The paper investigates net lending and net borrowing flows of the institutional sectors in Europe since the introduction of the Euro in 1999. Applying a simple statistical apparatus, this paper is novel in describing the sectoral behavior leading up to and during the crisis. We find that (1) many countries of the Northern group were characterized by low public deficits or even budget surpluses, current account surpluses and a private sector in a net lending position. In countries of the Southern periphery, in the Anglo-Saxon countries as well as in many Eastern European Economies private sector net borrowing coincided with a budget deficit and substantial current account deficits. (2) With the onset of the crisis private net lending soared in all countries while all governments incurred deficits, consistent with the notion of a balance sheet recession. (3) Private net lending is pro-cyclical, reinforcing the economic downturn, while public net lending is countercyclical in all countries. (4) Household net lending tends to lead the business cycle, while corporate net lending tends to lag it especially in the Northern group. (5) Prominent concepts asserting causal relationships in sectoral net lending, such as Ricardian equivalence and the twin deficit hypothesis are not supported by the data. (authors' abstract) / Series: Ecological Economic Papers

Neste estudo investigamos de que forma os alunos do Ensino Médio, participantes de um grupo de pré-iniciação científica, podem se apropriar das ferramentas necessárias à elaboração de artigos de divulgação científica. Nesse processo, tentamos visualizar como se deu a internalização dos conceitos e a absorção da linguagem científica e entender as possíveis aproximações com a educação científica, especificamente no aspecto da produção escrita de artigos. Para estudar esse processo, desenvolvemos uma seqüência de atividades para que pudessem construir o conhecimento e, ao mesmo tempo, transmiti-lo por meio da escrita de artigos. Também utilizamos questionários para conhecê-los melhor e exibimos um filme para que os estudantes pudessem entender os modos como a divulgação científica aparecia na mídia. Para responder à nossa questão, foram utilizados como dados potenciais os artigos escritos individualmente pelos estudantes no decorrer de um ano. A análise dos dados revelou um tímido domínio das ferramentas culturais, porém sem apropriação das mesmas, já que nossos alunos somente reproduziram o que lhes foi passado. / In this study we investigated how high school students, who participated to a group of scientific initiation program, might borrow some tools that are considered relevant to write science communication texts. In this process we tried to comprehend how internalization of concepts and scientific language happened and understand how the approximation to the scientific education was possible in relation to the writing of articles mainly. We developed a series of activities to study this process in a way that they might help to build the knowledge and transmit it simultaneously using articles written by them. Also, we used some questionnaires in order to know better our group and their colleagues opinions and we showed a movie to them in order to they could recognize the scientific communication on the media. In order to answer our research problem, written articles which were done by our group were used as potential data during the study. The data analysis revealed us a little domain of cultural tools and no borrowing to them. It probably happened due to our students reproduced the instructions received during the study only.

Differences in financial systems are often named as a prime candidate for the current state of global imbalances. This paper focuses on cross-country heterogeneity in access to international financial markets that derives from the presence of capital controls and argues that the process of capital liberalization over the past decades can explain a substantial fraction of US net external liabilities. We present a simple two-country model with an internationally traded bond, in which capital controls are reflected in the presence of borrowing and lending constraints on that bond. In a US versus the rest of the world (RoW) scenario, we perform experiments that are largely consistent with countrie' liberalization experiences. A reduction in the RoW's controls on capital outflows and/or a tightening in the RoW's borrowing constraint enables the US economy to better insure against consumption risk relative to the rest of the world, and therefore decreases its motives for precautionary asset holdings relative to the rest of the world. As a result of these asymmetric shifts in countries' barriers to capital mobility, the US runs a long run external deficit.

