Este trabalho visa, a partir de um estudo exploratÓrio de textos da área da Mineração, investigar a ocorrência de anglicismos termino lÓgicos e descrever a natureza interna, entorno lingüístico e textual que permitem sua existência e funcionamento. Com base nos pressupostos da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia e nos paradigmas da Terminologia Textual, postula-se que o termo estrangeiro deve ser analisado em sua inserção no contexto, uma vez que seu valor especializado é ativado pelas condições de uso. Buscou-se apoio nos mestres dos estudos de neologia, empréstimo e estrangeirismo para explicar o anglicismo terminológico como o empréstinlo inglês de uma palavra da linguagem de especialidade utilizada nos textos de Mineração escritos em português do Brasil. A pesquisa parte da observação de um corpus de artigos científicos em português brasileiro, coletados de periódicos da área da Mineração, divididos em subcorpus A e subcorpus B, ambos constituídos de textos de mesma temática e entorno comunicativo, porém com um nível de especialização diferenciado. Os anglicismos coletados apresentam-se basicamente como unidades lingüísticas de valor especializado sem qualquer alteração morfo-tonológica e/ou unidades que conservam a base original inglesa com o acréscimo de sufixos vernáculos. Com o aplicativo WordSmith Tools, geramos listas para o levantamento dos anglicismos comuns aos subcorpora e a extração de seus contextos, os quais forneceram dados, cuja análise permitiu-nos propor critérios possíveis para uma classificação dos anglicismos empregados na linguagem da Mineração. Procuranlos, por fim, estabelecer sua representatividade a partir do que foi possível observar de regular e específico de cada subcorpus. / By an exploratory stuely af texts from the Mining area, this work aims to investigate terminalogícal anglícisms and to describe the internal nature, linguistic and textual environment, which explain their existence and functianing. Basedon the presuppositions of the Communicative Theory of Terminology and Textual Terminology, it is put forth that the foreign term should be analyzed whilc insertcd into its eontext sinee the spccialized value is triggcred by usagc condítions. Also, the research is supportcd by studícs of neology, borrowings and foreignism, in order ta account for the terminological anglicísm as a specialized ward borrowcd from Eng!ish into Portuguese, employed in Brazilian tcxts on Mining. The rcflection stcms from the observation af a corpus of scientific papers written in Brazilian Portuguese collected from Mining Journals, divided into subcorpus A and subcorpus B. Each subcorpus comprises texts of similar thematics and communicative approach written ín a different level of specialization. The anglicisms usually occur as linguistic items of specialized value with no morpho-phonological change and/or lexical units that preserve the original base with the addition of vernacular suffixes. With the software WordSmith Tools, lists were produced to examine anglicisms that are common to each subcorpus. and to extract their contexts. Data collected from such contexts 13mvided ana!yzes to suggest eríteria for categorizing the anglieisms used in the Mining language. Finally, we try to establish the representativeness of aglicicms by observing regularity and specificity of each subcorpus.

The subject of the thesis is to appraise the situation of the extent and the way of use of English loanwords in Norwegian and Dutch. The issue is presented on the background of historical development of borrowing in these languages and also explained in the contemporary tendency of English words usage in non-English speaking countries. To document the official attitude of Norwegian and Dutch media to loanwords we add the results of survey among the particular editors. On the basis of loanwords principles in Norwegian and Dutch, presented in the theoretical part, we assess the English loanwords in particular articles published in Norwegian and Dutch Internet news journals. The attention is aimed to the general analysis of English loanwords in Norwegian and Dutch, to the analysis of the domains noticeably influenced by the loans and to the morphological and orthographical integration of loanwords in the monitored languages. The outcomes of each analysis for Norwegian and Dutch are compared and interpreted. Key words: English, borrowing, Dutch, journalistic style, loanwords, Norwegian

