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Agricultural GMOs in India: Dimensions of influence in the politics and policy of Bt cotton and Bt brinjalChopra, Taarini January 2012 (has links)
This thesis looks at the divergent policy decisions on the commercial release of two genetically modified (GM) crops in India. Bt cotton was introduced in India in 2002, and has spread widely across the country, though not without controversy. In 2010, the first GM food crop – Bt Brinjal (eggplant) – was put forward for approval. In contrast to the Bt cotton decision, and following heated debate and a series of public consultations across the country, an indefinite moratorium was placed on the crop.
In this thesis, I unpack the various factors that shaped both decisions and the politics that accompanied them. To facilitate this analysis, I use a conceptual framework that combines four key forces that are often the focus of food governance analysis, but which are not always considered together. I argue that the divergence in outcomes can be explained by a confluence of shifts in key elements of the policy process. These dimensions of influence can be understood in four related categories: corporate actors, institutional mechanisms, science and science networks, and discursive elements. Changes that took place in each of these dimensions in the period between the two decisions align to explain divergent outcomes that no individual influence could.
The conceptual framework I develop in this thesis presents a useful structure to analyse the often-complex and multi-causal processes and outcomes related to food and environmental issues. The results of this research have implications for the future direction of agricultural GMO policy in India, as well as in other countries in the global South.
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Agricultural GMOs in India: Dimensions of influence in the politics and policy of Bt cotton and Bt brinjalChopra, Taarini January 2012 (has links)
This thesis looks at the divergent policy decisions on the commercial release of two genetically modified (GM) crops in India. Bt cotton was introduced in India in 2002, and has spread widely across the country, though not without controversy. In 2010, the first GM food crop – Bt Brinjal (eggplant) – was put forward for approval. In contrast to the Bt cotton decision, and following heated debate and a series of public consultations across the country, an indefinite moratorium was placed on the crop.
In this thesis, I unpack the various factors that shaped both decisions and the politics that accompanied them. To facilitate this analysis, I use a conceptual framework that combines four key forces that are often the focus of food governance analysis, but which are not always considered together. I argue that the divergence in outcomes can be explained by a confluence of shifts in key elements of the policy process. These dimensions of influence can be understood in four related categories: corporate actors, institutional mechanisms, science and science networks, and discursive elements. Changes that took place in each of these dimensions in the period between the two decisions align to explain divergent outcomes that no individual influence could.
The conceptual framework I develop in this thesis presents a useful structure to analyse the often-complex and multi-causal processes and outcomes related to food and environmental issues. The results of this research have implications for the future direction of agricultural GMO policy in India, as well as in other countries in the global South.
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Rethinking Relationships: A Critique of the Concept of ProgressGandhi, Anandi 14 June 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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PCR-based Synthesis of Codon Optimized cry2Aa Gene for Production of Shoot and Fruit Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) Resistant Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) CultivarsGupta, Rahul 20 January 2006 (has links)
Brinjal shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee) is a major limiting factor in commercial cultivation of eggplant in southeast Asia. Extensive use of pesticides as well as the conventional breeding methods have been ineffective in controlling the borer so there is a need for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies for its control. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is known to produce a variety of insecticidal crystal proteins toxic to lepidopteran, dipteran and coleopteran pests. The Cry2Aa protein has been found to be more toxic to brinjal shoot and fruit borer than Cry1Ab. My objective was to develop eggplant cultivars that express a codon-optimized cry2Aa gene, the sequence of which is based on that of an Indian isolate of Bt, with the eventual goal of producing fully resistant cultivars. The cry2Aa gene was modified for optimal expression in eggplant using the codon usage frequencies based on solanaceous sequences (eggplant, tomato and pepper). The GC content was increased from 34.3% in the native gene to 41.3% in the optimized gene, thus removing the AT-rich regions that are typical for Bt cry genes. Also, other mRNA destabilizing and hairpin forming structure sequences were removed. The gene was synthesized in four different parts with complementary restriction sites. A total of 152 oligonucleotides (oligos) was used to assemble the 1.9 kb gene using dual asymmetric (DA) and overlap extension (OE) PCR techniques. The individual parts were subsequently ligated using the complementary restriction sites and inserted into vector pCAMBIA 1302. Also, the transformation efficiency of 12 different eggplant cultivars was tested using plasmid pHB2892 to predict utility for transformation with the synthetic cry2Aa. / Master of Science
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Calcium and cell wall dynamics during microspore embryogenesis and double haploid production in rapeseed and eggplantRivas Sendra, Alba 20 July 2017 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / Androgenesis induction is an experimental procedure by which microspores are diverted from their original gametophytic pathway towards embryogenesis by applying specific stresses in vitro. It allows for the production of doubled haploid (DH) pure lines through anther culture or isolated microspore culture followed by chromosome doubling. DH technology is interesting for both basic research and plant breeding. In this Thesis, we studied microspore embryogenesis with two parallel approaches: (I) an applied study directed to the development of the first eggplant (Solanum melongena) highly embryogenic line and the improvement of the efficiency of eggplant microspore cultures; and (II) a fundamental research study focused on the relationship between microspore embryogenesis ability, intracellular Ca2+ levels and the dynamics of callose and cellulose deposition for cell wall formation in microspore-derived structures, using rapeseed (Brassica napus) as a model species.
