Monopoloid potato (2n = 1x = 12) can be derived either paternally through anther/microspore culture or maternally through crossing with a haploid-inducing pollinator. Evidence from other genera suggests that androgenic and gynogenic haploid populations derived from the same parent may differ due to gametic selection and/or epigenetic factors. Our objectives were to derive androgenic and gynogenic monoploid populations from each of two diploid (2n = 2x = 24) Solanum phureja clones and compare their phenotypic characteristics in a greenhouse study. A haploid-inducing pollinator, S. phureja IVP101, was crossed to two selections of S. phureja (PP5 and BARD1-3). A total of 185 fruit was obtained from PP5 and 398 from BARD1-3, resulting from 85% and 65% fruit set, respectively. Seed lacking the dominant embryo spot marker carried by IVP101 were selected and germinated in vitro. From 29,300 PP5 x IVP101 seeds, 278 were spotless, resulting in 27 monoploids. Approximately 37 monoploids were obtained from the 99,500 BARD1-3 x IVP101 seeds of which 500 were spotless. In anther culture, PP5 and BARD1-3 yielded 0.16 and 1.67 embryos per anther respectively of which 51% and 44% of the regenerants were monoploid. A total of 32 anther-derived monoploids has been obtained from PP5 and 130 from BARD1-3. Rooted cuttings of 21 androgenic and 21 gynogenic PP5 monoploids were established in a greenhouse in each of three randomized complete blocks. Although the anther-derived monoploids appeared more vigorous, none of the differences between the two populations were significant. Flow cytometry revealed that anther derived progeny of PP5 and BARD1-3 had 3-8% greater nuclear DNA content than gynogenic monoploids derived from the same parental clones. / Master of Science

Anther culture experiments were conducted to construct a monoploid family. The donor plants used were hybrids between high leptine producing selections of Solanum chacoense Bitt. and anther culture responsive selections of Solanum phureja Juz. et Buk. Several steps of the anther culture process were studied. The results indicated that genotype remains the main factor affecting anther culture response. Growing anther-donor plants in higher greenhouse temperatures (30 degrees C day/20 degrees C night) increased the number of embryos per anther by 40 percent. A heat shock given to anthers in culture for 12h at 35 degrees C was also found to be beneficial resulting in an increase of the anther culture response by 40 percent. However the effect of the high temperature shock resulted in lower regeneration rates. In all experiments a highly significant "date" effect was observed with one or two days differing from the others by showing higher response rates in all hybrids tested. The majority of the regenerated plants was diploid, probably resulting from unreduced gametes. Simple sequence repeat analysis with eight polymorphic primer pairs was used successfully to identify the homozygous diploid plants that were added to the monoploids. In total 34 monoploid plants and 14 homozugous diploids were obtained. The degree of heterozygosity revealed by SSR analysis indicated that the diploid plants originated from unreduced gametes formed by first division restitution (FDR) mechanism. The SSR marker data were used to map the genes with respect to the centromeres by half tetrad analysis. SSR-containing sequences from the public databases, as well as sequences obtained from a genomic library enriched for SSRs, were used to generate 48 primer pairs. Only 12 of them were found to be polymorphic in the monoploid family. Ten primer pairs did not amplify any specific fragment. The monoploid population showed distorted segregation at four of the polymorphic loci, showing overrepresentation of the chacoense alleles in three of them. One of the loci showing distorted segregation (STSTP, amplified by primer pair RV 11+12) is most probably linked to lethal alleles, whereas another one (ST13ST, amplified by primer pair RV 21+22) could be linked to genes affecting anther-culture response. The location of the SSR loci on the potato chromosomes is not known except for one (waxy, primer pair 3+4), but statistical analysis on the segregation data obtained from 70 heterozygous anther-derived diploids showed no linkage between them. The SSR primer pairs developed in this study might be useful in studying genetic relationships among cultivars and accessions in breeding programs. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used in association with bulked segregant analysis to detect linkage with genes controlling leptine biosynthesis. With all the limitations imposed by the population size and contamination from foreign pollen, a band amplified by primer OPA-16 could differentiate the bulks contrasting for leptine content. It is possible that this band is linked to genes suppressing leptine biosynthesis, since it appears only in the plants that do not synthesize leptines. Further investigation with larger populations is needed to confirm this possibility. / Ph. D.

