Ce travail de thèse rapporte la production tout optique de condensats de Bose-Einstein de 39K. Une étape clé du processus expérimental est l’obtention d’un nuage suffisamment froid permettant le chargement direct d’un piège dipolaire de manière efficace. Notre solution est l’utilisation d’une mélasse fonctionnant dans le bleu de la raie D1 de cet alcalin conduisant à une densité dans l’espace des phases élevée et ainsi au chargement direct d’un grand nombre d’atomes dans un piège à 1550 nm. Le nuage est ensuite polarisé puis comprimé dans un piège dipolaire croisé avant d’entamer un refroidissement évaporatif efficace au voisinage d’une résonance de Feshbach. Ce processus permet la production rapide de condensats de Bose-Einstein toutes les 7 secondes sur notre expérience. Ces nuages dégénérés représentent le point de départ pour la conduite d’expériences visant à étudier les effets du désordre dans les gaz quantiques en dimensions réduites. Nous envisageons l’étude du diagramme de phase du gaz de Bose bidimensionnel désordonné, de la localisation d’Anderson en dimension deux ainsi que l’étude de l’influence du désordre sur un soliton brillant dans une géométrie unidimensionnelle. / This thesis presents the all optical production of 39K Bose-Einstein condensates. A key point in the process is the sub-Doppler cooling that allows for an efficient loading of an optical dipole trap. To this aim we use a gray molasses scheme working on the blue side of the D1 line of this alkali that leads to a high phase space density and a high number of trapped atoms in a 1550 nm optical trap. The cloud is then polarized and compressed in a crossed dipole trap before starting an efficient forced evaporation close to a Feshbach resonance. This process allows us to produce Bose-Einstein condensates every 7 seconds with our experiment. Those degenerate clouds represent the starting point of experiments aiming to study the influence of disorder on quantum gases in low dimensions. We discuss the perspectives to study of the phase diagram of the two-dimensional disordered Bose gas as well as the Anderson localization phenomenon in two dimensions and the behaviour of bright solitons in a disordered potential in a one-dimensional geometry.

Le potassium 39 est l'un des alcalins pour lesquels il est possible de contrôler les interactions entre atomes grâce à l'utilisation de résonances de Feshbach. Cette thèse présente un protocole rapide et performant de production de condensats de Bose-Einstein tout optiques de 39K. Notre technique s'appuie sur l'utilisation de mélasses grises permettant de refroidir suffisamment le nuage atomique pour charger directement un piège optique, ainsi que sur une phase d'évaporation optique réalisée au voisinage d'une résonance de Feshbach afin de contrôler le taux de collisions entre atomes. Des études dans divers mélanges de spins nous ont permis d'observer de nouvelles résonances de Feshbach en onde p ainsi qu'une résonance en onde d. Cette dernière, présentant des caractéristiques peu usuelles, a été étudiée plus en détails afin de comprendre les processus de collisions en jeu. Le modèle développé, faisant intervenir deux étapes de collision à deux corps, permet d'expliquer les résultats expérimentaux obtenus. Dans les gaz de Bose dégénérés de 39K produits, le contrôle des interactions au voisinage de la résonance de Feshbach à 560,7 Gauss pour les atomes de 39K dans l'état |F=1,mF=-1> nous a permis d'adresser différents problèmes physiques. Dans le cas d'interactions répulsives, nous étudions l'expansion d'un condensat de Bose-Einstein dans le crossover dimensionel 1D-3D tandis que pour des interactions attractives, nous formons des solitons brillants dans un piège optique unidimensionnel. Les perspectives d'étude de ces gaz de Bose dégénérés auto-confinés dans des milieux désordonnés sont également discutées. / Potassium 39 is an alkali allowing to control the interactions between atoms thanks to Feshbach resonances. This thesis presents a fast and efficient way to produce all-optical Bose-Einstein condensates of 39K. Our technique is first taking advantage of gray molasses cooling leading to a cold enough sample to directly load an optical trap. Then an optical evaporation is performed near a Feshbach resonance to control the collision rate. Studies in various spin mixtures have allowed us to observe new p-wave Feshbach resonances and a d-wave Feshbach resonance. The later presents unusual properties and has been studied in details to understand the collision processes involved. The model developped is a two stage model, each one of them involving a two body collision. It explains the experimental results obtained. In the produced 39K degenerate Bose gases, tuning interactions near the Feshbach resonance at 560,7 Gauss for the atoms in |F=1,mF=-1> has allowed us to adress different physical problems. For repulsive interactions, we study the expansion of a Bose-Einstein condensate in the 1D-3D dimensional crossover. For attractive interactions we produce bright solitons in a one-dimensional optical trap. Perspectives concerning the study of those degenerate self-confined Bose gases in disordered media are also discussed.

