O atual quadro de obesidade instalado no mundo estimula o estudo em busca de seu tratamento. O fenofibrato, um agonista PPAR-&#945;, é usado atualmente para tratar a dislipidemia. No entanto, efeitos pleiotrópicos sobre a perda de massa corporal (MC) e redução nos depósitos de gordura necessitam de maiores estudos. O objetivo do trabalho foi examinar os efeitos do agonista PPAR-&#945; fenofibrato sobre o gasto energético, MC, metabolismo de carboidratos, perfil secretor de adipocinas, plasticidade e termogênese do tecido adiposo branco subcutâneo (TABs) em camundongos com obesidade induzida por dieta. Este experimento foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética para Experimentação Animal local sob o protocolo CEUA/032/2013. Camundongos machos C57BL/6 de 3 meses foram divididos em dois grupos: dieta padrão (SC, 10% lipídios) e dieta hiperlipídica (HF, 50% de lipídios), as quais foram administradas durante 10 semanas para induzir o sobrepeso. Em seguida, foi iniciado o tratamento com fenofibrato (100 mg/kg MC, adicionado à dieta), formando quatro grupos: SC, SC-F, HF, HF-F. O tratamento teve duração de cinco semanas, com o total de 15 semanas de experimento. A análise estatística utilizou teste t de student no pré-tratamento e one way ANOVA seguida pelo pós-teste de Holm-Sidak durante o tratamento. O two way ANOVA foi utilizado para testar possíveis interações entre dieta e tratamento. O nível de significância P<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. O grupo HF apresentou sobrepeso, resistência à insulina, além de remodelamento do tecido adiposo branco subcutâneo (TABs). O fenofibrato atenuou significativamente estes parâmetros (P<0,05). Os grupos tratados apresentaram formação de células beges no TABs, confirmado através de maior expressão gênica do PPAR-&#945;, PPAR-&#946;, PGC1-&#945;, BMP8, UCP-1, PRDM16 e FNDC5/Irisina nos grupos tratados do que em suas contrapartes (P<0,05). O tratamento com fenofibrato também foi capaz de aumentar os niveis plasmáticos de FNDC5/Irisina em ambos os grupos tratados (P<0,005). Os grupos SC-F e HF-F apresentaram aumento do gasto energético, a produção de CO2 e consumo de O2 após o tratamento com fenofibrato (P<0,05). A ativação do PPAR-&#945; parece ser fundamental para provocar browning através da indução da irisina e da transcrição de UCP-1. O fenofibrato restaurou a MC, a sensibilidade à insulina e a morfometria do TABs. Relevantemente, o fenofibrato aumentou a expressão de genes tipicamente expressos no tecido adiposo marrom no TABs, evidenciando a plasticidade do TABs em células beges com capacidade termogênica, caracterizando o browning. / The current situation of obesity in the world encourages the study for its treatment. Fenofibrate, a PPAR-&#945; agonist, is currently used to treat dyslipidemia. However, its pleiotropic effects upon body mass loss and fat pads reduction remain to be unraveled. This study aimed to examine the effects of PPAR-&#945; agonist fenofibrate on energy expenditure, body mass, carbohydrate metabolism, secretory profile of adipokines, plasticity and thermogenesis in adipose tissue in diet-induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a standard chow (SC; 10% lipids) diet or a high-fat (HF; 50% lipids) diet for 10 weeks. Afterwards, groups were subdivided into: SC, SC-F, HF and HF-F (n=10, each). Treatment with fenofibrate (100 mg/kg BM, mixed into the diet) was maintained for five weeks, totalizing fifteen weeks of experiment. All procedures were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of UERJ (CEUA/032/2013). The differences among the groups were tested by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Holm-Sidak post-hoc test. Two-way ANOVA was applied to test interactions between diet and treatment upon the evaluated outcomes. In all cases, P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. HF presented overweight, insulin resistance, besides adverse subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) remodeling. Fenofibrate attenuated significantly these parameters (P<0.05). Treated groups showed beige cells in sWAT, confirmed through higher gene expression of PPAR-&#945;, PPAR-&#946;, PGC1-&#945;, BMP8, UCP-1, PRDM16 and FNDC5/Irisin in treated groups than in their counterparts (P<0.05). The treatment with fenofibrate was also able to increase plasma levels of FNDC5/Irisin in both treated groups (P<0.005). SC-F and HF-F groups presented increase in energy expenditure, CO2 production and O2 consumption after treatment with fenofibrate (P<0.05). Activation of PPAR-&#945; seems to be pivotal to trigger browning through irisin induction and UCP-1 transcription. Fenofibrate restored body mass, insulin sensitivity and sWAT morphometry. Importantly, fenofibrate increased the expression of genes typical from brown adipose tissue (BAT) in sWAT, characterizing the plasticity of sWAT in beiges cells with thermogenic capacity, a phenomenon so-called browning.