Colchicine, an antimicrotubule agent, has enhanced the androgenic response of cruciferous and graminaceous species. Our objectives were to determine if colchicine treatments enhanced androgenic embryo production in diploid potato, and if colchicine treatments during anther culture affected the ploidy of anther-derived plants. An additional study, analysis of genetic identity among regenerated anther-derived plants based on RAPD markers, was also conducted. Anther culture of a hybrid between <i>Solanum chacoense</i> and <i>S. phureja</i> (clone CP2) was conducted with five colchicine treatments (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/L) for 24 h. Anthers containing late uninucleate pollen were cultured on modified liquid LS medium. A mean of 0.25 embryos per anther was obtained; however, there was no significant difference among the colchicine treatments, which ranged from a mean of 0.17 to 0.28 embryos per anther for 200 mg/L colchicine and control, respectively. In total 56 plants were regenerated of which 11% were monoploid. The second experiment using the same colchicine treatments was conducted with 54 hybrids derived by crossing six anther-derived doubled monoploids with three heterozygous pollinators. A mean of 1.78 embryos per anther was obtained; again, there was no significant difference among the colchicine treatments, which ranged from 1.27 to 2.75 for 50 mg/L colchicine and control, respectively. In total 679 plants were regenerated. The 312 plantlets for which ploidy was determined, 75% were monoploid. The third experiment was conducted to study various durations (0, 90 sec vacuum infiltration, 24, 48, and 72 h) of high colchicine treatment (200 mg/L) applied to <i>S. phureja</i> family DM 13-14 202 x ID 5. There was nearly significant difference among treatments (α = 0.05). Mean embryos per anther ranged from 0.96 to 1.90 for 48 h and 90 sec vacuum infiltration, respectively. In an additional study, 26 regenerated anther-derived monoploid plants, from the DM 13-14 202 x ID 5 family, from the second experiment, were genetically characterized based on RAPD markers. Forty-three loci were scored from 13 primers for groups of monoploids derived from the same flasks of anther culture. From one flask, two pairs of monoploids were found to be genetically identical. From a second flask 6 of 7 were genetically identical, and from a third 3 of 7 were genetically identical. The presence of genetically identical individuals within three monoploid populations indicates the prevalence of secondary embryogenesis during anther culture such that a single embryogenic microspore can generate many anther-derived plants. / Master of Science

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Doubled Haploid (DH) Technology is an important tool for plant breeding and biotechnological applications as it accelerates the breeding cycle of plants by shortening the time required to attain homozygosity. Anther culture has become one of the most frequent and well-established methods for the induction of haploid embryogenesis and regeneration in barley. Anther culture is easily reproduced and workable for a wide range of genotypes. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal pre-treatment for barley anther culture. Three pre-treatments, 0.3 M Mannitol, 0.7 M Mannitol and a cold treatment with a moist cloth (CMC), were studied. The results suggest that CMC is the optimal pre-treatment to use for green plant regeneration. Anthers treated with CMC showed a higher response percentage than that of 0.7 M Mannitol and 0.3 M Mannitol. CMC also induced a significantly higher callus formation and green plant regeneration frequencies than 0.7 M Mannitol and 0.3 M Mannitol. Further research has to be conducted to further optimize green plant yields per treatment as well as reduce the number of albinos regenerated through barley anther culture.