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數位影像，尤以數位影片和動畫為目前數位典藏授權模式之主流，惟我國數位典藏計畫執行至今，仍係在「典藏」文物，未達到「推廣」典藏文物之層次。於是，本研究參酌國外教育影音網站之推廣模式，如iTunes U和YouTube EDU等，探討如何利用免費分享的模式，達到有效宣傳影音內容之目的，進而創造出有利的經營模式。 本研究以個案訪談的方式，選擇頑石創意公司和格林文化公司作為探討之對象。研究發現，目前數位影像典藏產業中加值廠商的經營模式，已不再以數位動畫資源作為主要營利來源，改變既有之經營模式才是重點所在，改以數位動畫資源為互補性資源，透過經營模式之改造而使價值網上之參與者的轉變。 研究顯示，頑石創意公司未來之經營模式為舉辦數位文創巡迴展，從原本動畫製造商角色，轉變為文化創意產業發展的整合角色。相對地，格林文化公司則以Telly Bear電子閱讀器做為未來發展的經營模式，惟初期的成功仍會受到後來競爭者模仿、封閉式硬體和軟體等挑戰。 最後的結論與建議，本研究主要針對政府和產業加值廠商方面，自之前的研究論述之中發現的，思考現存的問題。 / This research aims to focus on digital video, because it will be the mainstream of the digital archive in the future. With respect to the lack of promotion of digital archives in Taiwan, this research will examine the promotion model from well-known educational video websites, for example iTunes U and YouTube EDU, and research how free-sharing model works and how to achieve the goal of promotion, and further create a profitable business model. This research will take Bright Ideas Design and Grimm Press as case study companies. The survey reveals that the business models for digital video archives in the industry have changed from digital video based to digital video as complementary asset for the business model. By transforming the business model, it can also transform the participants in the value net of the company. According to the above surveys, the new business model for Bright Ideas Design would be hosting a Digital Creative and Cultural Exhibition Tour, which instead of being an animation producer the company could become an integrator of the creative and cultural industry. In the final part of conclusion and suggestion, this research aims at government and the participants in the industry and provides solutions towards existing problems regarding previously found issues and referred cases.

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) on light element materials and soft matters is problematic due to electron irradiation damage and low contrast. In this doctoral thesis techniques were developed to address some of those issues and successfully characterize these materials at high resolution. These techniques were demonstrated on graphene flakes, DNA/magnetic beads and a number of water containing biomaterials. The details of these studies are given below. A TEM based method was presented for thickness characterization of graphene flakes. For the thickness characterization, the dynamical theory of electron diffraction is used to obtain an analytical expression for the intensity of the transmitted electron beam as a function of thickness. From JEMS simulations (experiments) the absorption constant λ in a low symmetry orientation was found to be ~ 208 nm (225 ± 9 nm). When compared to standard techniques for thickness determination of graphene/graphite, the method has the advantage of being relatively simple, fast and requiring only the acquisition of bright-field (BF) images. Using the proposed method, it is possible to measure the thickness change due to one monolayer of graphene if the flake has uniform thickness over a larger area. A real-space TEM study on magnetic bead-DNA coil interaction was conducted and a statistical analysis of the number of beads attached to the DNA-coils was performed. The average number of beads per DNA coil was calculated around 6 and slightly above 2 for samples with 40 nm and 130 nm beads, respectively. These results are in good agreement with magnetic measurements. In addition, the TEM analysis supported an earlier hypothesis that 40 nm beads are preferably attached interior of the DNA-coils while 130 nm beads closer to the exterior of the coils. A focused ion-beam in-situ lift-out technique for hydrated biological specimens was developed for cryo-TEM. The technique was demonstrated on frozen Aspergillus niger spores which were frozen with liquid nitrogen to preserve their cellular structures. A thin lamella was prepared, lifted out and welded to a TEM grid. Once the lamella was thinned to electron transparency, the grid was cryogenically transferred to the TEM using a cryo-transfer bath. The structure of the cells was revealed by BF imaging. Also, a series of energy filtered images was acquired and C, N and Mn elemental maps were produced. Furthermore, 3 Å lattice fringes of the underlying Al support were successfully resolved by high resolution imaging, confirming that the technique has the potential to extract structural information down to the atomic scale. The experimental protocol is ready now to be employed on a large variety of samples e.g. soft/hard matter interfaces.

