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Inaug.-Diss.--Erlangen. / Lebenslauf. "Wichtigere benutzte Werke": p. [vi]-viii.

Inaug.-Diss.--Erlangen. / Lebenslauf. "Wichtigere benutzte Werke": p. [vi]-viii.

Notre mémoire porte sur les associations de proximité. Il a tenté de répondre à la question : quelle est l'incidence des associations de proximité sur 1 'empowerment des acteurs locaux de base? La réponse à cette interrogation a été motivée par le désir de transférer une expérience d'économie sociale du Nord au Sud, dans une perspective d'amélioration des retombées des associations de proximité en Afrique de l'Ouest en général et au Sénégal en particulier. Il demeure que les effets du recul de l'État providence ont été ressentis partout dans le monde, mais les réactions semblent assez différentes pour faire face à la dévitalisation de certaines localités. Pour étudier les incidences des associations économiques sur l'amélioration de la capacité d'agir de leurs initiateurs, nous nous sommes d'abord inscrits dans une perspective constructiviste. Elle nous semblait être celle qui pourrait rendre de la manière la plus exhaustive possible le vécu des populations. Cette perspective nous a conduit à mener une étude monographique de la Coopérative multiservices de Saint-Pierre-de-Broughton. Puis, des entrevues ciblées sur les effets de la coopérative sur l'empowerment et une observation directe ont complété le travail d'observation. L'analyse des données colligées a permis de comprendre comment l'implication active des acteurs peut développer leur pouvoir individuel, communautaire et organisationnel. Nous nous sommes rendu compte que malgré les intentions déclarées par rapport au renforcement de la démocratie locale, la participation est davantage soutenue chez les administrateurs. D'où la nécessité de travailler à un élargissement de la base démocratique pour faciliter non seulement le renouvellement du personnel gestionnaire, mais également pour inscrire les produits de la coopérative dans la durabilité sur le plan de l'empowerment.

As a film composer, Bruce Broughton uses themes, motives, gestures, tropes, and other film composition devices; however, he is also able to develop them into compelling formal structures through the use of film composition techniques in his concert music. Traditional musical form is not necessarily applicable to film music. The film dictates the pacing and structure, whereas concert music allows for the creation of form and more complex musical development. Through his extensive experience composing in the film industry, Broughton instinctively uses his film composition techniques as a means to reach his audience with his concert music. He establishes a common ground through film score vernacular to draw the listener into a more sophisticated musical conversation. This is particularly evident in his extensive wind band catalogue. In this dissertation, I identify Bruce Broughton's film composition techniques and examine how he employs them to create a stand-alone form using those techniques in his wind band music. The film composition techniques that are examined include character association, character interaction, motivic snippets, programmatic associations, and musical tropes. These aspects are demonstrated as they influence form in three of his most frequently performed and highly acclaimed pieces for wind band: In the World of Spirits, Celebration, and Spacious Skies. Through the examination, Broughton's use of formal development through film composition devices is demonstrated.

This thesis asks what effects concepts of resilience may have on political action and the ongoing ecological crises we see developing throughout the world. Specifically, it addresses disruptions in wild salmon migration, spawning, and fisheries brought about by industrial aquaculture in the so-called Broughton Archipelago in unceded Kwakwaka’wakw territories on the north east coast of Vancouver Island. These disruptions will be looked at as examples of resilience thinking in action. Through this example this thesis will examine the relationship between manifestations of resilience thinking and the emergence of metabolic rifts between nature and society that bring with them ecological crises. This thesis will begin by tracing the genealogy of resilience thinking from its origins in systems ecology to its depoliticizing formation in political-economic development. Through this it will show where resilience has been split from its origins as a socio-ecological concept, into purely social and ecological formations that interact in a zero-sum relationship. As a depoliticizing force, resilience works through the aforementioned cleavage to atomize individuals and distance them from their connections to socio-ecological communities, favouring instead marketized relations that reinforce capitalism, colonialism, and the state form. Following this, this thesis will argue that this cleavage and resilience thinking more broadly also generate sites of metabolic rifts within and between nature and society and are factors in their reproduction and geographic spread. Resilience however need not be a fully depoliticizing force. Taking up from the work of Roberto Esposito on relational community and immunization, this thesis ends with an exploration of how resilience thinking can return to its socio-ecological roots and be used in emancipatory, decolonial, and ecologically sound ways that will help in the reconstituting of the metabolic cycles within and between nature and society disrupted by rifts. Understanding how resilience thinking plays a role in depoliticization and the generation and reproduction of metabolic rifts makes space for turning this mentality on its head. Reconstructing a more holistic socio-ecological form of resilience helps to provide the necessary political tools to challenge underlying structures of domination and exploitation that put our socio-ecosystems at risk. / Graduate