Diploid potato populations between a primitive cultivated species, <I>Solanum phureja</I>, and a weedy species, <I>S. chacoense</I>, were used to examine the segregation of microsatellite markers and three traits in backcrosses. Two of the traits, anther culture competence and 2<I>n</I> pollen production, originated from <I>S. phureja</I> whereas the third, leptine production (a specific glycoalkaloid known to convey resistance to the Colorado potato beetle) originated from <I>S. chacoense</I>. Using CP2, a self-incompatible F₁ hybrid originating from a cross between <I>S. chacoense</I> clone 80-1 and <I>S. phureja</I> clone 1-3, three populations were developed: 1-3 x CP2 (PBCp), CP2 x 1-3 (PBCc), and CP2 x 80-1 (CBC). For the microsatellite study, four simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs that amplified fragments within potato sequences found in the GenBank were used to look at segregation ratios in our backcross populations and to eliminate possible spurious genotypes bearing non-parental alleles in these populations. Seventeen spurious genotypes were discarded from PBCp; none was found in PBCc or CBC. Two SSR loci showed skewed segregation in PBCp (favoring transmissnion of the allele originally found in 80-1), PBCc showed normal segregation at all loci, and CBC showed distorted segregation at one locus (revealing a deficiency of homozygotes). In the study of anther culture, three components of ACR were investigated in a preliminary study: 1) embryos produced per anther (EPA), 2) embryo regeneration rate and 3) percentage of monoploids (2<I>n</I>=1<I>x</I>=12) among regenerants. CP2 was intermediate, 80-1 was low, and 1-3 was high for ACR. Only EPA was selected for further characterization in our populations. PBCp (78 genotypes) and CBC (57 genotypes), were characterized for anther culture response ACR/EPA in a series of studies. Nine high and ten low selections were identified in CBC, and ten high and ten low selections were identified in PBCp. EPA selections were used for bulk segregant analysis (BSA) using 214 RAPD primers. Two bands, one amplified by OPQ-10 and another by OPZ-4 were linked in coupling and in repulsion, respectively, to ACR in PBCp. One band amplified by OPW-14 primer was linked in coupling to ACR in CBC. One-way ANOVAs for data from remaining genotypes of the populations verified linkage of the markers to ACR/EPA. For 2n pollen production, a total of 77 PBCp genotypes was characterized; 80-1 produces low % 2<I>n</I> pollen, and 1-3 produces high % 2<I>n</I> pollen. Pollen samples were stained with propidium iodide and examined by flow cytometry. The frequency of 2n pollen varied continuously from 1.7 % to 40.6 % among the 41 genotypes that flowered sufficiently to allow three separate pollen collections. Variation due to the environment was observed where the frequency of 2n pollen appeared greater over a range of genotypes on single collection days. BSA could not be used due to limited population size and a low number of selections at the extremes of the distribution of phenotypes. The continuous variation for 2<I>n</I> pollen production suggests multigenic control of the trait. In the study of leptine content in reciprocal backcross populations, 87 genotypes within PBCp, and 42 genotypes within PBCc were characterized using gas chromatography of leaf samples. CP2 was intermediate, 1-3 had zero, and 80-1 was high for leptine content in the foliage. Leptines were present in low levels in 43 of 87 genotypes in PBCp, indicating simple genetic control. In PBCc, only 7 of 42 genotypes expressed leptines, generally at a higher level than in PBCp, indicating cytoplasmic inheritance. Ten high and ten nil selections within PBCp, and seven high and eight nil selections within PBCc were used for BSA using 214 RAPD primers. Three primers OPQ-2, OPT-16 and OPT-20 amplified bands segregating with high bulks in both populations. These markers were linked in coupling to leptine content in PBCp. Linkage was verified by ANOVAs for leptine content in the entire population. / Ph. D.

