[pt] A modelagem tridimensional (3D) de gradiente de pressões de poros geralmente é feita utilizando dados sísmicos e calibrada com dados de poços, não sendo comum na indústria de petróleo a geração de modelos 3D baseados exclusivamente em dados de poços. A utilização de dados de poços para modelos unidimensionais do gradiente de pressão de poros, contudo, é trivial. Neste trabalho são apresentadas modelagens 3D de pressão de poros pelo método de Eaton e pelo método de Bowers, exclusivamente a partir de dados de poços (14) de um campo brasileiro. A metodologia utilizada foi baseada no programa Drillowrks 3D, da Knowledge Systems, sendo considerado apenas o fenômeno da subcompactação como possível mecanismo gerador das sobrepressões. Embora os dados sísmicos sejam os mais usados na indústria de petróleo e gás para a modelagem 3D de pressão de poros, um estudo de caso apresentado neste trabalho mostra que o uso de dados de poços para a modelagem 3D de pressão de poros é satisfatório, atingindo-se erros inferiores a 1ppg para ambas as metodologias, em relação a medidas diretas de pressão de poros. / [en] Tridimensional (3D) modeling of pore pressure gradient is usually based on seismic data and calibrated with well data. Tridimensional models based exclusively in well data are not common in the oil industry. However, well data are regulary used to derive unidimensional models of the pore pressure gradient. The current work presents 3D models of pore pressure gradient using the Eaton method and Bowers method, derived from 14 wells data in a Brazilian field. The methodology used was based in the software Drillowrks 3D, from Knowledge Systems. The undercompaction mechanism was considered as the overpressure generator. Although the seismic data are the most commonly used in oil and gas industry for 3D pore pressure modeling, a case study presented herein shows that using wells data for 3D pore pressure modeling is satisfactory, with errors less than 1ppg in both methods in respect to direct measurements of pore pressure.

[pt] Nos últimos 45 anos foram publicados muitos artigos referentes à previsão da pressão de poros em folhelhos, como resultado da necessidade de otimizar o processo construtivo de poços de petróleo. Neste trabalho se apresenta um panorama dos métodos de previsão de pressão de poros existentes, com suas vantagens e desvantagens, com seus pontos fortes e suas críticas, com seus acertos e não acertos; procurando explicar os motivos das diferenças entre o previsto e o real. Em geral são descritos 12 métodos de previsão de pressão de poros, além do conceito do Centróide, 3 técnicas para detectar descarga de tensões efetivas numa formação rochosa, e uma descrição do uso da sísmica na previsão da pressão de poros. Foram aplicados os métodos de Eaton (1975) e Bowers (1995) com o objetivo de fazer uma discussão sobre as incertezas presentes nos parâmetros de cada modelo, complementado o estudo com uma análise de sensibilidade. Como resultado das incertezas existentes se aplicou uma análise probabilística baseada na simulação de Monte Carlo e usando o método de Eaton, com o objetivo de apresentar resultados dentro de intervalos de confiança e permitir planos de contingência durante o projeto de construção do poço. Finalmente são avaliados os resultados de uma análise 3D de previsão de pressão de poros utilizando o modelo de Eaton e o Trend de Bowers. Os cubos de dados foram obtidos por interpolação espacial ponderada partindo de registros de poços. Os resultados mostram que este tipo de análise pode ser usado com fins qualitativos, obtendo cubos de gradientes de pressão de poros aonde se observam as zonas de maior e menor risco. / [en] In the last 45 years were published many articles referring to shale pore pressure prediction, due to the necessity of optimizing the constructive process of petroleum wells. In this work shows up a view of the pore pressure prediction methods with its advantages and disadvantages, with its strong points and its critics, with its hits and failures, trying to explain the causes of the differences between the predicted values and the real ones. As result of the bibliographical revision, we obtained a historical of the pore pressure prediction, furthermore gathering the principal mechanisms of generation of pore pressures and mechanisms of lateral variation of the same. Also, were described 12 methods of pore pressure prediction, the Centroid concept, 3 techniques to detect unloading of effective tensions in a rock formation, and a description of the use of the seismic in the pore pressure prediction. The Eaton (1975) and the Bowers (1995) methods were applied with the objective to discuss the uncertainties in the parameters of each model, this was complemented with sensibility analysis. As result of the existent uncertainties, we applied a probabilistic analyze, based on the Monte Carlo simulation and using the Eaton´s method, with the aim to present results within confidence intervals and to allow contingency plans during the well construction project. Finally, the results of a 3D pore pressure prediction using the Eaton model and the Bowers Trend, were assessed. The data cubes were obtained by weighted space interpolation using well logs at the same basin. We concluded that the results from this type of analysis can be used such as qualitative purposes, obtaining pore pressure gradients cubes, where can be observed bigger and lesser risk zones.

