Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:14:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bauke_fc_me_rcla.pdf: 1413465 bytes, checksum: 5695187aaf8a438767e3a8684e26c073 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Neste trabalho estudamos o modelo do movimento Browniano de uma partícula carregada sob a ação de campos elétrico e magnético, externos e homogêneos, no formalismo de Langevin. Calculamos a energia cinética média através do teorema da flutuação-dissipação e obtivemos uma expressão para a temperatura efetiva das partículas Brownianas em função da temperatura do reservatório e dos campos externos. Esta temperatura efetiva mostrou-se sempre maior que a temperatura do reservatório, o que explica a expressão “portadores quentes”. Estudamos essa temperatura efetiva no regime assintótico, ou seja, no estado estacionário atingido em tempos muito longos (quando comparado com o tempo de colisão) e a utilizamos para escrever as equações de transporte em semicondutores, denominadas equações de Shockley generalizadas sendo que incluem nesse caso também a ação do campo magnético. Uma aplicação direta e relevante foi a modelagem para o já conhecido efeito Gunn para portadores assumidos como Brownianos. A temperatura efetiva calculada por nós no regime transiente permitiu estudar também os efeitos do reservatório na relaxação da temperatura efetiva à temperatura terminal (de não equilíbrio e estacionária). Nossos resultados no que diz respeito ao efeito Gunn, embora seja o modelo mais simples de um portador Browniano, mostrou uma surpreendente concordância com resultados experimentais, sugerindo que modelos mais sofisticados devam incluir os elementos apresentados neste estudo / We present a Brownian model for a charged particle in a field of forces, in particular, electric and magnetic external homogeneous fields, within the Langevin formalism. We compute the average kinetic energy via the fluctuation dissipation and obtain an expression for the Brownian particle´s effective temperature. The latter is a function of the heat bath temperature and both external fields. This effective temperature is always greater than the heat bath temperature, therefore the expression “hot carriers”. This effective temperature, in the asymptotic regime, the stationary state at long times (greater than the collision time), is used to write down the transport equations for semiconductors, namely the generalized Shockley equations, now incorporating the magnetic field effect. A direct and relevant application follows: a model for the well known Gunn effect, assuming a Brownian scheme. In the transient regime the computed effective temperature also allow us to probe some features of the heat bath, as the effective temperature relaxes to its terminal stationary value. As for our results in the Gunn effect model, the simplest of all in a Brownian scheme, we obtain a surprisingly good agreement with experimental data, suggesting that more involved models should include our minimal assumptions

Este texto apresenta alguns dos elementos básicos envolvidos em um estudo introdutório das equações diferencias estocásticas. Tais equações modelam problemas a tempo contínuo em que as grandezas de interesse estão sujeitas a certos tipos de perturbações aleatórias. Em nosso estudo, a aleatoriedade nessas equações será representada por um termo que envolve o processo estocástico conhecido como Movimento Browniano. Para um tratamento matematicamente rigoroso dessas equações, faremos uso da Integral Estocástica de Itô. A construção dessa integral é um dos principais objetivos do texto. Depois de desenvolver os conceitos necessários, apresentaremos alguns exemplos e provaremos existência e unicidade de solução para equações diferenciais estocásticas satisfazendo certas hipóteses. / This text presents some of the basic elements involved in an introductory study of stochastic differential equations. Such equations describe certain kinds of random perturbations on continuous time models. In our study, the randomness in these equations will be represented by a term involving the stochastic process known as Brownian Motion. For a mathematically rigorous treatment of these equations, we use the Itô Stochastic Integral. The construction of this integral is one of the main goals of the text. After developing the necessary concepts, we present some examples and prove existence and uniqueness of solution of stochastic differential equations satisfying some hypothesis.

