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Academic writing in U.S. higher education often involves textual borrowing, referred to as the integration and documentation of reading sources and carried out with summaries, quotes and paraphrases. Second language (L2) English students are likely to use sources inappropriately and consequentially are accused of plagiarism based on a moral judgment. A body of research on textual borrowing including this study has provided strong evidence that these students' inappropriate source use does not result from their intention to steal other's intellectual property and language, but from their cultural backgrounds or situated factors in their U.S. academic contexts. Few research studies, however, offer a thorough view of how both cultural backgrounds and situated factors are associated with L2 students' textual borrowing practices; much empirical attention has focused on a more limited examination of Chinese student populations. In this respect, this study explores the complex and dynamic nature of Korean graduate students' source use by investigating faculty expectations both in Korea and in their L2 academic setting and these students' perceptions and practices of textual borrowing. For these investigations, a qualitative research study was conducted, and multiple sources of data were analyzed: (a) interviews with two faculty informant groups and the student participants, (b) observations of the Master's meeting and group study meetings, (c) tutoring sessions at the Writing Center, and (d) written texts, including institutional and instructional documents, email messages, and multiple handouts, outlines, and essays. These sets of data were analyzed using two different methods: content analysis and text analysis. The findings of this qualitative research revealed that both cultural and situated factors were associated with the Korean students' understandings of and changes in textual borrowing practices. With regard to their initial understandings, the results showed that although the participants understood textual borrowing in terms of citation methods and writing skills, their practices were not aligned with their perceptions nor with faculty expectations. However, I noted that in the process of the research period, most of them were able to achieve the textual purposes by utilizing reading sources strategically and appropriately and thus fulfill the academic goals required in the situated context. Based on these findings, pedagogical implications are discussed. / CITE/Language Arts

Recent economic trends and wage stagnation are putting employees in challenging financial situations that may impact their contributions at work. This study draws on scarcity theory (Mullainathan & Shafir, 2013) to investigate how perceived financial scarcity and the experience of a scarcity mindset might impact early career professionals (i.e., graduate students) over a short period of time. A scarcity mindset is characterized by changes in people's thinking, such as increased attentional focus and neglect (i.e., tunneling), increased consideration of sacrifices (i.e., trade-off thinking), and increased cognitive load (i.e., the bandwidth tax; de Bruijn et al., 2021). These changes in cognition are associated with certain behaviors (i.e., borrowing and self-undermining) that create a self-perpetuating cycle of scarcity known as the scarcity trap. To test the model proposed by scarcity theory, the present study used a daily diary design and Multilevel Structural Equation modeling (MSEM). Doctoral students (N=93) reported perceived financial scarcity and changes in cognition and behavior via daily surveys. Across 19 days, participants reported 351 financial events, 211 of which were scarcity-inducing (i.e., shocks). The two most common shocks were related to food and housing, suggesting that the financial cost of meeting basic needs was enough to constitute a shock. When graduate students experienced a shock and an associated increase in their perceived early financial scarcity, they were more likely to make mistakes due to their cognitive resources being consumed by scarcity. Tunneling and trade-off thinking mediated the relation between perceived financial scarcity and financial borrowing. The bandwidth tax mediated the relation between perceived financial scarcity and self-undermining behavior. The existence of the scarcity trap was also partially supported by the reciprocal relationship between financial borrowing and future financial scarcity. These findings suggest that graduate students experiencing financial scarcity were more likely to borrow money and undermine themselves in their work (e.g. making mistakes). These behavioral changes may be attributed to the experience of a scarcity mindset through trade-off thinking, tunneling, and the bandwidth tax. In sum, this study offers support for scarcity theory as an explanatory mechanism for short-term changes in employee thinking and behavior that may perpetuate financial scarcity and its negative effects in the long run. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Ce mémoire de thèse se concentre sur le développement de réactions multicatalysées impliquant une activation iminium et un transfert d’hydrogène réversible rédox-neutre pour la synthèse de briques moléculaires complexes énantioenrichies à partir de composés 1,3-dicarbonylés et d’alcools allyliques.Une cascade réactionnelle combinant un complexe de fer et une pyrrolidine chirale a été développée pour la préparation d’alcools g-fonctionnalisés énantioenrichis par une approche impliquant économie d’étapes et d’atomes. L’efficacité de cette méthode impliquant une catalyse duale ainsi qu’une étape de rétro-Claisen a été démontré dans la synthèse de fragments clés de produits naturels. Cette méthodologie a ensuite été complétée par une étude mécanistique expérimentale aboutissant à une meilleure compréhension du mécanisme de cette transformation et conduisant également au développement d’une catalyse triple impliquant deux complexes métalliques et un organocatalyseur. Par la suite, une nouvelle approche pour la synthèse de lactones énantioenrichies de taille de cycles moyens a été mise au point. Cette stratégie de synthèse est basée sur une addition-1,4- organocatalysée énantiosélective de Michael, suivie d’une réduction chimiosélective qui engendre une fragmentation de Claisen.Enfin, grâce aux méthodologies développées au cours de cette thèse, la synthèse totale d’un produit naturel, la floribundane B, a été étudiée. / This manuscript is focus on the development of multicatalyzed reactions involving iminium activation and reversible neutral hydrogen transfer reaction for the synthesis of complexe enantioenriched building blocks from allyl alcohols and 1,3-dicarbonyls.An unprecedented cascade catalysis combining an iron catalyst and a pyrrolidine-base catalyst is developed for the preparation of g-fonctionalized enantioenriched alcohols in a formal redox-, atom- and step-economical approach. The efficiency of this method involving a dual catalysis and a retro-Claisen xas further demonstrated in the short synthesis of several key fragments of biologically active natural products or odorant molecule. This methodolgy was then incremented by a experimental mechanistic study allowing a better understanding of the mechanism of this transformation and leading to a new catalytic systeminvolving three different catalysts (iron complex, copper and organocatalyst). Then, we focused on the development of a new synthetic approach to enantioenriched medium-sized lactones. This methodology is based on a 1,4-Michael addition of cycloalkane-1,3-diones to a,b-insaturated aldehydes. Then, a key chemoselective reductively triggered Claisen fragmentation occurred to generate desired lactones in a rapid manner.Finally, thanks to our methodology developed during this thesis, the total synthesis of floribundane B was studied.

Cette étude traite du sujet des emprunts lexicaux dans le domaine de la finance islamique. Etant donné que ces emprunts sont employés dans un environnement nouveau totalement différent de celui dont ils sont issus, ils rencontrent une confrontation au système de la langue receveuse. C’est cette confrontation qui se manifeste à tous les niveaux linguistiques : graphique, morphologique, morphosyntaxique, morpholexical, sémantique, contextuel et syntaxique que nous nous proposons d’étudier dans notre recherche. Au niveau graphique, nous discutons et analysons la variance formelle que les emprunts de ce domaine ont reçue en français. Au niveau morphologique, nous abordons le sujet des sigles et leur formation dans le domaine de la finance islamique. Concernant la morphosyntaxe, nous nous intéressons à la problématique de la singularisation ou la pluralisation d’un emprunt et le choix du genre de cet emprunt. Au niveau morpholexical, c’est le problème de la dérivation de ces unités qui est analysé et observé dans le corpus. Au niveau contextuel, nous reprenons la question du transcodage et du double transcodage des emprunts que nous essayons de développer, en ajoutant à la littérature déjà existante un axe qui n’a pas été traité auparavant : la problématique de transcodage des emprunts composés. La syntaxe des emprunts, sera traitée dans cette étude à partir de deux points primordiaux. Le premier étant la combinaison lexicale des emprunts avec les lexies de la langue receveuse ; le deuxième concerne, quant à lui, le comportement sémantico-syntaxique des emprunts. / This study deals with the subject of lexical loan words in the Islamic finance field. Therefore, and because these words are used in a new and totally different environment, they encounter a confrontation with the recipient language system. Hence, the purpose of the present thesis is to study this confrontation at all linguistic levels; be it graphic, morphological, morpholexical, semantic, contextual and syntactic. On the graphic level, the analysis will focus on the formal variance that loan words of this domain received in French. On the morphological level, we address the subject of acronyms and their formation in the Islamic finance field. With regard to the morphosyntax, our interest lies not only on the singularization or the pluralization of the loan words but on the choice of the grammatical gender of these loan words as well. On the morpholexical level, an analysis of the problem resulting from the derivation of these units as observed in the corpus. On the contextual level, we address again the issue of transcoding and double-transcoding of loan words that we are trying to develop. A concept that will add to the existing literature an axis that has not been dealt with before: the case of transcoding compound loan words. To sum up, this study deals with the syntax of loan words from two points of view. Firstly, it focusses on the lexical combination of loan words with the lexis of the recipient language and secondly, it focusses on the semantic-syntactic behavior these loan words.

