The following Master thesis "A Comparative Analysis of Anglicisms in German Standard Varieties" focuses on the matter of English lexical borrowing in German which is currently very topical and provokes mixed reactions both from laymen and linguists. First, the thesis introduces the fundamental knowledge of language change focusing on its internal and external causes. Furthermore, the three German standard varieties are characterised - German Standard German, Austrian German and Swiss German. The third chapter is devoted to the concrete influence of English lexical borrowings on German. Moreover, the empirical part presents a comparative analysis based on a collection of anglicisms from 100 newspaper articles from national online newspapers for each of the varieties. At the end of the analysis, current tendencies concerning the use of anglicisms and the particularities of the individual standard varieties are defined. To conclude with, the thesis deals with the critical reception of anglicisms in the public discourse and presents the matter from the point of view of sociolinguistics.

MASTERS FACULTY OF HUMANITIES SCHOOL OF LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE STUDIES STUDENT NO: 0111542N / The study deals with term creation in translation comparing isiXhosa and isiZulu in relation to paraphrasing, borrowing, compounding, semantic transfer and derivation as five major processes used by translators in African Languages to compensate for terminology gap. The study is conducted within the Descriptive Translation Studies approach and it deals with how translator’s strategies are influenced by norms. The extracted source text terms in this study are from the English Constitution as the source text whilst the isiXhosa and isiZulu terms are extracted from the isiXhosa and isiZulu Constitutions respectively. The study has indicated that out of the five selected processes, paraphrasing is the most frequently chosen strategy in African Languages. With regard to borrowing, it has been shown that not all types of borrowing (as discussed by Cluver 1989) are possible in these languages and that every borrowed term has to be modified according to phonological, morphological and orthographical rules of these two languages. The study is concluded by arguing that term creation processes in translation are universal features of translated texts in African languages and they are effective translation strategies in languages of limited diffusion. In addition, translated texts are sources/ depositories of terminology and consequently they can play a role in language development activities.

Essa dissertação estuda os efeitos de políticas de direcionamento de crédito sobre alocação de recursos na economia brasileira. Esse é um tópico particularmente importante para o Brasil, dado que a proporção do crédito que é direcionada no Brasil é próxima a 40%. As regras de direcionamento provavelmente geram distorções no preço de empréstimos, afetando assim o retorno marginal de fatores entre firmas e entre setores, consequentemente gerando misallocation de recursos. Fazendo uso de um modelo de agentes heterogêneos em tempo contínuo, se é capaz de estudar efeitos distributivos de tais políticas e explorar vantagens computacionais na solução do modelo. Calibra-se o modelo usando dados da economia brasileira e estatísticas de microdados de crédito que conectam informações sobre crédito e tamanho de firmas. Adicionalmente, verifica-se como tais políticas de direcionamento de crédito interagem com restrições ao crédito. / This paper looks at misallocation effects of earmarked credit in the Brazilian Economy. This is a very important topic in Brazil, where the proportion of credit earmarked for specific types of loans reach about 40% of total credit. The earmarking rules are likely to generate distortions in loan\'s prices, producing differences in marginal returns to inputs across firms and sectors, and therefore misallocation of resources. Using a heterogeneous agents in continuous time model, we are able to study distributional effects of such policies and explore some computational advantages to solve the model. Furthermore, we calibrate such model using Brazilian credit microdata statistics linking firm size and loans. Additionally, we will verify how these earmarked resources interact with credit constraints that are probably present in the Brazilian economy

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar empiricamente as implicações da diversificação corporativa, através do efeito de coinsurance, nas finanças e no investimento corporativo através de dois canais específicos: o custo da dívida externa bancária das empresas e a probabilidade de ocorrência de covenants com restrições à investimento. Para alcançar esse objetivo, estimou-se dois modelos que controlam a endogeneidade da decisão de diversificar através da utilização de variáveis instrumentais. Não foi possível, através dos dados utilizados no estudo, evidenciar que a diversificação corporativa impacta o custo do financiamento externo bancário das empresas. O estudo encontrou evidências, ainda que fracas, de que a diversificação corporativa reduz a probabilidade de ocorrência de covenants com restrições a gastos em investimento nos contratos de financiamento bancário. / The purpose of this study is to empirically verify the implications of corporate diversification, through coinsurance effect, in corporate finance and investment through two specific channels: the cost of bank borrowing and the likelihood of covenants with investment restrictions. To achieve this goal, this study estimated two models that control the endogeneity of the diversification decision by using an instrumental variables approach. The results do not show evidences that corporate diversification affects the cost of bank borrowing. In addition, the analysis suggests that corporate diversification reduces the likelihood of covenants with investment restrictions in bank borrowing contracts. Although the evidence is weak, it brings a new insight into how corporate diversification affects corporate results.