Le premier chapitre de cette thèse introduit les différentes notions que nous utiliserons et présente les travaux qui constituent ce mémoire.Dans le deuxième chapitre de cette thèse nous donnons une construction ainsi que les principales propriétés de l'intégrale stochastique par rapport au mBm harmonisable. Y sont également établies des formules d'Itô et une formule de Tanaka pour l'intégrale stochastique par rapport à ce mBm..Dans le troisième chapitre nous donnons une nouvelle définition, à la fois plus simple et plus générale, du mouvement brownien multifractionnaire. Nous montrons ensuite que le mBm apparaît naturellement comme limite de suite de somme de mouvement brownien fractionnaire (fBm) d’indices de Hurst différents.Nous appliquons alors cette idée pour tenter de construire une intégrale stochastique par rapport au mouvement brownien multifractionnaire à partir d’intégrales par rapport au fBm. Cela fait nous appliquons cette définition d’intégrale par rapport au mBm pour une méthode d’intégration donnée aux deux méthodes que sont le calcul de Malliavin et la théorie du bruit blanc.Dans ce dernier cas nous comparons alors l’intégrale ainsi construite à celle obtenue au chapitre 2. Le quatrième et dernier chapitre est une application du calcul stochastique développé dans les chapitres précédents. Nous y proposons un modèle à volatilité multifractionnaire où le processus de volatilité est dirigée par un mBm. L’intérêt résidant dans le fait que l’on peut ainsi prendre en compte à la fois la dépendance à long terme des accroissements de la volatilité mais aussi le fait que la trajectoire de ces accroissements varie au cours du temps.Utilisant alors la théorie de la quantification fonctionnelle pour, entre autres, approximer la solution de certaines des équations différentielles stochastiques, nous parvenons à calculer le prix d’option à départ forward et implicitons ainsi une nappe de volatilité que l’on représente graphiquement pour différentes maturités. / The aim of this PhD Thesis was to build and develop a stochastic calculus (in particular a stochastic integral) with respect to multifractional Brownian motion (mBm). Since the choice of the theory and the tools to use was not fixed a priori, we chose the White Noise theory which generalizes, in the case of fractional Brownian motion (fBm) , the Malliavin calculus. The first chapter of this thesis presents several notions we will use in the sequel.In the second chapter we present a construction as well as the main properties of stochastic integral with respect to harmonizable mBm.We also give Ito formulas and a Tanaka formula with respect to this mBm. In the third chapter we give a new definition, simplier and generalier of multifractional Brownian motion. We then show that mBm appears naturally as a limit of a sequence of fractional Brownian motions of different Hurst index.We then use this idea to build an integral with respect to mBm as a limit of sum of integrals with respect ot fBm. This being done we particularize this definition to the case of Malliavin calculus and White Noise theory. In this last case we compare the integral hence defined to the one we got in chapter 2. The fourth and last chapter propose a multifractional stochastic volatility model where the process of volatility is driven by a mBm. The interest lies in the fact that we can hence take into account, in the same time, the long range dependence of increments of volatility process and the fact that regularity vary along the time.Using the functional quantization theory in order to, among other things, approximate the solution of stochastic differential equations, we can compute the price of forward start options and then get and plot the implied volatility nappe that we graphically represent.

Dans cette thèse, nous examinons les propriétés de régularité locale de certains processus stochastiques multiparamètres définis sur RN + , sur une collection d’ensembles, ou encore sur des fonctions de L2. L’objectif est d’étendre certains outils standards de la théorie des processus stochastiques, en particulier concernant la régularité hölderienne locale, à des ensembles d’indexation qui ne sont pas totalement ordonnés. Le critère de continuité de Kolmogorov donne classiquement une borne inférieure pour la régularité hölderienne d’un processus stochastique indicé par un sous-ensemble de R ou RN . Tirant partie de la structure de treillis des ensembles d’indexations dans la théorie des processus indicés par des ensembles de Ivanoff et Merzbach, nous étendons le critère de Kolmogorov dans ce cadre. Différents accroissements pour les processus indicés par des ensembles sont considérés, et leur sont attachés en conséquence des exposants de Hölder. Pour les processus gaussiens, ces exposants sont, presque surement et uniformément le long des trajectoires, déterministes et calculés en fonction de la loi des accroissements du processus. Ces résultats sont appliqués au mouvement brownien fractionnaire set-indexed, pour lequel la régularité est constante. Afin