Le code-switch et les emprunts sont tous les deux des phénomènes linguistiques très courants parmi les communautés multilingues. Malgré le fait qu’il y ait eu beaucoup de recherche à propos de ces phénomènes, il existe deux aspects qui n’ont pas été explorés de manière satisfaisante. Premièrement, la distinction exacte entre le code-switch et l’emprunt, et, deuxièmement, le code-switch parmi les enfants. Plusieurs chercheurs proposent que la différence entre le code-switch et l’emprunt existe dans la phonologie : les emprunts d’une langue à une autre subissent des assimilations phonologiques selon la langue de cible. Si celle-ci est une distinction nécessaire des emprunts, cela ne veut pas dire qu’il est suffisant pour les distinguer du code-switch. Ceci amène plusieurs chercheurs à postuler que la différence cruciale entre le code-switch et l’emprunt est que ce premier est soumis à un ensemble de contraintes. Toutefois, la nature de ces contraintes varie beaucoup parmi les théories. Le code-switch dans les locuteurs bilingues jeunes est un outil idéal pour tester la validité des théories proposées : plusieurs chercheurs proposent qu’il existe un aspect développemental de ces contraintes, qui informe de manière importante sur la nature de l’acquisition du langage bilingue. La cible de ce travail est de répondre à deux questions cruciales. Tout d’abord, s’il existe bel et bien un aspect développemental des contraintes concernant le code-switch, et, deuxièmement, comment le code-switch des enfants peut informer sur l’usage de langues multiples, particulièrement concernant l’acquisition du langage bilingue. / Code-switching and borrowing are both highly common linguistic phenomena in multilingual communities. Whilst much research has been carried out on these phenomena, there are two aspects of them which have not been satisfactorily explored. Firstly, the exact distinction between code-switching and borrowing, and secondly, that of code-switching in children. Many researchers state that the difference between code-switching and borrowing lies in phonology: borrowings from another language assimilate to the phonology of the language in which they have been inserted. Whilst this may be a necessary distinction of borrowing, it may not be sufficient to distinguish it from code-switching. This has led to many researchers to propose that a key difference between code-switching and borrowing is that the former is subject to a set of constraints, though these differ greatly between theories. Code-switching behaviour of young bilingual children is ideal for testing the validity of these theories: many researchers argue that there is a developmental aspect to constraints acting upon children’s code-switching, which provides valuable insight into the nature of bilingual language acquisition. The aim of this thesis is therefore to answer two crucial questions. Firstly, if there does indeed exist a developmental aspect to constraints acting on children’s code-switching, and, secondly, what bilingual children’s code-switching can reveal about multiple language use, particularly with regards to bilingual language acquisition.

The diploma thesis deals with English loanwords that were integrated into French during the past 5 years and became a part of metalinguistic corpus. There are two aims, on one hand, we will analyze English loanwords that entered general language dictionary in the past 5 years. On the other hand, using sociolinguistic research, we will try to find how native speakers perceive given loanwords. The text is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part characterizes loanwords, describes individual types of loanwords, and discusses their general characteristics and codification. The practical part is dedicated to classification of loanwords codified in the given metalinguistic corpus and deals with their perception by native speakers. Key words: anglicisms, English loanwords, French, language borrowing, codification, metalinguistic corpus

The diploma thesis deals with English loanwords that were integrated into French during the past 5 years and became a part of metalinguistic corpus. There are two aims, on one hand, we will analyze English loanwords that entered general language dictionary in the past 5 years. On the other hand, using sociolinguistic research, we will try to find how native speakers perceive given loanwords. The text is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part characterizes loanwords, describes individual types of loanwords, and discusses their general characteristics and codification. The practical part is dedicated to classification of loanwords codified in the given metalinguistic corpus and deals with their perception by native speakers. Key words: anglicisms, English loanwords, French, language borrowing, codification, metalinguistic corpus

Taking the representative P2P lending platform Renrendai as an example, this paper focuses on the impact of borrower's region on the behavior of lenders and borrowers in the market. According to the Chinese six geographical regions the borrowers are from, this paper empirically analyzes the difference of success rate of borrowing and default rate in the six regions using the binary logistic regression model and further studies the reasons behind the regional difference. The result shows that the impact of regional difference is significant and the borrower from northern China are more likely to fund successfully, but the impact of regional difference on the default rate is insignificant, and the economic, financial and education development level in regions have a significant impact on the success rate of borrowing. This paper studies the regulatory differences of P2P platforms in various regions of China, the result shows that eastern China, central and southern China, and Beijing (in northern China) have paid more attention and importance to the regulation of P2P platforms. Keywords ： China; P2P lending; the success rate of borrowing; regional difference; regulation policy