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe pateikiamas augimo reguliatorių bei sacharidų derinių poveikis skirtingų sėmeninių linų veislių morfogenezei izoliuotų dulkinių kultūroje. Darbo objektas – sėmeninių linų veislės ‘Atalante, ‘Barbara’, ‘Dnepr-2’, ‘Lirina’, ‘Mikael’, ‘Norman’. Darbo metodai: tirtų genotipų izoliuotos dulkinės augintos maitinamosiose terpėse, besiskiriančiose augimo reguliatorių bei sacharidų kiekiais. Vertintas kaliaus formavimosi dažnis, ūglių formavimosi dažnis, bei ūglių kiekis iš eksplanto. Darbo rezultatai. Nustatyta, kad sėmeninių linų kaliaus formavimosi intensyvumas priklausė ne tik nuo egzogeninių augimo reguliatorių, sacharidų, bet ir nuo genotipo. Genotipų ‘Lirina’ dulkinės statistiškai patikimai intensyviau kalių formavo maitinamojoje terpėje, papildytoje augimo reguliatorių deriniu 1,0 mg l-1 BAP + 2,0 mg l-1 IAR. Sacharozės kiekis maitinamojoje terpėje turi būti parenkamas kiekvienam genotipui individualiai. Genotipų ‘Mikael’, ʽLirina‘ ir ‘Dnepr-2’ izoliuotos dulkinės, intensyviau kalių formavo terpėje su 6% sacharozės, o genotipų – ‘Barbara’, ‘Norman’ ir ‘Atalante’ – terpėje su 3% sacharozė + 3% maltozės, nepriklausomai nuo augimo reguliatorių derinio maitinamojoje terpėje. Silpniausiomis organogenetinėmis savybėmis pasižymėjo genotipo ‘Barbara’ kalius, ūglius formavęs 0,00%–5,83% dažniu, o intensyviausiomis ūglių regeneravimo galimybėmis pasižymėjo genotipo ‘Dnepr -2’ izoliuotų dulkinių indukuotas kalius. Genotipo ‘Mikael’ indukuotas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The master work presents the results of different linseed genotypes morphogenetic ability, when using different growth regulators and sacharides. Object of the work – linseed flax cultivars ‘Lirina’, ‘Barbara’, ‘Mikael’, ‘Dnepr-2’, ‘Atalante’, ‘Norman’ in anther culture Method of the work – there were analysed different genotype anthers, which were grown in media differing in their levels of growth regulators and sucharides to callus induction. There were also evaluated callus formation frequency, shoot formation frequency, and shoots number per explant. The results of work. It was found that linseed callus formation frequency depends not only on the exogenous growth regulators, sacharides, but also on the genotype. Genotype ʽLirina’ anthers significantly more intensive formated callus in nutrient medium supplemented with growth regulators combination of 1.0 mg l-1 BAP + 2.0 mg l-1 IAA. Sucrose content in nutrient medium must be selected individually for each genotype. Genotypes ‘Mikael’, ‘Lirina’ and ‘Dnepr-2’ isolated anthers, more intensive formed callus in medium containing 6% sucrose, and genotype - ‘Barbara ’, ‘Norman’ and ‘Atalante’ in medium with 3% sucrose + 3% maltose, independent of the growth regulator combination in nutrient medium. Organogeticly weakest features of genotype was characterized by genotype ʽBarbara' callus, shoots formation varied from 0.00% to 5.83%, and the intensive potential of shoot regeneration was characterized from genotype ‘Dnepr -2’... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:25:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Tatiane_Medeiros_Souza.pdf: 940252 bytes, checksum: 01f4b10ebe6ad084dbd24af81cf960ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-18 / The anther culture of rice is a technique used to obtain haploid plants. This technique is useful in plant breeding because it enables breeders to obtain fully homozygous plants in one generation. Thus, important and recessive features are expressed without the need to conduct a population through several generations of selfing. Rice, cereal of great economic and social importance, when under flooding conditions may face iron toxicity. That can cause high losses in the rice crop productivity. Through crosses between genotypes with contrasting tolerance to iron and to obtain a double haploid population, it is possible to study the mechanisms involved in the toxicity of iron to rice plants. The objective of this work was to develop a double-haploid population of rice from the F1 and F2 generations from the cross between genotypes Nipponbare x BRS Atalanta and BRS Firmeza x Epagri 107. Three different culture media: N6 (2.4 D, Kinetin and Picloran), NL (2.4 D, Picloran and Kinetin) and NL (NAA and Kinetin) were tested. Three experiments were conducted. The first testing the three culture media in Nipponbare x BRS Atalanta and BRS Firmeza x EPAGRI 107. In the second, the response to anther culture with genotypes Nipponbare and BRS Atalanta on regeneration medium NL (NAA and Kinetin). The third experiment consisted of F1 of the cross Nipponbare x BRS Atalanta with the culture medium NL (NAA and Kinetin). The study focused on the influence of different