O atual quadro de obesidade instalado no mundo estimula o estudo em busca de seu tratamento. O fenofibrato, um agonista PPAR-&#945;, é usado atualmente para tratar a dislipidemia. No entanto, efeitos pleiotrópicos sobre a perda de massa corporal (MC) e redução nos depósitos de gordura necessitam de maiores estudos. O objetivo do trabalho foi examinar os efeitos do agonista PPAR-&#945; fenofibrato sobre o gasto energético, MC, metabolismo de carboidratos, perfil secretor de adipocinas, plasticidade e termogênese do tecido adiposo branco subcutâneo (TABs) em camundongos com obesidade induzida por dieta. Este experimento foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética para Experimentação Animal local sob o protocolo CEUA/032/2013. Camundongos machos C57BL/6 de 3 meses foram divididos em dois grupos: dieta padrão (SC, 10% lipídios) e dieta hiperlipídica (HF, 50% de lipídios), as quais foram administradas durante 10 semanas para induzir o sobrepeso. Em seguida, foi iniciado o tratamento com fenofibrato (100 mg/kg MC, adicionado à dieta), formando quatro grupos: SC, SC-F, HF, HF-F. O tratamento teve duração de cinco semanas, com o total de 15 semanas de experimento. A análise estatística utilizou teste t de student no pré-tratamento e one way ANOVA seguida pelo pós-teste de Holm-Sidak durante o tratamento. O two way ANOVA foi utilizado para testar possíveis interações entre dieta e tratamento. O nível de significância P<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. O grupo HF apresentou sobrepeso, resistência à insulina, além de remodelamento do tecido adiposo branco subcutâneo (TABs). O fenofibrato atenuou significativamente estes parâmetros (P<0,05). Os grupos tratados apresentaram formação de células beges no TABs, confirmado através de maior expressão gênica do PPAR-&#945;, PPAR-&#946;, PGC1-&#945;, BMP8, UCP-1, PRDM16 e FNDC5/Irisina nos grupos tratados do que em suas contrapartes (P<0,05). O tratamento com fenofibrato também foi capaz de aumentar os niveis plasmáticos de FNDC5/Irisina em ambos os grupos tratados (P<0,005). Os grupos SC-F e HF-F apresentaram aumento do gasto energético, a produção de CO2 e consumo de O2 após o tratamento com fenofibrato (P<0,05). A ativação do PPAR-&#945; parece ser fundamental para provocar browning através da indução da irisina e da transcrição de UCP-1. O fenofibrato restaurou a MC, a sensibilidade à insulina e a morfometria do TABs. Relevantemente, o fenofibrato aumentou a expressão de genes tipicamente expressos no tecido adiposo marrom no TABs, evidenciando a plasticidade do TABs em células beges com capacidade termogênica, caracterizando o browning. / The current situation of obesity in the world encourages the study for its treatment. Fenofibrate, a PPAR-&#945; agonist, is currently used to treat dyslipidemia. However, its pleiotropic effects upon body mass loss and fat pads reduction remain to be unraveled. This study aimed to examine the effects of PPAR-&#945; agonist fenofibrate on energy expenditure, body mass, carbohydrate metabolism, secretory profile of adipokines, plasticity and thermogenesis in adipose tissue in diet-induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a standard chow (SC; 10% lipids) diet or a high-fat (HF; 50% lipids) diet for 10 weeks. Afterwards, groups were subdivided into: SC, SC-F, HF and HF-F (n=10, each). Treatment with fenofibrate (100 mg/kg BM, mixed into the diet) was maintained for five weeks, totalizing fifteen weeks of experiment. All procedures were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of UERJ (CEUA/032/2013). The differences among the groups were tested by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Holm-Sidak post-hoc test. Two-way ANOVA was applied to test interactions between diet and treatment upon the evaluated outcomes. In all cases, P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. HF presented overweight, insulin resistance, besides adverse subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) remodeling. Fenofibrate attenuated significantly these parameters (P<0.05). Treated groups showed beige cells in sWAT, confirmed through higher gene expression of PPAR-&#945;, PPAR-&#946;, PGC1-&#945;, BMP8, UCP-1, PRDM16 and FNDC5/Irisin in treated groups than in their counterparts (P<0.05). The treatment with fenofibrate was also able to increase plasma levels of FNDC5/Irisin in both treated groups (P<0.005). SC-F and HF-F groups presented increase in energy expenditure, CO2 production and O2 consumption after treatment with fenofibrate (P<0.05). Activation of PPAR-&#945; seems to be pivotal to trigger browning through irisin induction and UCP-1 transcription. Fenofibrate restored body mass, insulin sensitivity and sWAT morphometry. Importantly, fenofibrate increased the expression of genes typical from brown adipose tissue (BAT) in sWAT, characterizing the plasticity of sWAT in beiges cells with thermogenic capacity, a phenomenon so-called browning.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1948 P74 / Master of Science

No description available.

