No description available.

This study examines attitudes towards anglicisms in Russian expressed in print media articles. Accelerated linguistic borrowing from English, a particularly visible aspect of the momentous language changes after the breakdown of the Soviet Union, has engendered a range of reactions. Print media articles spanning two decades and several central outlets are analysed to show how arguments for or against use of anglicisms are constructed, what language ideologies these arguments serve, and whether mediated language attitudes changed during the post-Soviet era. A summary of the history of Russian linguistic borrowing and language attitudes from the Middle Ages to the present day shows that periods of national consolidation provoked demands for the restriction of borrowing. Then, a survey of theories on language ideologies demonstrates that they function through the construction of commonsense argumentation in metadiscourse (talk about talk). This argumentation draws on accepted common knowledge in the Russian linguistic culture. Using critical discourse analytic tools, namely analysis of metaphor scenarios and of argumentation, I examine argumentative strategies in the mediated language debates. Particularly, the critical analysis reveals what strategies render dominant standpoints on anglicisms self-evident and logical to the audience. The results show that the media reaction to anglicisms dramatises language change in discourses of threat, justified by assumed commonsense rational knowledge. Whilst there are few reactions in the 1990s, debates on language intensified in the 2000s after Putin’s policies of state reinforcement came into effect, peaking around times of official language policy measures. Anglicisms and their users are subordinated, cast out as the Other, not belonging to the in-group of sensible speakers. This threat is defused via ridicule and claiming of the moral high ground. This commonsense argumentation ultimately supports notions of Russian as a static, sacred component of Russian nation building, and of speakers as passive. Close textual analysis shows that even articles claiming to support language change and the use of anglicisms use argumentation strategies of negativisation. Overall, a consensus on the character and role of the Russian language exists between all perspectives, emphasising the importance of rules and assigning speakers a passive role throughout.

Cette thèse se situe dans le cadre de la recherche sur les emprunts en général et les anglicismes en particulier. A l’aide d’un corpus constitué d’extraits d’un magazine économique et commercial, a été analysé le processus d’intégration discursive des anglicismes en allemand. Nous avons dégagé deux phases d’intégration. Il existe tout d’abord une phase néologique d’intégration des anglicismes, phase durant laquelle le scripteur prend conscience de l’altérité du vocable utilisé, ce qu’il marque de différentes façons. Cette phase peut se prolonger lorsque les anglicismes sont techniques : l’altérité du code est doublée par l’altérité de la référence, et leur caractère anglo-saxon importe alors peu. Nous avons analysé et établi une typologie de ces marqueurs d’altérité. Dans un second temps, nous partons de la constatation selon laquelle, une fois l’intégration discursive achevée, l’anglicisme va mener sa vie sémantique propre en allemand, ce qui a systématiquement des conséquences plus ou moins importantes sur le lexique endogène. / This thesis is part of research on linguistic borrowing in general and anglicisms in particular. Using a corpus of extracts from an economic magazine, we analyzed the integration of anglicisms into German language. We identified two phases of integration. First, there is a neological integration phase, during which the writer is aware of the foreign character of the term used: therefore, he marks it in different ways. This phase can be longer for technical terms: in this case the foreign character of the code is reinforced by the foreign character of the reference, therefore the English origin of the word is not that important. We analyzed these neology marks in speech and built a typology of them. Secondly, we started from the observation that once the integration in speech is completed, anglicisms will lead their own semantic life in German language, which can have more or less impact on German vocabulary.

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No description available.