sources and concentrations of iron in culture medium for in vitro cultivation of rice. The sources used were ferric EDTA and ferric sulphate in concentrations of 0.9 mM, 4.5 mM and 9.0 mM. The results obtained in double-haploid plants were more expressive in the first experiment with the 1 culture medium, where the regeneration of green plants had an efficiency rate of 0,11%. The callus induction and regeneration of green plants and albino was greater in the cross Nipponbare x BRS Atalanta. The sources and concentrations of iron tested cultivars Nipponbare and BRS Atalanta genotype showed significant differences in all variables, being the variable shoot length the one presenting the most significant differences. / A cultura de anteras de arroz é uma técnica utilizada para a obtenção de plantas haplóides. Esta técnica tem grande utilidade no melhoramento de plantas, pois possibilita a obtenção de plantas totalmente homozigotas em apenas uma geração. Desta forma, características importantes e de caráter recessivo são manifestadas sem a necessidade de conduzir uma população a várias gerações de autofecundação. O arroz, cereal de grande importância econômica e social, apresenta em condições de alagamento, toxidez ao ferro. Este estresse pode ocasionar elevadas perdas na produtividade de uma lavoura de arroz. Através de cruzamentos entre genótipos contrastantes a tolerância ao ferro e com a obtenção de uma população duplo-haplóide será possível estudar os mecanismos que envolvem a toxidez do ferro em plantas de arroz. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu no desenvolvimento de uma população duplo-haplóides de arroz a partir da geração F1 e F2, obtida do cruzamento entre os genótipos Nipponbare x BRS Atalanta e BRS Firmeza x Epagri 107. Foram testados três meios de cultura: N6 (2,4 D, Picloran e Cinetina) NL (2,4 D, Picloran e Cinetina) e NL (ANA e Cinetina). Foram realizados três experimentos. O primeiro testando os três meios de cultura em Nipponbare x BRS Atalanta e BRS Firmeza x EPAGRI 107. No segundo, a resposta a cultura de anteras com os genótipos Nipponbare e BRS Atalanta no meio de regeneração NL (ANA e Cinetina). O terceiro experimento utilizou somente o cruzamento Nipponbare x BRS Atalanta com o meio de cultura NL (ANA e Cinetina). Foi realizado também o estudo sobre a influência de diferentes fontes e concentrações de ferro em meio de cultura in vitro para o cultivo do arroz. As fontes utilizadas foram EDTA férrico e sulfato férrico nas concentrações de 0,9 mM, 4,5 mM e 9,0 mM. Os resultados obtidos na obtenção de plantas duplo-haplóides foram mais expressivos no primeiro experimento com o meio de cultura 1, onde a regeneração de plantas verdes teve uma taxa de eficiência de 0,11%. A indução de calos e regeneração de plantas verdes e albinas foi maior entre o cruzamento Nipponbare x BRS Atalanta. As fontes e concentrações de ferro testadas nas cultivares Nipponbare e BRS Atalanta apresentaram diferenças significativas para genótipo em todas as variáveis analisadas, sendo a variável comprimento de parte aérea a que mais obteve diferenças significativas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:42:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1076965 bytes, checksum: 39f371186cedd4587ea0ad27b341a26b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The anther culture has been applied in tomato as an attempt to induce callogenesis followed by regeneration of haploid and doubled haploid plants. By this technique, homozygous lines can be obtained, which has been considered relevant to breeding programs and molecular techniques. The androgenetic response can be influenced by several factors, especially the development stage of microsporogenesis. In this perspective, this study adapted a protocol by associating of flow cytometry and cytogenetic techniques in order to relate the development stages of microsporogenesis in tomato anthers to their size, aiming to select anthers profiles to be inoculated into culture medium. After a flow cytometry protocol was adapted for calli obtained in vitro, in order to monitor the DNA ploidy level. The nuclear suspensions analyzed by flow cytometry were obtained from digestion of anther cells and further homogenization using a mini mixer. The histograms showed low CV s, being considered suitable for cytometric analysis. Thus, anthers small (0.5 0.7 mm), showing cells in interphase/prophase I, exhibited a histogram profile similar to that observed in diploid leaf, and anthers large (1.6 1.9 mm), containing tetrad and microspores, showed an haploid peak and a G2 peak enlarged due to the presence of tetrads. From these analyzes, anthers of flower buds 1 5 mm, with size corresponding to those analyzed by flow cytometry and