As an applied research, we developed and evaluated an eggplant DH population from a commercial hybrid, and identified and characterized the first eggplant highly androgenic DH line (DH36), which may be used to facilitate the study of eggplant androgenesis and for both basic and applied research. In addition, we evaluated different factors involved in microspore embryogenesis induction efficiency in eggplant and optimized the regeneration protocol for DH production via microspore culture. Together, the applied research on eggplant microspore embryogenesis made in this Thesis resulted in the most efficient protocol existing to date for DH production in eggplant.
As a fundamental research, we studied the dynamics of Ca2+ during in vivo microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis, as well as during the first stages of in vitro-induced microspore embryogenesis, establishing a link between microspore embryogenesis and changes in Ca2+ levels and subcellular distribution. In addition, we studied the deposition of callose and cellulose during the first stages of microspore embryogenesis and demonstrated that the abnormally increased callose deposition and the inhibition of cellulose deposition observed in embryogenic microspores is most likely caused by a transient increase in the intracellular Ca2+ levels that occurs right after microspore induction. We also found that this particular dynamics of callose and cellulose deposition is related to microspore embryogenesis ability, and is essential for proper progression and success of microspore embryogenesis.
In summary, the research made in this Thesis helps to further understand the basis underlying microspore embryogenesis and cell totipotency, and to apply the powerful DH technology to an economically important crop such as eggplant. / La inducción de androgénesis es un procedimiento experimental en el cual las microsporas se desvían de su vía gametofítica original hacia embriogénesis, mediante la aplicación de estreses específicos in vitro. Este fenómeno permite la producción de líneas puras dobles haploides (DH) mediante cultivo de anteras o cultivo de microsporas aisladas seguidos de duplicación cromosómica. La tecnología DH es interesante tanto para la investigación básica como para su aplicación a la mejora genética vegetal. En esta Tesis se estudia la embriogénesis de microsporas y la obtención de DHs con dos enfoques paralelos: (I) un estudio aplicado dirigido al desarrollo de la primera línea de berenjena (Solanum melongena) con alta respuesta androgénica y a la mejora de la eficiencia de los cultivos de microsporas de berenjena; y (II) un estudio de investigación básica centrado en la relación entre la habilidad para la embriogénesis de microsporas, los niveles intracelulares de Ca2+ y la dinámica de la deposición de calosa y celulosa para la formación de paredes celulares en estructuras derivadas de microsporas, utilizando como especie modelo la colza (Brassica napus).
Como investigación aplicada, se desarrolló y evaluó una población DH de berenjena a partir de un híbrido comercial, y se identificó y caracterizó la primera línea DH altamente androgénica de berenjena (DH36), que puede usarse para facilitar el estudio de la androgénesis en berenjena y para otros estudios aplicados o básicos. Además, se evaluaron diferentes factores implicados en la eficiencia de la inducción de embriogénesis de microsporas en berenjena, y se optimizó el protocolo de regeneración para la producción de DH mediante cultivo de microsporas. En conjunto, la investigación aplicada sobre la embriogénesis de microsporas realizada en esta Tesis proporciona el protocolo más eficiente existente hasta la fecha para la producción de DH en berenjena.