L’attribution du genre grammatical est une notion complexe qu’il est difficile d’expliquer de manière rationnelle en français car elle est, la plupart du temps, arbitraire. Cette thèse a pour but de théoriser le genre grammatical attribué aux substantifs issus de l’alternance codique et aux emprunts de l’anglais au français. L’alternance codique est un phénomène individuel alors que l’emprunt est un phénomène collectif. Ces deux phénomènes linguistiques sont donc généralement considérés comme différents. Ainsi, le second objectif de cette thèse est de démontrer l’existence d’un continuum entre l’alternance codique et l’emprunt. Dans un premier temps, les concepts clés sont présentés, définis et exemplifiés. Puis, les principales notions caractérisant l’alternance codique et l’emprunt sont détaillées. Ce second chapitre met donc naturellement ces deux phénomènes en opposition dans le but de pouvoir les analyser comme un continuum lorsque des hypothèses concernant le genre grammatical qu’ils se voient attribuer sont formulées. Le troisième chapitre est consacré aux études de cas, et plus précisément à l’analyse de quatre corpus différents. Ce dernier chapitre a donc pour but de confirmer les hypothèses émises dans les deux chapitres précédents et permet de les classer dans cinq catégories afin d’expliquer l’attribution du genre grammatical. Ces catégories sont les suivantes : la raison extralinguistique, la raison interlinguistique, la raison métalinguistique, la raison à la fois interlinguistique et métalinguistique, et la raison grammaticale. Les résultats concernant les pourcentages de substantifs féminins et masculins sont présentés sous forme de graphiques, ainsi que ceux concernant les pourcentages de raisons expliquant l’attribution du genre grammatical aux substantifs issus de l’alternance codique, aux emprunts facultatifs, et aux emprunts obligatoires. Ainsi, l’interprétation de ces résultats est plus claire, plus objective, et plus scientifique. En outre, l’existence d’un continuum alternance codique – emprunt est par conséquent démontrée au moyen de l’explication de l’attribution du genre grammatical, ce qui crée un lien entre l’alternance codique et l’emprunt facultatif, ainsi que par le biais du processus de lexicalisation menant à l’emprunt facultatif, dans lequel l’alternance codique est le point de départ. Le lien entre l’alternance codique et l’emprunt obligatoire n’apparaît, quant à lui, pas de manière évidente étant donné que ces deux phénomènes linguistiques ne partagent pas de caractéristiques communes. / Grammatical gender attribution is quite a difficult notion to logically explain in French, due to the fact that it is, most of the time, arbitrary. This PhD thesis aims to theorise the grammatical gender allocated to codeswitched and borrowed substantives from English to French. Codeswitching and borrowing being generally considered as two distinct linguistic phenomena, since the former is an individual phenomenon, while the latter is a collective phenomenon, the second objective of this thesis is to demonstrate the existence of a codeswitching – borrowing continuum. Throughout three chapters, key concepts are firstly presented to lay the foundation of the thesis. Then, the main notions characterising codeswitching and borrowing are detailed – which naturally opposes these two linguistic devices – in order to eventually analyse them as a continuum, when hypothesising grammatical gender attribution. The last chapter devoted to case studies, and more precisely to the analysis of four different corpora, confirms the hypotheses exposed in the two previous chapters, and enables to classify them into five categories to explain grammatical gender attribution. These categories represent extralinguistic, interlinguistic, metalinguistic, both interlinguistic and metalinguistic, and grammatical reasons. Results on the percentages of feminine and masculine substantives, as well as the reasons explaining the grammatical gender allocated to codeswitched substantives, optional borrowings, and compulsory borrowings are displayed through graphs so that their interpretation is clearer, more objective, and more scientific. Additionally, the existence of a codeswitching – borrowing continuum is therefore demonstrated through the explanation of grammatical gender attribution, linking codeswitching with optional borrowing, as well as through the process of lexicalisation, in which codeswitching is the starting point of the chain, leading to optional borrowing. As for compulsory borrowing, connecting it with codeswitching is not that obvious considering that they do not share common features compared with optional borrowing.