cytogenetics (0.5 1.9 mm), were inoculated in the callogenesis induction medium, to identify the phases more responsive to the condition in vitro. The basal MS medium supplemented with 2 mg L-1 AIA and 1 mg L-1 2 ip, induced 21.7% of callogenesis, and the highest percentage of calli was obtained from anthers of flower buds 2.0 3.9 mm, corresponding to the phases prophase I to anaphase II. The calli were analyzed by flow cytometry to identify the DNA ploidy. The chopping performed on calli afforded the nuclei isolation, and histograms with CV s considered suitable were obtained. The cytometric analysis revealed that the all calli were multiploids, each of which presented one of five classes of DNA ploidy levels, namely: 2C-4C-8C-16C; 2C-4C-8C-16C-32C; 4C-8C; 4C-8C-16C; 8C-16C-32C. A total of 44.4% of calli analyzed showed five levels of DNA ploidy. A statistical test of interaction showed that the size of flower buds had no effect on polyploidization occurred in the calli. These data evidence the somaclonal variation occurrence, which, probably, results from the interaction of genotype with growth regulators added to the induction medium. / A cultura de anteras tem sido aplicada em tomate como tentativa à indução de calogênese seguida da regeneração de plantas haplóides e duplo-haplóides. Por meio desta técnica, linhas homozigóticas podem ser obtidas, o que tem sido considerado relevante para programas de melhoramento e técnicas moleculares. A resposta androgenética pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores, destacando-se, dentre eles, o estádio de desenvolvimento da microsporogênese. Nesta perspectiva, este estudo adaptou um protocolo associando técnicas de citometria de fluxo e citogenética para relacionar as fases de desenvolvimento da microsporogênese em anteras de tomate com o tamanho das mesmas. O objetivo desta associação foi selecionar perfis de anteras a serem inoculadas em meio de cultura. Posteriormente, adaptou-se um protocolo de citometria de fluxo para os calos obtidos in vitro, a fim de monitorar o nível de ploidia de DNA. As suspensões nucleares analisadas pela citometria de fluxo foram obtidas com digestão das anteras e posterior homogeneização das células usando um mini mixer. Os histogramas obtidos mostraram baixos CV s, sendo considerados adequados para a análise citométrica. Dessa forma, anteras pequenas (0,5 0,7 mm), na fase de intérfase/prófase I, apresentaram um perfil de histograma semelhante ao observado em folha diplóide, e anteras grandes (1,6 1,9 mm) na fase de tétrades e micrósporos apresentaram um pico haplóide e um aumento em G2 em função da presença de tétrades. A partir destas análises, as anteras de botões florais de 1 5 mm, com tamanho correspondente aos daquelas analisadas por citometria de fluxo e citogenética (0,5 1,9 mm) foram inoculadas em meio de indução de calogênese, visando identificar as fases mais responsivas a esta condição in vitro. O meio MS basal, suplementado com 2 mg L-1 de AIA e 1 mg L-1 de 2 ip, induziu 21,7% de calogênese, e o maior percentual de calos foi obtido a partir de anteras de botões florais com 2,0 3,9 mm, correspondendo às fases prófase I a anáfase II. Os calos foram analisados pela citometria de fluxo a fim de identificar a ploidia de DNA. O chopping realizado nos calos proporcionou o isolamento dos núcleos, e histogramas com CV s considerados adequados foram obtidos. A análise citométrica evidenciou que todos os calos eram multiplóides, sendo que cada um apresentou uma das cinco classes de níveis de ploidia de DNA, a saber: 2C-4C-8C-16C; 2C-4C-8C-16C-32C; 4C-8C; 4C-8C-16C; 8C-16C-32C. Um total de 44,4% dos calos analisados apresentaram cinco níveis de ploidia de DNA. Um teste estatístico de interação mostrou que o tamanho dos botões florais não influenciou na poliploidização ocorrida nos calos. Estes dados evidenciam a ocorrência de variação somaclonal que, provavelmente, é resultado da interação do genótipo com os reguladores de crescimento acrescidos ao meio de indução.

Genotypes of rapeseeds producing yellow seeds were not found in nature. Breeders yellow-seeded rapeseeds have been developed applying different combinations of interspecific crosses. In the Laboratory of Genetics-Biotechnology at the Lithuanian Agricultural University, yellow-seeded spring rapeseeds were developed for the first time without interspecific crosses (Burbulis, 2001). All cultivars of yellow-seeded rapeseed have one essential drawback – unblocking of pigmentation takes place in other generations and seeds of different colours (yellowish brown, brown or black) are formed. Breeders, working with the cultivars of yellow-seeded rapeseed, admit that environmental temperature is one of the factors limiting the manifestation of the trait.