d’exhiber un processus pour lequel la régularité n’est pas constante, nous utilisons la structure d’espace de Wiener abstrait pour introduire un champ brownien fractionnaire indicé par (0, 1=2]_L2(T,m), relié à une famille de covariances kh, h 2 (0, 1=2]. Ce formalisme permet de décrire un grand nombre de processus gaussiens fractionnaires, suivant le choix de l’espacemétrique (T,m). Il est montré que la loi des accroissements d’un tel champ est majorée par une fonction des accroissements en chacun des deux paramètres. Les techniques développées pour mesurer la régularité locale s’appliquent alors pour prouver qu’il existe dans ce cadre des processus gaussiens indicés par des ensembles ou par L2 ayant une régularité prescrite. La dernière partie est consacrée à l’étude des singularités produites par le processus multiparamètre défini par kh sur L2([0, 1]_,dx). Ce processus est une extension naturelle du mouvement brownien fractionnaire et du drap brownien. Au point origine de RN+, ce mouvement brownien fractionnaire multiparamètre possède une régularité hölderienne différente de celle observée en tout autre point qui ne soit pas sur les axes. Une loi du logarithme itéré de Chung permet d’observer finement cette différence. / In this thesis, local regularity properties of some multiparameter, set-indexed and eventually L2-indexed random fields are investigated. The goal is to extend standard tools of the theory of stochastic processes, in particular local Hölder regularity, to indexing collection which are not totally ordered.The classic Kolmogorov continuity criterion gives a lower estimate of the Hölder regularityof a stochastic process indexed by a subset of R or RN . Using the lattice structure of the indexing collections in the theory of set-indexed processes of Ivanoff and Merzbach, Kolmogorov’scriterion is extended to this framework. Different increments for set-indexed processes are considered,and several Hölder exponents are defined accordingly. For Gaussian processes, these exponents are, almost surely and uniformly along the sample paths, deterministic and related to the law of the increments of the process. This is applied to the set-indexed fractional Brownian motion, for which the regularity is constant. In order to exhibit a process having a variable regularity,we resorted to structures of Abstract Wiener Spaces, and defined a fractional Brownian field indexed by a product space (0, 1=2]_L2(T,m), based on a family of positive definite kernels kh, h 2 (0, 1=2]. This field encompasses a large class of existing multiparameter fractional Brownian processes, which are exhibited by choosing appropriate metric spaces (T,m). It is proven that the law of the increments of such a field is bounded above by a function of the increments in both parameters of the field. Applying the techniques developed to measure the local Hölder regularity, it is proven that this field can lead to a set-indexed, or L2-indexed, Gaussian process with prescribed local regularity.The last part is devoted to the study of the singularities induced by the multiparameter process defined by the covariance kh on L2([0, 1]_,dx). This process is a natural extension of the fractional Brownian motion and of the Brownian sheet. At the origin 0 of RN+, this multiparameter fractional Brownian motion has a different regularity behaviour. A Chung (or lim inf ) law of the iterated logarithm permits to observe this.

Orientadores: Roberto Eugenio Lagos Monaco, Roberto Antonio Clemente / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T17:49:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Yamaki_TaniaPatriciaSimoes_D.pdf: 15751882 bytes, checksum: 3bccb71a25a31c07f0e3e25ffb074896 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Após apresentarmos uma revisão dos principais modelos teóricos para o movimento Browniano, consideramos em particular o caso de uma partícula Browniana carregada sob ação de campos elétrico e magnético. A obtenção de uma solução analítica para este caso, resolvendo a equação de Kramers para a distribuição de probabilidades de uma partícula no espaço de fase, foi sugerida em 1943 por Chandrasekhar, mas até os anos noventa do século passado, o problema foi raramente considerado na literatura. Obtivemos a solução fundamental exata deste problema, e analisamos algumas aplicações. Consideramos uma classe particular de soluções, aquelas com perfil inicial Gaussiano (no espaço de fase), sendo a solução uma convolução de Gaussianas (a solução fundamental ou propagador, e o perfil inicial). Calculamos algumas grandezas hidrodinâmicas e termodinâmicas a partir da expressão exata para a distribuição de probabilidades de uma partícula Browniana, a saber, a densidade de partículas, as densidades de fluxo de partículas, de energia, de fluxo de energia, de entropia e também a temperatura efetiva do gás Browniano, que pode ser obtida a partir das densidades de partícula e energia cinética. Publicamos em 2005 a solução fundamental exata e algumas aplicações no regime assintótico. / Abstract: After