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This thesis, motivated by my reflections about the failings of monetary policy implementation as a cause of the sub-prime crisis, attempts to answer the following inquiries: (i) whether interest rates have played a major role in generating the house price fluctuations in the U.S., (ii) what are the effects of accommodative monetary policy on the economy given banks' excessive risk-taking, and (iii) whether an optimal monetary policy rule can be found for curbing credit-driven economic volatilities in the model economy with unconventional transmission channels operating. By using a decomposition technique and regression analysis, it can be shown that short-term interest rates exert the most potent influence on the evolution of the volatile components of housing prices. One possible explanation for this is that low policy rates for a prolonged period tend to encourage bankers to take on more risk in lending. This transmission channel, labelled as the risk-taking channel, accounts for the gap to some extent between the forecast and the actual impact of monetary policy on the housing market and the overall economy. A looser monetary policy stance can also shift the preference of economic agents toward housing as theoretically and empirically corroborated in the context of choice between durable and nondurable goods. This transmission route is termed the preference channel. If these two channels are operative in the economy, policy makers need to react aggressively to rapid credit growth in order to stabilize the paths of housing prices and output. These findings provide meaningful implications for monetary policy implementation. First of all, central bankers should strive to identify in a timely fashion newly emerging and state-dependent transmission channels of monetary policy, and accurately assess the impact of policy decisions transmitted through these channels. Secondly, the intervention of central banks in the credit or housing market by adjusting policy rates can be optimal, relative to inaction, in circumstances where banks' risk-taking and the preference for housing are overly exuberant.

Literature within the field of Comparative Education often cautions against the transfer of foreign policies from one context to another. Despite this warning, Ontario’s public education system is said to have been based on an eclectic mix of foreign examples: teacher training institutes replicating Prussian Seminaries, school financing and the role of the chief superintendent and board of education as in the states of Massachusetts and New York, and using the Irish curriculum. This study conceptualises the manner in which these foreign elements became part of the 1846 school law and the reaction of stakeholders in and outside of government. The period covered by this study, 1844 – 1876, corresponds to Egerton Ryerson’s time as Chief Superintendent of education in Ontario. Extensive archival research of incoming and outgoing correspondence from the department of education, district council meeting minutes, newspapers, and local superintendent, inspector and trustee reports revealed contrasting opinions. On the one hand, sources indicated favourable results: increased pupil attendance, number of facilities and money raised to fund schools. There is also evidence that many foreign educationalists not only requested resources from Ontario’s board but aspired to emulate features of the province’s reformed education system in their own nations. This study’s finding of a ‘reverse cross-national attraction’ is a new contribution to Canadian historical studies. However, many resented features of the school bill. Critics called the superintendent and board’s method of organisation ‘Prussian despotism’ in Canadian schools; others argued the injustice of property tax to fund free schools and the cost burden of importing Irish textbooks. An original conceptual framework has been produced to review the manner in which Ryerson defended the new bill and the internalisation of these foreign policies and practices. This framework may serve as an analytical device for those engaged in researching educational policy borrowing.

This thesis examines the relationships between popular contemporary musical styles and classic-era art music. Analysis of pop-rock songs, and their referential treatment in art rock, classical music, and society will be examined. Pop-rock musicians borrow from the masters of the past and from each other. Rock guitarists such as Eddie Van Halen employ a virtuosic technique suggestive of Liszt and Paganini. The group Rush borrowed freely from opera seria. Frank Zappa referenced contemporary musicians as well as classical techniques. Referential treatment in popular music and the recent advancements in technology, have challenged copyright law. How these treatments and technologies affect copyright legislators and musicians will be discussed.