PINHEIRO , Heráclito Aragão. O fantasma no castelo do materialismo: uma história do inconsciente Freudiano. 2009. 91 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Psicologia) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by moises gomes (celtinha_malvado@hotmail.com) on 2012-01-17T12:22:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_HAPinheiro.PDF: 1002277 bytes, checksum: 98f8aa06827023a320f586b7fffbfdaf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-03-08T12:15:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_HAPinheiro.PDF: 1002277 bytes, checksum: 98f8aa06827023a320f586b7fffbfdaf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-03-08T12:15:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_HAPinheiro.PDF: 1002277 bytes, checksum: 98f8aa06827023a320f586b7fffbfdaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / This research has the goal of understanding the path of Freud in his elaboration of the notion of unconscious, to realize the ways by which he got to this crucial notion to the foundation of the psychoanalytical knowing. To reach this goal I decided to deal with the models and references of Freud. The principal results were that the models which had more weight in the development of his idea of unconscious were his clinical work with the hysterics, as well as his divergence with the conventional ideas about this affection, his contact with the hypnosis and the interlocution he established with Charcot, Breuer and Fliess. And the principal references were the agnosticism and the physicalism,in relation to what it concerns the form by which he finally distanced himself. / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo compreender o percurso de Freud em sua elaboração da noção de inconsciente, perceber de que maneira ele chega até essa noção crucial para a fundação do saber psicanalítico. Para alcançar esse objetivo decidi abordar os modelos e os referentes de Freud. Os principais achados com relação aos modelos que tiveram maior peso em sua elaboração do inconsciente foram sua clínica com as histéricas, bem como seu confronto com as idéias vigentes sobre essa afecção, seu contato com a hipnose e a interlocução que estabeleceu com Charcot, Breuer e Flies. E os principais referentes foram o agnosticismo e o fisicalismo, no que concerne à forma como ele findou se afastando deste.

This thesis describes a novel method to reversibly and safely block nerve conduction using a low frequency alternating current (LFAC) waveform at 1 Hz applied through a bipolar extrafascicular electrode. This work follows up on observations made on excised mammalian peripheral nerves and earthworm nerve cords. An<i> in-situ</i> electrophysiology setup was used to assess the LFAC<br>waveform on propagating action potentials (APs) within the cervical vagus nerve in anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 12). Two sets of bipolar cuff or hook electrodes were applied unilaterally to the cervical vagus nerve, which was crushed rostral to the electrodes to exclude reflex effects<br>on the animal. Pulse stimulation was applied to the rostral electrode, while the LFAC conditioning waveform was applied to the caudal electrode. The efferent volley, if unblocked, elicits acute bradycardia and hypotension. The degree of block of the vagal stimulation induced bradycardia<br>was used as a biomarker. Block was assessed by the ability to reduce the bradycardic drive by monitoring the heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) during LFAC alone, LFAC with vagal stimulation, and vagal stimulation alone. LFAC applied via a hook electrode (n = 7) achieved 86.6 +/- 11% block at current levels 95 +/- 38 uAp (current to peak). When applied via a cuff electrode (n = 5) 85.3 +/- 4.60% block was achieved using current levels of 110 +/- 65 uAp. Furthermore, LFAC was explored on larger vagal afferent fibers in larger human sized nerve bundles projecting to effects mediated by a reflex. The effectiveness of LFAC was assessed in an <i>in-situ</i> electrophysiological setup on the left cervical vagus in anaesthetized domestic swine (n = 5). Two bipolar cuff electrodes were applied unilaterally to the cervical vagus nerve, which was crushed caudal to the electrodes to eliminate cardiac effects. A tripolar extrafascicular cuff electrode was placed most rostral on the nerve for recording of propagating APs induced by<br>electrical stimulation and blocked via the LFAC waveform.<br>Standard pulse stimulation was applied to the left cervical vagus to induce the Hering-Breuer reflex. If unblocked, the activation of the Hering-Breuer reflex would cause breathing to slow down and potentially cease. Block was quantified by the ability to reduce the effect of the Hering-Breuer<br>reflex by monitoring the breathing rate during LFAC alone, LFAC and vagal stimulation, and vagal stimulation alone. LFAC achieved 87.2 +/- 8.8% (n = 5) block at current levels of 0.8 +/- 0.3 mAp. Compound nerve action potentials (CNAP) were monitored directly. They show changes<br>in nerve activity during LFAC, which manifests itself as the slowing and amplitude reduction of components of the CNAPs. Since the waveform is balanced, all forward reactions are reversed, leading to a blocking method that is similar in nature to DC block without the potential issues of<br>toxic byproduct production. These results suggest that LFAC can achieve a high degree of nerve block in both small and large nerve bundles, resulting in the change in behavior of a biomarker, <i>in-vivo </i>in the mammalian nervous system at low amplitudes of electrical stimulation that are within the water window of the electrode.<br>