Globalization has had a well-documented impact on higher education (e.g. Giddens, 1990; Ginkle, 2003; Altbach and Knight, 2007). The attendant massive expansion of higher education both globally and at national level has brought with it increasing concerns regarding quality. One context within which such concerns are evident is that of Transnational Higher Education (TNHE). TNHE, also known as cross-border education, mainly refers to education that is provided to students residing in a country other than the one where the awarding institution is located (UNESCO/Council of Europe, 2001). TNHE takes various forms and serves multiple objectives but the multidimensional phenomenon can be described as an example of Policy Borrowing (Phillips and Ochs, 2003). Oman is a country whose modern educational system was established very recently (1970) and is still expanding rapidly. As elsewhere in the ‘developing world’, the Omani government has met the increasing demand for higher education in large part by encouraging private higher education provision. However, this has been associated with an increasing desire to build capacity and assure quality of provision. In response, the Omani Ministry of Higher Education turned to TNHE for solutions: private sector providers in Oman have been required to enter academic partnerships with internationally recognized universities. In this research, I investigate the rationales, approaches and perceptions of this process from a receiver country perspective and address the implications. Most published research on TNHE focuses on providers’ perspectives and activities, and the impact of TNHE has only been studied in a small number of generally sizeable countries. However, the Gulf States, especially Oman, have not received the same attention, mainly due to the fact that TNHE is a recent phenomenon in this part of the world. Research to date in Oman thus remains very limited (Ameen, Chapman and Al Barawani, 2010; Al Barawani, Ameen and Chapman, 2011). The main objective of the research at the centre of this Thesis was therefore to explore the expectations, experiences and conclusions of a sample of staff of three private sector universities in Oman regarding TNHE, within which their university was/is active. The topic is investigated in the context of national policy and institutional TNHE strategy. Data were generated through documentary analysis and qualitative interviews. In-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted in three stages: Stage one: desk research and pilot study to set the direction for the research (8 participants) Stage two: interviews carried out over multiple visits to the three private universities selected as the cases (29 participants) Stage three: interviews with policy- and decision-makers (6 participants), to help in the process of reviewing and contextualizing the data from Stage 2. Data analysis revealed variation from the existing literature on this topic when it comes to defining the concept of affiliation, which is central to the approach taken in Oman to TNHE, as well as inconsistency across the three case universities, highlighting the complex dynamic that exists, with hugely varied expectations, numerous rationales and motivations and varying experiences being reported. Findings also reveal that, as reported by the majority of interviewees, the key rationales for engagement with TNHE are building capacity and assuring quality, alongside other rationales such as generating revenue and increasing student recruitment, which form the main driving force on the part of receiver institutions. This is consistent with the overall national imperative of increasing the number of HE places available for Oman’s young people, although the focus on volume is seen by the informants in the institutions as falling short in terms of capacity building and the enhancement of quality. Many interviewees voiced concerns that foreign partners’ approaches do not necessarily contribute to capacity building and may remain limited in scope, impacting on the quality of teaching and learning in ways that are not necessarily positive. Indeed, concerns were reported that the original overarching educational rationales of improving quality and capacity building may have been displaced by a more instrumental emphasis, for example on income generation. Some informants were firmly in favour of developing indigenized systems and reducing reliance on foreign partners. This point is taken up in a concluding discussion of the implications of the findings for Omani universities currently dependent on Transnational Higher Education, and the implications of this dependency for the Omani higher education system as a whole.

Essa dissertação estuda os efeitos de políticas de direcionamento de crédito sobre alocação de recursos na economia brasileira. Esse é um tópico particularmente importante para o Brasil, dado que a proporção do crédito que é direcionada no Brasil é próxima a 40%. As regras de direcionamento provavelmente geram distorções no preço de empréstimos, afetando assim o retorno marginal de fatores entre firmas e entre setores, consequentemente gerando misallocation de recursos. Fazendo uso de um modelo de agentes heterogêneos em tempo contínuo, se é capaz de estudar efeitos distributivos de tais políticas e explorar vantagens computacionais na solução do modelo. Calibra-se o modelo usando dados da economia brasileira e estatísticas de microdados de crédito que conectam informações sobre crédito e tamanho de firmas. Adicionalmente, verifica-se como tais políticas de direcionamento de crédito interagem com restrições ao crédito. / This paper looks at misallocation effects of earmarked credit in the Brazilian Economy. This is a very important topic in Brazil, where the proportion of credit earmarked for specific types of loans reach about 40% of total credit. The earmarking rules are likely to generate distortions in loan\'s prices, producing differences in marginal returns to inputs across firms and sectors, and therefore misallocation of resources. Using a heterogeneous agents in continuous time model, we are able to study distributional effects of such policies and explore some computational advantages to solve the model. Furthermore, we calibrate such model using Brazilian credit microdata statistics linking firm size and loans. Additionally, we will verify how these earmarked resources interact with credit constraints that are probably present in the Brazilian economy