A presente dissertação objetiva analisar o fenômeno conhecido como empréstimo linguístico. Para tanto, adotei como referencial teórico a Teoria da Variação em Terminologia, proposta por Faulstich (1999). Foi analisado um léxico especializado, mais precisamente o do Comércio Exterior. O corpus, composto de 37 termos descritores e 195 ocorrências, foi formado por termos extraídos de um site governamental (http://www.receita.fazenda.gov.br/Legislacao/LegisAssunto/ComExt.htm). Os resultados da análise mostraram que o tipo de empréstimo mais produtivo encontrado no corpus é o híbrido, seguido do empréstimo que, depois de adaptado, se recompõe e gera uma Unidade Terminológica Complexa (UTC), híbrida ou vernacular, e do empréstimo que mantém a forma tal qual no inglês. Também tiveram recorrência importante no corpus empréstimos que geram um decalque no Português do Brasil (PB) e, a título de reforço, mantêm o termo em inglês, como um aposto explicativo. Em menor número, estão: a) os empréstimos que mantêm a forma de origem, mas apresentam evidências de registro de que ainda são estrangeiros; b) os empréstimos que mantêm a forma do inglês e geram uma forma adaptada às convenções ortográficas do PB; c) os empréstimos que mantêm a forma tal qual no inglês e geram uma forma adaptada às regras morfofonêmicas do PB; e d) empréstimos que abandonam a forma de origem em favor de um decalque no PB. De forma geral, esta pesquisa visou a contribuir para o desenvolvimento dos estudos socioterminológicos e fornecer auxílio prático aos operadores do léxico do Comércio Exterior com base na análise dos empréstimos linguísticos oriundos da língua inglesa e de seu estatuto variante. / This thesis presents an analysis of linguistic borrowing. Applying the theory of variation in terminology proposed by Faulstich (1999), it focuses on a specialized lexicon in foreign trade. The corpus consisted of 37 lexical items, with 195 occurrences, sourced from a Brazilian governmental site (http://www.receita.fazenda.gov.br/Legislacao/LegisAssunto/ComExt.htm). The analytical results showed that the most common form of loanword in the corpus was hybrid, followed by loanwords that undergo adaptation and then are restructured to form a hybrid or vernacular Complex Terminological Unit. An important number of occurrences also involved calques into Brazilian Portuguese (BP) with the original English following in parentheses as way of explanation. Other, less frequent variations included: a) loanwords consisting of the original English along with an indication that they are still foreign words; b) loanwords that maintain the original English while producing a form adapted to the conventions of BP orthography; c) loanwords that maintain the original English while producing a form adapted to the morphophonemic rules of BP; and d) loanwords that wholly replace the original English with a BP calque. Based on an analysis of linguistic borrowings from English and their variations, this research is intended both as a contribution towards the development of socioterminological studies and as a practical aid for users of the foreign trade lexicon.

La Lycie antique, aire de polyglossie située sur la côte sud-occidentale de l’Asie Mineure, fut un lieu de contact entre le lycien et le grec. La langue lycienne, qui appartient au groupe anatolien des langues indo-européennes, est attestée dans deux cents inscriptions environ et sur des monnaies datant du Ve et du IVe siècle avant J.-C. À partir du IIIe siècle, en effet, le grec s’est imposé dans la région, à l’écrit du moins, au détriment de la langue locale. L’onomastique indigène a cependant persisté en Lycie jusqu’aux premiers siècles de notre ère, comme en témoigne le nombre important d’anthroponymes lyciens que l’on trouve dans les inscriptions grecques des époques hellénistique et romaine. Cette thèse étudie donc le contact entre le lycien et le grec à partir des emprunts onomastiques réciproques, avec quatre objectifs principaux. Le premier est de collecter tous les anthroponymes indigènes de Lycie dans les sources lyciennes et grecques, afin d’en offrir un répertoire complet. Nous offrons ensuite une description phonologique et phonétique du lycien à partir des équivalences onomastiques identifiées, en traitant également de problèmes spécifiques comme celui des consonnes géminées. Il s’agit, troisièmement, d’examiner les différentes formations à l’œuvre dans l’anthroponymie lycienne — noms à un radical, à deux radicaux, raccourcis de composés, Satznamen ou encore noms inanalysables — et les lexèmes employés. Nous étudions, enfin, les processus morphologiques de l’emprunt de noms étrangers en lycien, mais aussi et surtout en grec, où plusieurs suffixes sont utilisés. / Ancient Lycia, a polyglossian area located on the south-western coast of Asia Minor, was a place of contact, especially between Lycian and Greek. The Lycian language, which belongs to the Anatolian group of Indo-European languages, is documented in about two hundred inscriptions and on coins dating from the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. From the 3rd century onwards, Greek became predominant in the region, at least in writing, to the detriment of the local language. However, indigenous names persisted in Lycia until the first centuries A.D., as evidenced by the large number of Lycian personal names found in Greek inscriptions from the Hellenistic and Roman periods. This dissertation therefore studies the contact between Lycian and Greek, drawing on reciprocal name borrowings, with four main objectives. The first one is to collect all the Lycian names from sources in Lycian and in Greek, in order to give a complete repertoire. We then offer a phonological and phonetic description of Lycian, based on the identified name equivalences, while also addressing specific problems such as that of geminated consonants. The third objective is to examine the different formations used in Lycian personal names — one stem names, two stem names, shortened compounds, Satznamen, or unanalysable names — and the lexemes used. Lastly, we study the morphological processes of the borrowing of foreign names in Lycian, but most of all in Greek, where several suffixes are used.