presenting a sketch of the several theoretical approaches to the Brownian motion model, we consider a charged Brownian particle under electric and magnetic fields. A path to solve analitically Kramers equation, for the particle distribution probability in phase space, was suggested in 1943 by Chandrasekhar, nevertheless until the nineties of last century, this problem was rarely considered. We present the exact fundamental solution and analyze some applications. We consider a particular class of solutions, namely, with a gaussian initial profile (in phase space), thus the resulting solution is a convolution of gaussians (both the fundamental solution or propagator, and the initial profile). Then we compute some hydrodinamical and thermodynamical densities from the exact expression for the probability distribution of a Brownian particle, for example, particle density, matter ux density, energy density, energy ux density, entropy density, among others, and some derived quantities suchs as the effective temperature of the Brownian gas. In 2005 we published part of these results, namely the fundamental solution and some application on the asymptotic regime / Doutorado / Física Estatistica e Termodinamica / Doutora em Ciências

Orientadore: Amir Ordacgi Caldeira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T10:34:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DuarteMunoz_OscarSalomon_D.pdf: 2976449 bytes, checksum: 637bc7ead779ce89597e095cc7f2470c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Usamos o modelo "sistema-mais-reservatório" para estudar a dinâmica quântica de um sistema de duas partículas imersas em um reservatório em equilíbrio térmico. Analisamos as consequências, para o caso de duas partículas, de usarmos uma extensão direta do modelo usado para uma partícula. Em particular, enfatizamos que uma modelagem adequada do contratermo é fundamental para obtermos a dinâmica apropriada no limite clássico. Usamos uma extensão do banho de osciladores capaz de induzir um acoplamento efetivo entre as partículas brownianas dependendo da escolha feita para a função espectral dos osciladores que compõem o banho. O acoplamento é não - linear nas variáveis de interesse e impomos uma dependência exponencial nestas variáveis para garantir a invariância translacional do modelo. A dinâmica quântica é estudada através do operador densidade reduzido das duas partículas. Obtivemos a evolução do operador densidade para dois sistemas de interesse: o primeiro deles é formado por duas partículas livres preparadas em um estado inicial gaussiano e o segundo é formado por dois osciladores harmônicos preparados inicialmente em um estado não gaussiano formado pela superposição de pacotes de onda gaussianos. A in uência do ambiente foi observada através da evolução do emaranhamento. Nosso modelo fornece um critério de distância para identicar em que casos um ambiente comum pode induzir emaranhamento. Três regimes foram encontrados: o regime de distâncias curtas, equivalente ao encontrado no modelo sistema-mais-reservatório com acoplamento bilinear, o regime de distâncias longas em que as partículas atuam como se estivessem acopladas com reservatórios independentes, e o regime de distâncias intermediárias em que existe uma competição entre os efeitos de decoerência e indução de emaranhamento / Abstract: We use the system-plus-reservoir model to study the dynamics of a system of two particles that interact with a heat bath in thermal equilibrium. We analyze the effects, for the two particle case, of a direct generalization of the usual model for one brownian particle. We particularly call for attention to the fundamental role of the counterterm in order to obtain the proper dynamics in the classical limit. We use an extension of the bath of oscillators capable of inducing an effective coupling between the brownian particles depending on the choice made to the spectral function of the oscillators components of the bath. The coupling is non-linear in the variables of interest and an exponential dependence is imposed in order to guarantee the translational invariance of the model. The quantum dynamics is studied through the reduce density operator of the two particles. We obtain the evolution of the reduce density operator for two systems of interest: the first one is composed by two free particles initially prepared in a gaussian state and the second one is composed by two harmonic oscillators prepared initially in a non-gaussian state formed by superposition of gaussian packets. The environment in uence is observed through the evolution of entanglement. Our model provides a criterion of distance for identifying in which cases a common environment can induce entanglement. Three regimes are found: the short distance regime, equivalent to a bilinear system-reservoir coupling, the long distance regime in which the particles act like coupled to independent reservoirs and the intermediate regime suitable for the coexistence between decoherence and induced-entanglement / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