The BRIght Target Explorer (BRITE) constellation is revolutionary in the sense that the same scientific objectives can be achieved smaller (cm3 versus m3 ) and lighter (< 10kg versus 1, 000kg). It is a space astronomy mission, observing the variations in the apparent brightness of stars. The work presented herein focuses on the assembly, integration and test of the instrument used on-board six nanosatellites that form the constellation. The instrument is composed of an optical telescope equipped with a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) imager and a dedicated computer. This thesis provides a particular in-depth look into the inner workings of CCD. Methods used to characterize the instrument CCD in terms of its bias level stability, gain factor determination, saturation, dark current and readout noise level evaluation are provided. These methodologies are not limited to CCDs and they provide the basis for anyone who wishes to characterize any type of imager for scientic applications.

The BRIght Target Explorer (BRITE) constellation is revolutionary in the sense that the same scientific objectives can be achieved smaller (cm3 versus m3 ) and lighter (< 10kg versus 1, 000kg). It is a space astronomy mission, observing the variations in the apparent brightness of stars. The work presented herein focuses on the assembly, integration and test of the instrument used on-board six nanosatellites that form the constellation. The instrument is composed of an optical telescope equipped with a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) imager and a dedicated computer. This thesis provides a particular in-depth look into the inner workings of CCD. Methods used to characterize the instrument CCD in terms of its bias level stability, gain factor determination, saturation, dark current and readout noise level evaluation are provided. These methodologies are not limited to CCDs and they provide the basis for anyone who wishes to characterize any type of imager for scientic applications.

La sécrétion de mélatonine chez des patients atteints du syndrome d’impatience musculaire de l’éveil (SIME) débute approximativement 2 heures avant l’aggravation des symptômes en soirée (Michaud et al., 2004). Le but de ce projet était de préciser le rôle de la mélatonine dans l’augmentation de la sévérité des symptômes en soirée. Huit sujets atteints de SIME primaire ont été étudiés dans trois conditions : contrôle, avec administration de mélatonine, avec exposition à la lumière vive. La sévérité des symptômes a été évaluée par l’administration de tests d’immobilisation suggérée (TIS). Les résultats ont démontré une augmentation significative des mouvements périodiques des jambes durant l’éveil (MPJE) lorsque de la mélatonine avait été administrée comparativement à la condition contrôle et celle où les sujets étaient exposés à la lumière vive. La lumière vive n’a pas eu d’effet significatif sur les symptômes moteurs comparativement à la condition contrôle mais elle a amélioré significativement les symptômes sensoriels comparativement à la condition contrôle. Ainsi, bien que la mélatonine exogène ait un effet aggravant sur les symptômes moteurs du SIME, l’augmentation de la sécrétion endogène au cours de la soirée ne saurait expliquer à elle seule les variations de la sévérité des symptômes du SIME. / A close temporal relationship was shown between the onset of melatonin secretion at night and the worsening of restless legs syndrome (RLS) symptoms, suggesting that melatonin may play a role in the genesis of this phenomenon. Thus, we studied the effects of the administration of exogenous melatonin and the suppression of endogenous melatonin secretion by bright light exposure on the severity of RLS symptoms. Eight RLS subjects were studied in three conditions: at baseline, after administration of melatonin and during bright light exposure. The severity of RLS symptoms was assessed by the Suggested Immobilization Test (SIT), which allows quantification of both sensory and motor manifestations (SIT-PLM – periodic leg movements) of RLS. Analyses showed a significant increase of SIT-PLM index when subjects received exogenous melatonin compared to both baseline and bright light conditions, but bright light exposure had no effect on leg movements compared to the baseline condition. Analyses also revealed a small but significant decrease in sensory symptoms with bright light exposure compared to baseline. Although that exogenous melatonin may have a detrimental effect on motor symptoms, the augmentation of endogenous secretion during the evening is insufficient to explain the variations of the severity of the RLS symptoms.

This thesis examines key concepts from philosophers Nishida Kitaro, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Fredriche Nietzsche and applies them to elements of Michael Chekhov’s practice of acting. The three philosophers, in different ways, suggest an ‘optimal’ state, beyond a dualistic separation of the fictive from the real and the visible from the invisible, that challenges seemingly unbridgeable dualisms between inner and outer, subject and object, being and becoming and experiencer and experienced. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze and understand these selected ‘optimal’ modes of consciousness in performance and, therefore, open up new ways of thinking about Michael Chekhov’s acting processes; in particular the ‘Psychological Gesture’. The thesis asks the following questions: 1. How can the application of selected philosophical paradigms to the Psychological Gesture through theory and practice further our understanding of Michael Chekhov’s work? 2. How do selected aspects of the fields of phenomenology, post-phenomenology, cognitive sciences, consciousness studies and philosophy of mind, aid in developing an articulation and understanding of an ‘optimal’ state of consciousness as a necessary aspect of the actor’s performance in Michael Chekhov’s work and theatre practice? 3. How can this project develop the way we are able to talk about Michael Chekhov’s work and wider acting processes?