A presente dissertação objetiva analisar o fenômeno conhecido como empréstimo linguístico. Para tanto, adotei como referencial teórico a Teoria da Variação em Terminologia, proposta por Faulstich (1999). Foi analisado um léxico especializado, mais precisamente o do Comércio Exterior. O corpus, composto de 37 termos descritores e 195 ocorrências, foi formado por termos extraídos de um site governamental (http://www.receita.fazenda.gov.br/Legislacao/LegisAssunto/ComExt.htm). Os resultados da análise mostraram que o tipo de empréstimo mais produtivo encontrado no corpus é o híbrido, seguido do empréstimo que, depois de adaptado, se recompõe e gera uma Unidade Terminológica Complexa (UTC), híbrida ou vernacular, e do empréstimo que mantém a forma tal qual no inglês. Também tiveram recorrência importante no corpus empréstimos que geram um decalque no Português do Brasil (PB) e, a título de reforço, mantêm o termo em inglês, como um aposto explicativo. Em menor número, estão: a) os empréstimos que mantêm a forma de origem, mas apresentam evidências de registro de que ainda são estrangeiros; b) os empréstimos que mantêm a forma do inglês e geram uma forma adaptada às convenções ortográficas do PB; c) os empréstimos que mantêm a forma tal qual no inglês e geram uma forma adaptada às regras morfofonêmicas do PB; e d) empréstimos que abandonam a forma de origem em favor de um decalque no PB. De forma geral, esta pesquisa visou a contribuir para o desenvolvimento dos estudos socioterminológicos e fornecer auxílio prático aos operadores do léxico do Comércio Exterior com base na análise dos empréstimos linguísticos oriundos da língua inglesa e de seu estatuto variante. / This thesis presents an analysis of linguistic borrowing. Applying the theory of variation in terminology proposed by Faulstich (1999), it focuses on a specialized lexicon in foreign trade. The corpus consisted of 37 lexical items, with 195 occurrences, sourced from a Brazilian governmental site (http://www.receita.fazenda.gov.br/Legislacao/LegisAssunto/ComExt.htm). The analytical results showed that the most common form of loanword in the corpus was hybrid, followed by loanwords that undergo adaptation and then are restructured to form a hybrid or vernacular Complex Terminological Unit. An important number of occurrences also involved calques into Brazilian Portuguese (BP) with the original English following in parentheses as way of explanation. Other, less frequent variations included: a) loanwords consisting of the original English along with an indication that they are still foreign words; b) loanwords that maintain the original English while producing a form adapted to the conventions of BP orthography; c) loanwords that maintain the original English while producing a form adapted to the morphophonemic rules of BP; and d) loanwords that wholly replace the original English with a BP calque. Based on an analysis of linguistic borrowings from English and their variations, this research is intended both as a contribution towards the development of socioterminological studies and as a practical aid for users of the foreign trade lexicon.