This thesis endeavours to investigate some of the many ways literary works can engage with the tradition of extremism. In so doing, the author hopes to demonstrate the importance of the tradition as a vessel for understanding the world around and within us. In an effort to show the breadth and endurance of this tradition, this thesis critically analyses selected works by Robert Browning, Harold Pinter, and Frank Bidart in context with various other literary works.

Brown and beige fat are specialized adipose tissues found in almost all mammals that can increase energy expenditure and produce heat. Cold exposure and b3-adrenergic stimulation has been extensively shown to activate brown adipose tissue (BAT) in rodents, which promotes uncoupled respiration of glucose and lipid substrates via uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Prolonged stimulation can induce white adipose browning, which leads to the emergence of thermogenic cells within white fat depots, called beige adipocytes. The beige adipocyte possesses a unique molecular signature, yet shares several characteristics of brown adipocytes, including high mitochondrial content. When activated, beige fat can be induced to initiate a thermogenic transcriptional program similar to that of BAT. Recent human studies have identified brown and/or beige fat in the supraclavicular region using various radiation imaging modalities. This remarkable discovery has reinvigorated scientific interest in adipose browning and brown/beige fat activation as possible therapeutic targets for obesity. Like in rodents, several groups have previously tested the potential impact of cold exposure and b3-adrenergic agonism on BAT-mediated thermogenesis in humans. However, even though these approaches were shown to significantly increase energy expenditure and promote weight loss in obese individuals, they are not ideal clinical interventions. Cold exposure is uncomfortable and requires prolonged treatment, while b3-adrenergic agonists may lead to many adverse effects like cardiovascular problems. This thesis will evaluate the therapeutic potential and clinical relevance of alternative anti-obesity approaches that target adipose browning and beige adipose activation.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / This dissertation examines the monologues of The Ring and the Book to describe and evaluate the role of the speaker-environment relationship in structuring the poem. Although this relationship has been studied in the shorter works of Browning, little critical attention has been devoted to its role in his major work, despite the poet's extensive comments in Book I on his dramatic method of "resuscitating" dead voices [TRUNCATED]. / 2031-01-01

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The Flesh Browning (FB) disorder of ‘Cripps Pink’ apples presents a significant threat to the established market identity of the ‘Cripps Pink’ apple in Australian and export markets. Climatic conditions during fruit growth and development predispose ‘Cripps Pink’ apples to developing the FB disorder during storage. The FB disorder can be classified into two distinct disorders based on their physiological and structural differences and by seasonal climatic conditions. The diffuse type of FB (DFB) is a chilling injury, occurring in districts or seasons accumulating less than 1100 growing degree days (GDD) above 10oC between full bloom and harvest. In these climatic conditions, ‘Cripps Pink’ apples have delayed postharvest ethylene production. Diffuse FB effects fruit cortex tissue and is characterised as cellular collapse. Storing fruit at 3oC can reduce the incidence of DFB. The radial type of FB (RFB) is primarily a senescent disorder, occurring in districts or seasons accumulating greater than 1400 GDD above 10oC between full bloom and harvest. In these climatic conditions, postharvest ethylene production is not delayed. Radial FB affects the cells adjacent to the vascular tissue of the fruit and is characterised by damaged cell walls. Storing fruit at 1oC can reduce the incidence of RFB. Harvest maturity and the level of CO2 in the storage atmosphere are additive influences on the development of RFB. Seasons or districts accumulating more than 1700 GDD have a very low risk for developing RFB. Seasonal climatic conditions can provide a guide for predicting the risk of developing RFB and DFB during storage.

Molecules of anthocyanins and quinones possess distinctive electrophilic character, which is demonstrated by their facile reactions with nucleophiles such as sulfite, thiols, amines and water. In food systems, one of their likely targets would be nucleophilic centers in the side chains of amino acids. Our experiments revealed that on a short-term exposure (1 72 h) to free amino acids in solutions with pH < 7 glycosides of cyanidin and quinones of phenolic acids did not yield nucleophilic addition products with most of the amino acids. A notable exception was cysteine, which reacted with oxidized phenolic acids and caused anthocyanin bleaching at elevated temperature. Thermodynamic aspects of the nucleophilic addition reactions were investigated with the aid of computational chemistry. We have also found that enzymatic browning in apricot puree does not lead to trans-cis -carotene isomerization, contrary to some previous reports. Increased availability of -carotene for extraction was recorded for browned apple- and pear-apricot purees in comparison with the non-browned purees. / Food Science and Technology

Plant imagery abounds in Elizabeth Barrett Browning's novel-poem, Aurora Leigh, and critical readings have not thoroughly explored the meaning of and intent behind that imagery. Plant metaphor and images in Aurora Leigh are used to challenge the concept of Victorian women's inherently inferior "nature" and to present an argument for female equality. When traced throughout the work, plant imagery foreshadows Aurora and Marian's ultimate personal independence and familial harmony and helps the reader to understand the poem's controversial ending. Ties to three of Browning's literary influences in the selection of plant images are explored: Emanuel Swedenborg, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Each of these three understood and used nature imagery to significant effect in their own writings, and Browning adopted and developed those images in her work.