Como investigación fundamental, se estudió la dinámica del Ca2+ durante la microsporogénesis y la microgametogénesis in vivo, así como durante las primeras etapas de la embriogénesis de microsporas inducida in vitro, y se estableció un vínculo entre la embriogénesis de microsporas y los cambios en el nivel y distribución intracelular de Ca2+. Además, se estudió la deposición de calosa y celulosa durante las primeras etapas de la embriogénesis de microsporas y se demostró que la excesiva deposición de calosa y la inhibición de la deposición de celulosa, exclusivas de las microsporas embriogénicas, están causadas por el aumento transitorio de Ca2+ intracelular que se produce justo tras la inducción. Hemos demostrado que esta particular dinámica de la deposición de calosa y celulosa está relacionada con la capacidad androgénica, y que es fundamental para la correcta progresión y éxito de la embriogénesis de microsporas.
En resumen, la investigación realizada en esta Tesis ayuda a comprender mejor la base de la embriogénesis de microsporas y de la totipotencia celular, y a aplicar la potente tecnología DH a un cultivo económicamente importante como es la berenjena. / La inducció d'androgènesi és un procediment experimental en el qual les microspores es desvien de la seua via gametofítica original cap a un nou destí embriogènic, mitjançant l'aplicació d'estressos específics in vitro. Aquest fenomen permet la producció de línies pures dobles haploides (DH) mitjançant cultiu d'anteres o cultiu de microsporas aïllades seguits de duplicació cromosòmica. La tecnologia DH és interessant tant per a la recerca bàsica com per a la seua aplicació a la millora genètica vegetal. En aquesta Tesi s'estudia l'embriogènesi de microspores i l'obtenció de DHs amb dos enfocaments paral·lels: (I) un estudi aplicat dirigit al desenvolupament de la primera línia d'albergina (Solanum melongena) amb alta resposta androgènica i a la millora de l'eficiència dels cultius de microspores d'albergina; i (II) un estudi de recerca bàsica centrat en la relació entre la capacitat per a l'embriogènesi de microspores, els nivells intracel·lulars de Ca2+ i la dinàmica de la deposició de cal·losa i cel·lulosa per a la formació de parets cel·lulars en estructures derivades de microsporas, utilitzant com a espècie model la colza (Brassica napus).
Com a recerca aplicada, es va desenvolupar i avaluar una població DH d'albergina a partir d'un híbrid comercial, i es va identificar i caracteritzar la primera línia DH altament androgènica d'albergina (DH36), que pot usar-se per a facilitar l'estudi de l'androgènesi en albergina i per a altres estudis aplicats o bàsics. A més, es van avaluar diferents factors implicats en l'eficiència de la inducció d'embriogènesi de microspores en albergina, i es va optimitzar el protocol de regeneració per a la producció de DH mitjançant cultiu de microspores. En conjunt, la recerca aplicada sobre l'embriogènesi de microspores realitzada en aquesta Tesi proporciona el protocol més eficient existent fins avui per a la producció de DH en albergina.
Com a recerca fonamental, es va estudiar la dinàmica del Ca2+ durant la microsporogènesi i la microgametogènesi in vivo, així com durant les primeres etapes de l'embriogènesi de microspores induïda in vitro, i es va establir un vincle entre l'embriogènesi de microspores i els canvis en el nivell i distribució intracel·lular de Ca2+. A més, es va estudiar la deposició de cal·losa i cel·lulosa durant les primeres etapes de l'embriogènesi de microspores i es va demostrar que l'excessiva deposició de cal·losa i la inhibició de la deposició de cel·lulosa, exclusives de les microspores embriogèniques, estan causades per l'increment transitori del Ca2+ intracel·lular que es produeix just després de la inducció. Hem demostrat que aquesta particular dinàmica de la deposició de cal·losa i cel·lulosa està relacionada amb la capacitat androgènica, i que és fonamental per a la correcta progressió i èxit de l'embriogènesi de microspores.
En resum, la recerca realitzada en aquesta Tesi ajuda a comprendre millor la base de l'embriogènesi de microspores i de la totipotència cel·lular, i a aplicar la potent tecnologia DH a un cultiu econòmicament important com és l'albergina. / Rivas Sendra, A. (2017). Calcium and cell wall dynamics during microspore embryogenesis and double haploid production in rapeseed and eggplant [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/85548 / TESIS / Compendio
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