A presente dissertação objetiva analisar o fenômeno conhecido como empréstimo linguístico. Para tanto, adotei como referencial teórico a Teoria da Variação em Terminologia, proposta por Faulstich (1999). Foi analisado um léxico especializado, mais precisamente o do Comércio Exterior. O corpus, composto de 37 termos descritores e 195 ocorrências, foi formado por termos extraídos de um site governamental (http://www.receita.fazenda.gov.br/Legislacao/LegisAssunto/ComExt.htm). Os resultados da análise mostraram que o tipo de empréstimo mais produtivo encontrado no corpus é o híbrido, seguido do empréstimo que, depois de adaptado, se recompõe e gera uma Unidade Terminológica Complexa (UTC), híbrida ou vernacular, e do empréstimo que mantém a forma tal qual no inglês. Também tiveram recorrência importante no corpus empréstimos que geram um decalque no Português do Brasil (PB) e, a título de reforço, mantêm o termo em inglês, como um aposto explicativo. Em menor número, estão: a) os empréstimos que mantêm a forma de origem, mas apresentam evidências de registro de que ainda são estrangeiros; b) os empréstimos que mantêm a forma do inglês e geram uma forma adaptada às convenções ortográficas do PB; c) os empréstimos que mantêm a forma tal qual no inglês e geram uma forma adaptada às regras morfofonêmicas do PB; e d) empréstimos que abandonam a forma de origem em favor de um decalque no PB. De forma geral, esta pesquisa visou a contribuir para o desenvolvimento dos estudos socioterminológicos e fornecer auxílio prático aos operadores do léxico do Comércio Exterior com base na análise dos empréstimos linguísticos oriundos da língua inglesa e de seu estatuto variante. / This thesis presents an analysis of linguistic borrowing. Applying the theory of variation in terminology proposed by Faulstich (1999), it focuses on a specialized lexicon in foreign trade. The corpus consisted of 37 lexical items, with 195 occurrences, sourced from a Brazilian governmental site (http://www.receita.fazenda.gov.br/Legislacao/LegisAssunto/ComExt.htm). The analytical results showed that the most common form of loanword in the corpus was hybrid, followed by loanwords that undergo adaptation and then are restructured to form a hybrid or vernacular Complex Terminological Unit. An important number of occurrences also involved calques into Brazilian Portuguese (BP) with the original English following in parentheses as way of explanation. Other, less frequent variations included: a) loanwords consisting of the original English along with an indication that they are still foreign words; b) loanwords that maintain the original English while producing a form adapted to the conventions of BP orthography; c) loanwords that maintain the original English while producing a form adapted to the morphophonemic rules of BP; and d) loanwords that wholly replace the original English with a BP calque. Based on an analysis of linguistic borrowings from English and their variations, this research is intended both as a contribution towards the development of socioterminological studies and as a practical aid for users of the foreign trade lexicon.

La langue azerbaïdjanaise, comme toutes les langues vivantes, n’échappe pas aux échanges linguistiques. L’azerbaïdjanais moderne fait également preuve de sa capacité de s’adapter aux changements sociaux, économiques, politiques, technologiques ou scientifiques. Pour pouvoir servir efficacement à la communication dans des contextes donnés et dénommer avec précision les nouvelles réalités, il crée mais aussi emprunte de nouvelles unités lexicales. L’emprunt des mots d’origine française dans le vocabulaire azerbaïdjanais est donc un processus actuel puisqu’il est toujours en cours et devient plus fréquent à l’heure de la globalisation. Cette thèse étudie le fond français dans le lexique azerbaïdjanais tout en insistant sur les possibles adaptations, assimilations ou modifications : sémantiques, grammaticales, graphiques, phonologiques. La moitié de ces mots qui s’installent dans la langue, l’enrichissent et deviennent simplement indispensables pour la parole, fait partie de la vie de tous les jours. C’est donc grâce à l’enquête réalisée auprès des locuteurs de la langue azerbaïdjanaise que nous pouvons voir les divers aspects de la circulation de ces mots voyageurs. / Azerbaijani language, like all living languages, does not escape the linguistic exchanges. The modern Azerbaijani also demonstrate its ability to adapt to social, economic, political, technological or scientific. To serve effectively in communicating in specific contexts and styling with precision the new realities, it creates but also borrows new lexical units. Borrowing the words of French origin in the Azerbaijani vocabulary is an ongoing process since it is still ongoing and is becoming more common in the age of globalization. This thesis explores the background in the French lexicon Azerbaijani while insisting on possible adaptations, modifications or assimilation : semantic, grammatical, graphic, phonological. Half of those words that settle in the language, enrich and simply become necessary for speech are part of everyday life. This is thanks to the survey of users of the Azerbaijani language we can see various aspects of the use of these words travelers.