Christopher Rouse (b. 1949), winner of the Pulitzer Prize for his Trombone Concerto (1993) and a Grammy award for his Concerto de Gaudi (1999), has come to the forefront as one of America's most prominent orchestral composers. Several of Rouse's works feature quotations of and strong allusions to other composers' works that are used both rhetorically and structurally. These borrowings range from a variety of different genres and styles of works, from Claudio Monteverdi's L'incoronazione di Poppea to Jay Ferguson's "Thunder Island." Due to the more accessible filtering and funneling methods of musical borrowings (proliferation of mass media), the weighty discourses attached to them, and their variety of functions (critiquing canons, engaging in an allusive tradition, etc.), quotation has become elevated to the most prominent of musical actors that trigger narrative listening strategies, which in turn have a stronger role in the formation of narratives about music as well as narratives of music. The primary aim of this study is to adapt and apply more recent methodological narrativity frameworks to selected instrumental compositions by Rouse containing quotations, suggesting that their manner of insertion, their method of disclosure, and their referential potential can benefit from being examined through various narrative lenses as well as reveal their participation in certain roles of narrative functions. For this study, I have chosen six instrumental works by Rouse for examination - the Violoncello Concerto, Symphony No. 1, Iscariot, String Quartet No. 2, Seeing, and Thunderstuck. On a more specific level, the aim of this study is to investigate the manner, meaning, and motive of the quoted material in a select group of Rouse's compositions through various narratological lenses. To accomplish this, I intend 1) to establish a context for understanding the musical borrowing procedures of Rouse; 2) to explore how works containing quotations can be examined through various narrativity frameworks; 3) to inspect the ways in which borrowings can enhance or clarify the structural design and stylistic musical features for which he is known; 4) to investigate the various meanings that are generated from his borrowings; 5) to consider the extent to which Rouse's musical borrowings comment on various discourses, and 6) to examine the psychological needs of certain narratives triggered by quotation and the various questions they pose. This study does not attempt to systematically unify the works of Rouse that contain borrowings under a kind of "grand theory" in narrativity or borrowing studies, but rather to examine each work individually, noting the particular roles that borrowings play in regards to narratives of and about music. Fundamentally, I claim that narrativizing about music is a foundational psychological and social impulse, aiding to serve our curiosities about music's otherness qualities. Using both narratives of and about music to frame analyses, I hope to make a small contribution to the growing methodological frameworks of narrativity by featuring works containing borrowings by one individual composer, suggesting that other comprehensive approaches in borrowing studies can used for future composers.

The aim of this study is to present how English borrowings (loanwords and phrases) are integrated into Swedish grammar and spelling rules. The hypothesis is that borrowings appearing in the unchanged form in Swedish occur much more frequently in internet forums than in press. The study is based on the analysis of a material consisting of around 70 English borrowings found in different entries from one of the largest Swedish online discussion forums, flashback.org. The whole corpus comprises of 661 randomly selected entries. Each of the 70 borrowings appears in every possible spelling variant and grammatical form. The statistics presenting the number of occurrences of a given borrowing come from 38 corpora available at Språkbanken. The material collected from online forums and from the newspapers and magazines, make it possible to compare the quantity of borrowings in these two types of media.  The study consists of a theoretical and a practical part. The former introduces the topic of borrowings while the latter is devoted to the analysis of the specific examples contained in the material.    The theoretical part begins with the presentation of the most popular classifications of borrowings appearing in the linguistic literature. Subsequently, there is a description of the three processes that each borrowed word must undergo before it appears in the recipient's language: the introduction, distribution, and establishment. At last is presented the way in which the grammatical type and the meaning of borrowings change when they enter the recipient's language.    The practical part focuses on the analysis of the examples. The borrowings are divided in nouns, adjectives, verbs and borrowed phrases. The study consists in a thorough investigation of all of the spelling variants and grammatical forms of individual words as well as in an observation of the number/frequency of their occurrence in both media. The study confirmed the hypothesis set out in the beginning, namely, that English borrowings that appear in Swedish in an unchanged form more frequently occur in the online discussion forums than in the press. It is also observed that nouns are the most numerous English borrowings encountered in Swedish, internet forums contain borrowings with a greater number of grammatical forms and spelling variants than the press and the phenomenon of borrowing complete English phrases occurs more often on the online forums than in the press.

This paper will analyse code-switching, borrowing, slang, and covert or overt prestige in online and television media. The days of OOH (Out Of Home) advertising are becoming obsolete and moving toward a digital age. South African press aims to create advertising inclusive of all creeds, genders, cultures, and classes, in which all walks of life interact in an ideal society and with humour specific to the locality. Thus, the paper will analyse the advertisers using these linguistic terms, such as code-switching, etc., to create these realities in these advertisements and how they are presented tactically.  The source material is twenty video advertisements ranging from the last fifteen years, 2007-2022. All videos are deconstructed and then examined when and where code-switching, borrowing, slang, and other more seldomly used tactics are found. The advertisements range from banks to fast food companies, which should allow the formality of the ad to have differences in how they approach specific target audiences and the general message they attempt to convey. The results show that all the videos contained two or more code switches, borrowings and slang words or phrases. This proved that their inclusion in the advertisement was not by chance but rather calculated and intentional. They were strategically placed to either add comedy or South Africanise the advertisement to create inclusion. Many adverts used stereotypical language that proved that the adverts were explicitly South Africans as they would only have the exclusivity of understanding it.  This supports that this strategy could be the best way for advertisers to create better engagements for future advertising.