[pt] Nos projetos de engenharia de poço, o conhecimento das pressões é fundamental para o planejamento do poço e otimização do processo construtivo. Em geral, as estimativas de pressão de poros são feitas baseadas em análises unidimensionais de poços de correlação e dependem da experiência do analista responsável. Tais estimativas não contemplam todos os dados de uma região e muitas vezes dados não são bem aproveitados. Neste trabalho, é apresentada uma metodologia para estimativa de pressão de poros tridimensional, onde as propriedades dos poços da mesma região foram extrapoladas para toda área através da ferramenta geoestatística. A partir desta extrapolação, foi possível obter-se perfis sintéticos em qualquer locação dentro da região delimitada com maior confiabilidade, enriquecer a compreensão global da região modelada e finalmente construir um cubo tridimensional de pressão de poros utilizando os modelos de Eaton e Bowers, baseando-se no critério que a região apresenta a mesma tendência de compactação. / [en] The knowledge of pore pressures of rocks is critical to several aspects of petroleum the well design and planning. Usually, in the petroleum industry, estimations are based on 1D analyses of the analogues wells and depend on the professional experience. Moreover, estimations do not consider the whole base data of the field. In this dissertation, is presented a methodology for 3D pore pressure estimation, where well data is calculated for the whole area applying a geostatistical tool to build the 3D properties model. From that, it was possible to make more credible synthetics well logs at any location, enrich the whole area comprehension, and also, to build the pore pressure cube based on Eaton and Bowers pore pressure estimations models.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Texas, Dec., 2009. / Title from title page display. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Anthropology. / Includes bibliographical references.

During the past two decades, one of the positive developments in academia has been the emergence of a sizable literature pertaining to ecological education-the theory and practice of preparing children and adults alike for ecologically responsible citizenship. Gregory A. Smith, David W. Orr, and C. A. Bowers are three of the more prolific writers in the field. Smith critiques modern primary and secondary education and argues for, and paints a picture of, an alternative "green pedagogy" that seeks to inculcate in students strong community and ecological values. Orr focuses on the social and ethical problems associated with the environmental crisis and the changes that colleges and universities need to make in order to become propagators of, rather than impediments to, a widespread diffusion of ecological literacy. Bowers emphasizes the role that ecologically problematic modern cultural assumptions play in blinkering the ecological vision of most educational theorists and in preventing the flowering of an eco-justice pedagogy. Each writer seeks the transformation of both education and culture with a view toward realizing ecological sustainability, strong communities, social justice, and moral edification. They neglect or ignore some important subjects, including animal welfare ethics, politics, and corporate influence on governments.

Sexual assault in the military is a large concern for the Department of Defense. They recognize it as an important and complex problem that needs to be addressed. In recent years, efforts have been initiated in order to improve the handling of sexual assault cases and data retention. An entirely new program has been created in order to address these cases. Focusing on the occurrence of same-sex assaults heightens the sensitivity of matters. This is due to the precarious and only very recent acceptance of homosexuals in the military. In the past, service members, homosexual or otherwise, may have been concerned with having any connection to homosexual acts. This is because such acts could result in removal from the military. However, in 2011 the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” Repeal Act went into effect. This act allowed for the open service of homosexuals in the military. Around this same time period, reports from the Department of Defense indicated a rise in the number of sexual assault reports. This thesis analyzes the affect that policies from the Department of Defense and legislation such as the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” Repeal Act have on reports of same-sex sexual assault in the military. Through research, this thesis finds that the enactments of various policies have had a measurable impact on treatment of same-sex sexual assault reports in the military, though not necessarily in the way certain media reports might suggest. This thesis also examines the history concerning homosexual service in the military, in order to provide a picture of the national attitudes towards homosexual service in the military, and why certain groups may blame the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender for this rise in reports.