As the lending practices of the alternative financial services (AFS) industry harm many consumers and consumers' access and use of traditional credit are restricted, the use of AFS is a growing concern. The financial education of consumers determines their financial behavior, which may be inadequate to make effective financial decisions regarding high-cost borrowings. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine if and to what extent the sources of financial education is related to the use and frequency of use of AFSs among U.S. consumers. The theory of planned behavior and the transtheoretical model of change shaped the theoretical framework for this study. An explanatory correlational design was used to analyze archival data collected by the FINRA Investor Education Foundation for their 2015 National Financial Capability Study. Binary logistic and negative binomial regression analyses indicated that exposure to formal financial education did not contribute to reduced use and lower frequency of use of AFSs but, instead, contributed to the exact opposite. Only parental financial education was found to contribute to reduced use and lower frequency of use of AFSs. One-way ANOVA analyses indicated that all forms of financial education contributed to increased perceived financial knowledge. This study may lead to positive social change by informing policymakers about the necessary steps to remedy the problem of continuous AFS usage and serving as a foundation for future studies that should consider other factors beyond formal financial education that could influence the use and frequency of use of AFSs.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第23991号 / 人博第1043号 / 新制||人||245(附属図書館) / 2022||人博||1043(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤田 健一, 教授 小松 直樹, 教授 津江 広人, 教授 大江 洋平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

The thesis looks at the macroeconomic impact of foreign aid. It is specially concerned with aid's impact on the public sector of less developed countries < LDCs> . Since the overwhelming majority of aid is directed to the public sector of LDCs, one can only understand the broader macroeconomic impact of aid if one first understands its impact on this sector. To this end, the thesis econometrically estimates " fiscal response" models of aid. These models, in essence, attempt to shed light on public sector fiscal behaviour in the presence of aid inflows, being specially concerned with the way aid is used to finance various categories of expenditures. The underlaying concern is to extent to which aid is " fungible" -that is, whether it finances consumption expenditure and reductions in taxation revenue in LDCs. A number of alternative models are derived from a utility maximisation framework. These alternatives reflect different assumptions regarding the behaviour of LDC public sectors and relate to the endogeniety <as opposed to exogeniety> of aid, whether or not recurrent expenditure is financed from domestic borrowing and the determination of domestic borrowing. The original frameworks of earlier studies are extended in a number of ways, including the use of a public sector utility function which is fully consistent with expected maximising behaviour. Estimates of these models' parameters are obtained using both time-series and cross-section data, dating from the 1960s, for Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and the Philippines. Both structural and reduced-form equations are estimated. Results suggest that foreign aid <defined as all foreign inflows to the official sector> is indeed fungible, albeit at different levels. Moreover, the overall impact of aid <both loans and grants> on public sector investment, consumption, domestic borrowing and taxation varies between countries. Generally speaking, aid leads to increases in investment and consumption expenditure, but reduces taxation and domestic borrowing. Comparative analysis does, however, show that these results are highly sensitive to alternative behavioural assumptions and, therefore, model specification.

This survey study examines the type and frequency of books borrowed by students according to age, sex and reading ability. It seeks to redress the sparsity of information available on the types and style of books borrowed by children. This survey study is based on data gathered over 14 weeks at Wanniassa Hills Primary School. Weekly library borrowings were recorded for Years 2. 3/4 and 5/6. A sample of 90 children, 30 from each year level was selected and individual borrowings were coded for analysis according to the type of book borrowed. The SAS System was used to tabulate the data and conclusions were drawn from the results thus obtained. The survey study revealed that females borrow more books generally than males. A general pattern of book borrowing is evident. Females tend to progress more quickly man males through this pattern of borrowing. Males tend to prefer Non- Fiction books, progressing to Choose Your Own Adventure books and Fantasy Game books. Recommendations are based on these findings and other outcomes of the survey study. This survey study has implications for classroom practice, libraries, basic readers and further study.