Orientador: Maria Helena de Moura Neves / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é a verificação do uso, e principalmente, uma análise de freqüência de anglicismos no português atual, com vista a investigar a existência ou não de processo de adaptação do elemento estrangeiro e verificar o andamento desse processo para resolução da grafia. Constitui corpus da pesquisa o Banco de Dados do Centro de Estudos Lexicográficos da Faculdade de Ciências e Letras da UNESP de Araraquara, que possui cerca de 200 milhões de ocorrências, em textos diversificados. A análise é feita por meio da observação das ocorrências encontradas no corpus, as quais são organizadas em uma tabela dividida em antes e depois de 1950, e os resultados são avaliados com base nas teorias disponíveis sobre os estrangeirismos (Boulanger, 1979; Deroy, 1956; Alves, 1996; Carvalho, 1989; Sandmann, 1989; entre outros). A efetuação da análise quantitativa dos anglicismos encontrados durante o processo de busca mostrou que a maior parte dos empréstimos ocorre apenas em sua grafia original, ou seja, não possui forma adaptada concorrente. Entre os anglicismos que possuem forma adaptada, verificou-se que o item adaptado foi mais utilizado que o original. Após averiguação da escolha dos falantes entre forma gráfica original e adaptada no corpus em que se baseou a pesquisa, passa-se finalmente, a uma tentativa de sistematização dos processos de adaptação ortográfica dos 114 anglicismos que apresentam acomodação na grafia. / Abstract: The goal of this dissertation is to verify the usage, and, mainly, to analyze the frequency of anglicisms in current Portuguese, aiming to investigate the existence of adaptation process of the foreign word and check the development of this process for the resolution of writing. The corpus of this research is the one availabel in the Lexicography Laboratory at "Faculdade de Ciências e Letras" - São Paulo State University - Araraquara (UNESP), that contains more than 200 millions of occurrences, in diversified kinds of texts. The analysis is made by observing he occurrences found in the corpus which are organized in a table divided in before and after 1950, and the results are evaluated basing on the available theory about foreign words (Boulanger, 1979; Deroy, 1956; Alves, 1996; Carvalho, 1989; Sandmann, 1989; and others). The accomplishment of the quantitative analysis of the anglicisms found during the search process showed that the majority of them occurs only in their original graphic form, that is, there ins't an adapter form for them. Among the anglicisms that have an adapted form, the conclusion is that the adapted item is more used than the original one. After the investigation of the speaker's choice between original and adapted graphic form on the corpus in which the research was based an attempt was finally made in order to systematize the processes of spelling adaptation of 114 anglicisms that present accommodation in writing form. / Mestre

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar empiricamente as implicações da diversificação corporativa, através do efeito de coinsurance, nas finanças e no investimento corporativo através de dois canais específicos: o custo da dívida externa bancária das empresas e a probabilidade de ocorrência de covenants com restrições à investimento. Para alcançar esse objetivo, estimou-se dois modelos que controlam a endogeneidade da decisão de diversificar através da utilização de variáveis instrumentais. Não foi possível, através dos dados utilizados no estudo, evidenciar que a diversificação corporativa impacta o custo do financiamento externo bancário das empresas. O estudo encontrou evidências, ainda que fracas, de que a diversificação corporativa reduz a probabilidade de ocorrência de covenants com restrições a gastos em investimento nos contratos de financiamento bancário. / The purpose of this study is to empirically verify the implications of corporate diversification, through coinsurance effect, in corporate finance and investment through two specific channels: the cost of bank borrowing and the likelihood of covenants with investment restrictions. To achieve this goal, this study estimated two models that control the endogeneity of the diversification decision by using an instrumental variables approach. The results do not show evidences that corporate diversification affects the cost of bank borrowing. In addition, the analysis suggests that corporate diversification reduces the likelihood of covenants with investment restrictions in bank borrowing contracts. Although the evidence is weak, it brings a new insight into how corporate diversification affects corporate results.