This thesis is devoted to the study of different stochastic processes which have a common feature: they are Markov-modulated, which means that their evolution rules depend on the state occupied by an underlying Markov process. In the first part of this thesis, we analyse the stationary distribution and various first passage problems for Markov-modulated Brownian motions (MMBMs) as well as for two extensions: MMBMs with jumps and MMBMs modified by a temporary change of regime upon visits to level zero. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the use of Markov-modulated processes in mathematical finance, more precisely for the calculation of different option prices. We use a Fourier transform approach to price different European options (vanilla, exchange and quanto options) in the case where the value of the considered risky assets evolves like the exponential of a Markov-modulated Lévy process. The third part of this thesis is devoted to the study of some stochastic epidemic processes, namely the SIR processes. In our models, a Markov process is used to modulate the behaviour of the individuals who bring the disease. We use different martingale approaches as well as matrix analytic methods to obtain various information about the state of the population when the epidemic is over. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Abstract:! The aim of this thesis is to find the optimal control of Markov chain with discounted evaluation of transitions in discrete and also in continuous time. We present Howard's iterative algorithm, the algorithm for finding the optimal control. Then the strategy is applied to the problem of optimal trading, where the goal is to maximize market price of the portfolio in infinite time horizont, given the existence of the proportional transaction costs. Market price is simulated with Brownian motion.

Stochastic differential equations are becoming a popular tool for modeling the transport and acceleration of cosmic rays in the heliosphere. In diffusive shock acceleration, cosmic rays diffuse across a region of discontinuity where the up- stream diffusion coefficient abruptly changes to the downstream value. Because the method of stochastic integration has not yet been developed to handle these types of discontinuities, I utilize methods and ideas from probability theory to develop a conceptual framework for the treatment of such discontinuities. Using this framework, I then produce some simple numerical algorithms that allow one to incorporate and simulate a variety of discontinuities (or boundary conditions) using stochastic integration. These algorithms were then modified to create a new algorithm which incorporates the discontinuous change in diffusion coefficient found in shock acceleration (known as Skew Brownian Motion). The originality of this algorithm lies in the fact that it is the first of its kind to be statistically exact, so that one obtains accuracy without the use of approximations (other than the machine precision error). I then apply this algorithm to model the problem of diffusive shock acceleration, modifying it to incorporate the additional effect of the discontinuous flow speed profile found at the shock. A steady-state solution is obtained that accurately simulates this phenomenon. This result represents a significant improvement over previous approximation algorithms, and will be useful for the simulation of discontinuous diffusion processes in other fields, such as biology and finance.

Orientador: Gerson Francisco / Banca: Victo dos Santos Filho / Banca: Fernando Manoel Ramos / Resumo: Realizamos neste trabalho uma exposição geral da Teoria do Movimento Browniano, desde suas primeiras observações, feitas no âmbito da Biologia, até sua completa descrição seundo as leis da Mecânica estatística, formulação esta efetuada por Einstein em 1905. Com base nestes princípios físicos analisamos a Teoria do Movimento Browniano de Einstein como sendo um processo estocástico, o que permite sua generalização para um processo de Lévy. Fazemos uma exposição da Teoria de Lévy, e aplicamo-la em seguida na análise de dados provenientes do índice IBOVESPA. Camparamos os resultados com as distribuições empíricas e a modelada via distribuição gaussiana, demonstrando efetivamente que a série financeira analisada apresenta um comportamento não-gaussiano. / Abstracts: We review in this work the foundations of the Theory of Brownian Motion, from the first observations made in Biology to its complete description according to the laws of Statistical Mechanics performed by einstein in 1905. Afterwards we discuss the Einstein's Theory of Brownian Motion as a stochastic process, since this connection allows its generalization to a Lévy process. After a brief review of Lévy Theory we analyse IBOVESPA data within this framework. We compare the outcomes with the empirical and gaussian distributions, showing effectively that the analyzed financial series behaves exactly as a non-gaussian stochastic process. / Mestre