The disposal of sewage sludge is becoming an ever-increasing problem and a range of re-use options are being developed, with traditional composting and advanced alkaline stabilisation emerging as priority re-use alternatives in NSW. However, concerns have been raised regarding the dissemination of sludge related pathogens in the environment. Salmonella spp pose the greatest risk since they have the ability to proliferate in the absence of human and animal hosts. Composting processes eliminate salmonellae from sludge, but the opportunity for post-processing recontamination is considerable. This project examined the significance of post-processing recontamination of Salmonella broughton, introduced into composted sludge and N-Virosoil. In compost, inactivation rates of S. broughton showed an inverse relationship with simulated processing temperatures, with competitive exclusion by autocthonous compost flora thought to be the major mechanism of inhibition. S. broughton numbers were reduced to below the limits of detection after several weeks. S. broughton inactivation was also assessed in processed N-Virosoil and was found to be more immediate. It was concluded that both compost and N.Virosoil products have a low potential to support the regrowth of Salmonella spp. / Master of Science (Hons)(Environmental Science)

Porphyra abbottiae Krishnamurthy (Rhodophyta) is an intertidal red alga harvested by a number of coastal First Nations in British Columbia. The Kwakwaka’wakw have a long history of harvesting P. abbottiae as food and medicine, reflected in the language, songs and stories of the Kwakwaka’wakw oral tradition. Harvesting and drying practices for this alga have undergone changes with the introduction of new technologies and a decrease in time available for seaweed harvesting. The adoption of timesaving equipment into the seaweed harvest has given harvesters the flexibility to work around constraints including work and school obligations, tides, long distances to harvesting sites, and unpredictable weather conditions. Harvesting and drying practices reflect a thorough understanding of the lifecycle, biology, and ecology of P. abbottiae. Timing of the harvest during the seasonal round optimizes the taste and texture of P. abbottiae fronds while avoiding the seaweed in its reproductive stage. Songs and taboos associated with the harvest promote safety and efficiency while harvesting the seaweed. Concerns about potential contamination of edible seaweed led to the second part of this research: testing for metal contamination. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis for selected metals and trace elements revealed the presence of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in Porphyra abbottiae sampled from the southern Queen Charlotte and Broughton Straits. Mercury concentrations fell below the detection limit of 0.01 ng/mL in 28 of 112 samples. Calcium was the most abundant element measured, averaging 1445 mg/kg dry seaweed. The remaining metals, in decreasing order of concentration, are: Fe>As>Zn>Mn>Cu>Cd>Pb>Cr>Co>Se>Hg. Copper-zinc (r=0.835) and copper-lead (r=0.948) concentrations are significantly correlated (p<0.05), suggesting selective uptake of these elements. PCA analysis suggests that the location of harvesting sites within specific water channels is influencing metal concentrations. Hazard quotients calculated using guidelines set by Health Canada and the World Health Organization revealed that, among the suite of elements surveyed, arsenic followed by cadmium ranked the highest in relative risk for consumers of P. abbottiae. An average 60 kg adult consumer can safely consume approximately 9.4 g dried seaweed per day and not exceed tolerable upper intake limit guidelines. In conclusion, Porphyra abbottiae can be eaten in moderation with minimal risk of chronic metal contamination. Kwakwaka’wakw consumers can also benefit from cultural reconnection with this important traditional food. / Graduate

Oxy-combustion is a developing technology that enables carbon dioxide (CO2) capture. Flame temperature and emissivity data were taken on a 150 kWth, pulverized-coal, burner flow reactor (BFR) that has been modified to run oxy-combustion with pure CO2 as simulated recycled flue gas. Data were taken at 78 conditions in which three parameters were varied, namely: the swirl angle of the fuel stream, the location of the oxidizer as it exited the burner, and the flow rate of diluent (pure CO2) added to the outer, secondary stream. At each condition, digital color images were obtained using a calibrated RGB camera. The images were used to determine lift-off length, temperature, and emissivity. The mathematical theory of two-color pyrometry and the calibration process used to measure the camera sensitivity is presented. The two most commonly used emissivity models in two-color pyrometry, the Hottel and Broughton and gray models, were investigated to determine which was the most appropriate for use in an oxy-coal flame. A significant difference of 7% in the temperature and 24% in the emissivity results were found when processing an image with the Hottel and Broughton and gray emissivity models. The Hottel and Broughton model was selected for processing, because the Hottel and Broughton model is more appropriate for soot which appeared to dominate flame emissions. Using the two-color data, several trends were documented. Flame temperature was seen to decrease with increasing CO2 flow rate. Within a given flame along the axial direction, temperature was seen to correlate with emissivity. As emissivity increased, flame temperature was seen to decrease. Many flames were lifted from the burner exit. Lift-off length was decreased and the flames became more attached by: 1) Increasing the amount of swirl given to the fuel stream, 2) Adding O2 to the center primary tube or 3) Decreasing the flow of secondary CO2. At higher center oxygen flow rates (above 8.5 kg/hr), the O2 jet velocity was large causing increased entrainment and mixing which degraded burner performance.

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