Tesis por compendio / Androgenesis induction is an experimental procedure by which microspores are diverted from their original gametophytic pathway towards embryogenesis by applying specific stresses in vitro. It allows for the production of doubled haploid (DH) pure lines through anther culture or isolated microspore culture followed by chromosome doubling. DH technology is interesting for both basic research and plant breeding. In this Thesis, we studied microspore embryogenesis with two parallel approaches: (I) an applied study directed to the development of the first eggplant (Solanum melongena) highly embryogenic line and the improvement of the efficiency of eggplant microspore cultures; and (II) a fundamental research study focused on the relationship between microspore embryogenesis ability, intracellular Ca2+ levels and the dynamics of callose and cellulose deposition for cell wall formation in microspore-derived structures, using rapeseed (Brassica napus) as a model species. As an applied research, we developed and evaluated an eggplant DH population from a commercial hybrid, and identified and characterized the first eggplant highly androgenic DH line (DH36), which may be used to facilitate the study of eggplant androgenesis and for both basic and applied research. In addition, we evaluated different factors involved in microspore embryogenesis induction efficiency in eggplant and optimized the regeneration protocol for DH production via microspore culture. Together, the applied research on eggplant microspore embryogenesis made in this Thesis resulted in the most efficient protocol existing to date for DH production in eggplant. As a fundamental research, we studied the dynamics of Ca2+ during in vivo microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis, as well as during the first stages of in vitro-induced microspore embryogenesis, establishing a link between microspore embryogenesis and changes in Ca2+ levels and subcellular distribution. In addition, we studied the deposition of callose and cellulose during the first stages of microspore embryogenesis and demonstrated that the abnormally increased callose deposition and the inhibition of cellulose deposition observed in embryogenic microspores is most likely caused by a transient increase in the intracellular Ca2+ levels that occurs right after microspore induction. We also found that this particular dynamics of callose and cellulose deposition is related to microspore embryogenesis ability, and is essential for proper progression and success of microspore embryogenesis. In summary, the research made in this Thesis helps to further understand the basis underlying microspore embryogenesis and cell totipotency, and to apply the powerful DH technology to an economically important crop such as eggplant. / La inducción de androgénesis es un procedimiento experimental en el cual las microsporas se desvían de su vía gametofítica original hacia embriogénesis, mediante la aplicación de estreses específicos in vitro. Este fenómeno permite la producción de líneas puras dobles haploides (DH) mediante cultivo de anteras o cultivo de microsporas aisladas seguidos de duplicación cromosómica. La tecnología DH es interesante tanto para la investigación básica como para su aplicación a la mejora genética vegetal. En esta Tesis se estudia la embriogénesis de microsporas y la obtención de DHs con dos enfoques paralelos: (I) un estudio aplicado dirigido al desarrollo de la primera línea de berenjena (Solanum melongena) con alta respuesta androgénica y a la mejora de la eficiencia de los cultivos de microsporas de berenjena; y (II) un estudio de investigación básica centrado en la relación entre la habilidad para la embriogénesis de microsporas, los niveles intracelulares de Ca2+ y la dinámica de la deposición de calosa y celulosa para la formación de paredes celulares en estructuras derivadas de microsporas, utilizando como especie modelo la colza (Brassica napus). Como investigación aplicada, se desarrolló y evaluó una población DH de berenjena a partir de un híbrido comercial, y se identificó y caracterizó la primera línea DH altamente androgénica de berenjena (DH36), que puede usarse para facilitar el estudio de la androgénesis en berenjena y para otros estudios aplicados o básicos. Además, se evaluaron diferentes factores implicados en la eficiencia de la inducción de embriogénesis de microsporas en berenjena, y se optimizó el protocolo de regeneración para la producción de DH mediante cultivo de microsporas. En conjunto, la investigación aplicada sobre la embriogénesis de