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In this paper I propose a two-step theoretical extension of the baseline model by Diamond and Rajan (2011) and examine the amplification mechanisms when collateralized funding shocks are endogenously affected by liquidity shocks. Based on high returns on illiquid assets that are potentially available conditional on future fire sales, liquid banks increase their cash holdings by limiting term lending - a speculative motive of liquidity hoarding directly aggravated by a cash reduction due to increased haircuts on collateralized borrowing. As a result, funding liquidity shrinks steadily and credit freezes are more likely. On the other hand, illiquid banks refuse to sell more illiquid assets than necessary to meet depositors' claims - a speculative motive of illiquidity seeking indirectly amplified as fire sale prices are endogenously depressed via increased collateral requirements. Illiquid banks are forced to sell more assets, the problem of insolvency becomes more severe and market freezes are thus even more likely. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Este trabalho visa, a partir de um estudo exploratÓrio de textos da área da Mineração, investigar a ocorrência de anglicismos termino lÓgicos e descrever a natureza interna, entorno lingüístico e textual que permitem sua existência e funcionamento. Com base nos pressupostos da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia e nos paradigmas da Terminologia Textual, postula-se que o termo estrangeiro deve ser analisado em sua inserção no contexto, uma vez que seu valor especializado é ativado pelas condições de uso. Buscou-se apoio nos mestres dos estudos de neologia, empréstimo e estrangeirismo para explicar o anglicismo terminológico como o empréstinlo inglês de uma palavra da linguagem de especialidade utilizada nos textos de Mineração escritos em português do Brasil. A pesquisa parte da observação de um corpus de artigos científicos em português brasileiro, coletados de periódicos da área da Mineração, divididos em subcorpus A e subcorpus B, ambos constituídos de textos de mesma temática e entorno comunicativo, porém com um nível de especialização diferenciado. Os anglicismos coletados apresentam-se basicamente como unidades lingüísticas de valor especializado sem qualquer alteração morfo-tonológica e/ou unidades que conservam a base original inglesa com o acréscimo de sufixos vernáculos. Com o aplicativo WordSmith Tools, geramos listas para o levantamento dos anglicismos comuns aos subcorpora e a extração de seus contextos, os quais forneceram dados, cuja análise permitiu-nos propor critérios possíveis para uma classificação dos anglicismos empregados na linguagem da Mineração. Procuranlos, por fim, estabelecer sua representatividade a partir do que foi possível observar de regular e específico de cada subcorpus. / By an exploratory stuely af texts from the Mining area, this work aims to investigate terminalogícal anglícisms and to describe the internal nature, linguistic and textual environment, which explain their existence and functianing. Basedon the presuppositions of the Communicative Theory of Terminology and Textual Terminology, it is put forth that the foreign term should be analyzed whilc insertcd into its eontext sinee the spccialized value is triggcred by usagc condítions. Also, the research is supportcd by studícs of neology, borrowings and foreignism, in order ta account for the terminological anglicísm as a specialized ward borrowcd from Eng!ish into Portuguese, employed in Brazilian tcxts on Mining. The rcflection stcms from the observation af a corpus of scientific papers written in Brazilian Portuguese collected from Mining Journals, divided into subcorpus A and subcorpus B. Each subcorpus comprises texts of similar thematics and communicative approach written ín a different level of specialization. The anglicisms usually occur as linguistic items of specialized value with no morpho-phonological change and/or lexical units that preserve the original base with the addition of vernacular suffixes. With the software WordSmith Tools, lists were produced to examine anglicisms that are common to each subcorpus. and to extract their contexts. Data collected from such contexts 13mvided ana!yzes to suggest eríteria for categorizing the anglieisms used in the Mining language. Finally, we try to establish the representativeness of aglicicms by observing regularity and specificity of each subcorpus.

