diploma thesis is focused on the evaluation of six selected zoonoses with the occurrence in South Bohemia (campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, listeriosis, tick-borne meningoencephalitis, Lyme borreliosis, tularemia) between the years 2003-2013. Campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis were evaluated the most common zoonoses in the South Bohemian Region during the monitored period. Their common feature is the alimentary transmission. Between 2003 to 2008 salmonellosis recorded the highest number of reported cases, on the contrary, campylobacteriosis has reported the highest number of occurrences since 2008. District of Czech Budweis showed the highest incidence of both zoonoses during the monitored period (4,139 cases of salmonellosis and 4,924 cases of campylobacteriosis). Another but not less important zoonotic is tick-borne meningoencephalitis, which incidence had the highest number in South Bohemian Region of all the regions of Czech Republic. The second part of the thesis is based on questionnaire studies focused on awareness of zoonoses and the issue of resistance and overuse of antibiotics. In total 479 questionnaires were evaluated. The survey findings may be equally described as interesting and positive, since the respondents had considerable awareness of the issue of antibiotic resistance.