microsporas realizada en esta Tesis proporciona el protocolo más eficiente existente hasta la fecha para la producción de DH en berenjena. Como investigación fundamental, se estudió la dinámica del Ca2+ durante la microsporogénesis y la microgametogénesis in vivo, así como durante las primeras etapas de la embriogénesis de microsporas inducida in vitro, y se estableció un vínculo entre la embriogénesis de microsporas y los cambios en el nivel y distribución intracelular de Ca2+. Además, se estudió la deposición de calosa y celulosa durante las primeras etapas de la embriogénesis de microsporas y se demostró que la excesiva deposición de calosa y la inhibición de la deposición de celulosa, exclusivas de las microsporas embriogénicas, están causadas por el aumento transitorio de Ca2+ intracelular que se produce justo tras la inducción. Hemos demostrado que esta particular dinámica de la deposición de calosa y celulosa está relacionada con la capacidad androgénica, y que es fundamental para la correcta progresión y éxito de la embriogénesis de microsporas. En resumen, la investigación realizada en esta Tesis ayuda a comprender mejor la base de la embriogénesis de microsporas y de la totipotencia celular, y a aplicar la potente tecnología DH a un cultivo económicamente importante como es la berenjena. / La inducció d'androgènesi és un procediment experimental en el qual les microspores es desvien de la seua via gametofítica original cap a un nou destí embriogènic, mitjançant l'aplicació d'estressos específics in vitro. Aquest fenomen permet la producció de línies pures dobles haploides (DH) mitjançant cultiu d'anteres o cultiu de microsporas aïllades seguits de duplicació cromosòmica. La tecnologia DH és interessant tant per a la recerca bàsica com per a la seua aplicació a la millora genètica vegetal. En aquesta Tesi s'estudia l'embriogènesi de microspores i l'obtenció de DHs amb dos enfocaments paral·lels: (I) un estudi aplicat dirigit al desenvolupament de la primera línia d'albergina (Solanum melongena) amb alta resposta androgènica i a la millora de l'eficiència dels cultius de microspores d'albergina; i (II) un estudi de recerca bàsica centrat en la relació entre la capacitat per a l'embriogènesi de microspores, els nivells intracel·lulars de Ca2+ i la dinàmica de la deposició de cal·losa i cel·lulosa per a la formació de parets cel·lulars en estructures derivades de microsporas, utilitzant com a espècie model la colza (Brassica napus). Com a recerca aplicada, es va desenvolupar i avaluar una població DH d'albergina a partir d'un híbrid comercial, i es va identificar i caracteritzar la primera línia DH altament androgènica d'albergina (DH36), que pot usar-se per a facilitar l'estudi de l'androgènesi en albergina i per a altres estudis aplicats o bàsics. A més, es van avaluar diferents factors implicats en l'eficiència de la inducció d'embriogènesi de microspores en albergina, i es va optimitzar el protocol de regeneració per a la producció de DH mitjançant cultiu de microspores. En conjunt, la recerca aplicada sobre l'embriogènesi de microspores realitzada en aquesta Tesi proporciona el protocol més eficient existent fins avui per a la producció de DH en albergina. Com a recerca fonamental, es va estudiar la dinàmica del Ca2+ durant la microsporogènesi i la microgametogènesi in vivo, així com durant les primeres etapes de l'embriogènesi de microspores induïda in vitro, i es va establir un vincle entre l'embriogènesi de microspores i els canvis en el nivell i distribució intracel·lular de Ca2+. A més, es va estudiar la deposició de cal·losa i cel·lulosa durant les primeres etapes de l'embriogènesi de microspores i es va demostrar que l'excessiva deposició de cal·losa i la inhibició de la deposició de cel·lulosa, exclusives de les microspores embriogèniques, estan causades per l'increment transitori del Ca2+ intracel·lular que es produeix just després de la inducció. Hem demostrat que aquesta particular dinàmica de la deposició de cal·losa i cel·lulosa està relacionada amb la capacitat androgènica, i que és fonamental per a la correcta progressió i èxit de l'embriogènesi de microspores. En resum, la recerca realitzada en aquesta Tesi ajuda a comprendre millor la base de l'embriogènesi de microspores i de la totipotència cel·lular, i a aplicar la potent tecnologia DH a un cultiu econòmicament important com és l'albergina. / Rivas Sendra, A. (2017). Calcium and cell wall dynamics during microspore embryogenesis and double haploid production in rapeseed and eggplant [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/85548 / TESIS / Compendio