Le présent travail se compose de cinq parties. Dans la première partie, nous parlons des aspects historico-linguistiques de l’Égypte, des dialectes de l’arabe égyptien et du contexte sociolinguistique en Égypte. Dans la deuxième partie, de la notion de l’emprunt, des motifs de l’emprunt, de la langue des jeunes et de l’évolution de l’emprunt. Dans la troisième partie, nous parlons des critères d’identification des emprunts existant en arabe égyptien, des cas particuliers. Dans la quatrième partie, nous donnons les résultats d’une enquête menée auprès d’Égyptiens. Dans la cinquième et dernière partie, nous parlons de l’intégration phonétique, phonologique et sémantique des emprunts et de leurs correspondances phonologiques, des cas problématiques de l’emprunt, des champs et des causes de la disparition de quelques-uns d’entre eux. Dans un premier temps, nous avons réfléchi sur l’emprunt d’une façon théorique en essayant de répondre aux questions suivantes: qu’est-ce qu’on emprunte ? Dans quel domaine ? Quel type de mots ? A qui ? Pourquoi ? Comment ? Dans quelles circonstances ? Dans un deuxième temps, nous cherchons à comprendre les mécanismes sémantiques et phonologiques des emprunts: d’une part, pour le volet sémantique, nous avons identifié les sources d’emprunts (25 langues) et nous avons procédé à une vérification minutieuse et aussi systématique que possible de tous les emprunts dans les dictionnaires spécialisés; environ 1825 emprunts ont été trouvés dans les échanges quotidiens (qui représentent la majorité des emprunts aux langues étrangères existant en arabe égyptien). D’autre part, pour le volet phonétique, nous avons fait une analyse de tous les phonèmes étrangers et de leurs correspondances en arabe égyptien. Nous avons noté l’évolution sémantique des emprunts (qui est toujours la règle) par rapport au terme de la langue originale, et étudié leur l’adaptation phonologique. De plus, nous avons noté certaines différences qu’il y a entre certains dialectes de l’égyptien, car un mot n’est pas emprunté sous une forme unique, il donne parfois lieu à plusieurs variantes, suivant les circonstances, le lieu, la période de l’emprunt. Nous avons consulté les travaux qui ont été faits dans le domaine, nous avons eu recours à des corpus journalistiques, télévisuels (notamment la radio et la télévision) et aux médias sociaux (facebook, Windows Live messenger, yahoo messenger, les forums en ligne) ainsi qu’internet. De plus, nous avons procédé à des enquêtes orales ponctuelles visant des propos très courants dans le milieu égyptien. Nous avons organisé plusieurs rencontres avec des enquêtés égyptiens dans ce but. / This study consists of five parts. In the first part, we talk about the historical and linguistic aspects of Egypt, Egyptian Arabic dialects and the sociolinguistic context in Egypt. In the second part, we consider the concept of borrowing, borrowing motivation, the language of the youth and the evolution of borrowing. In the third part, we talk about the identification criteria of existing borrowings in Egyptian Arabic and special cases of borrowing. In the fourth part, we give the results of a survey from Egyptians informants. In the fifth and final part, we talk about phonetic, phonological and semantic integration of the borrowed terms and their phonological correspondences, problematic cases of borrowing, fields and causes of disappearance of certain words. First, we study the loan in a theoretical way by trying to answer the following questions: what do we borrow? In which domain? What kind of words? From whom? Why? How? Under what circumstances? Second, we intend to understand the mechanism of semantic and phonological borrowings. On the one hand, semantically, we set out and identified the sources of borrowings (25 languages). Thereafter, we conduct a thorough and systematic verification of all borrowed words or expressions in specialized dictionaries. Approximately 1825 borrowed words or phrases were found in daily exchanges (which represent the majority of the loans from foreign languages existing in Egyptian Arabic). On the other hand, phonetically, we made an analysis of all foreign phonemes and their reflexes in Egyptian Arabic. Furthermore, we watched closely and in an orderly manner the use of these words. We also looked at their semantic evolution (which is always the rule) in comparison to the correspondent term in the original language and to their phonological adaptation. In addition, we looked for the differences that exist in some of the various Egyptian dialects. Because a word is not borrowed in a single form, it sometimes has several variants, according to the circumstances, the place, and the time of the loan or borrowing of the language derivative. To achieve this thesis, we consulted the works that are made in this field. We used journalistic corpora, traditional media (radio and television), social media (Facebook, Windows Live Messenger, Yahoo Messenger, as well as online forums) and Internet. In addition, we conducted oral surveys on some very common borrowing in the local environment because such studies are of interest only if they are based on field surveys. We organized several meetings with Egyptians for this purpose.

Ce travail porte sur la phonologie des emprunts français non-anglicisés, c’est-à-dire qui ne suivent pas toutes les règles de l’anglais et conservent des caractéristiques françaises. Dans la première partie, nous décrivons la méthodologie employée pour la sélection du corpus, ce qui nous amène à étudier la terminologie utilisée dans la linguistique de l’emprunt, et présentons la base de données qui servira à l’analyse de ces emprunts. Dans la seconde partie, nous supprimons de cette base de données initiale toutes les variantes anglicisées, ce qui donne lieu à de nombreuses discussions sur la phonologie de l’anglais. Enfin, la dernière partie présente l’analyse de la base de données finale, ne contenant que des variantes non-anglicisées. En partant de l’idée que ces emprunts imitent la prononciation française, nous montrons comment les phonèmes français sont adaptés en anglais, et de quelle manière les locuteurs anglophones signalent l’origine française d’un mot. / This study focuses on the phonology of non-anglicized French loanwords, i.e. those which do not follow all English rules and retain French characteristics. The first part describes the methodology used for the selection of the corpus, which brings about discussions on loanword terminology, and presents the database that will be used in the analysis of these loanwords. The second part is dedicated to the deletion of the anglicized variants remaining in the database, which brings about many discussions on English phonology. Finally, the last part presents the analysis of the final database, containing only non-anglicized variants. Starting with the idea that these loanwords imitate the French pronunciation, we show how French phonemes are adapted into English, and how English speakers indicate the French origin of a word.

We propose a model of a risky mortgage-lending market in which we take explicit account of heterogeneity in household borrowing conditions, by introducing two borrower types: one with a low loan-to-value (LTV) ratio, one with a high LTV ratio, calibrated to U.S. data. We use such framework to study a deleveraging shock, modeled as an increase in housing investment risk, that falls more strongly on, and produces a larger contraction in credit for high-LTV type borrowers, as in the data. We find that this deleveraging experience produces significant aggregate effects on output and consumption, and that the contractionary effects are orders of magnitudes higher in a model version that takes account of borrower heterogeneity, compared to a more standard model version with a representative borrower. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series