The treatise analyses the issues around budgets and examines budget expenditure control procedures. The research method selected has been formulated from the research onion process (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill 2009). This methodology first identifies the research approach, research strategy, timelines and data collection methods. As part of the research process, a quantitative approach has been taken and a survey was carried out in relation to the collection of quantitative data for the purposes of the treatise research. The final analysis of the survey results is reflected in the conclusion of the research findings. Budget expenditure control procedures provide a company with a method of control for managing actual spending against the budget. Most companies have a refined practice of budget preparation, and in the larger companies, these are implemented across all departments and carried out by respective managers. Once the budget is in place, it is the responsibility of the managers to ensure that those having expenditure authorisation adhere to it. If control procedures are well managed, this allows for improved efficiency in operations and can lead to benefits in budget performance. Control procedures that are inefficient and poorly managed will inhibit budget objectives being achieved. The control procedures for budget expenditure can be formulated and applied to optimise budget performance and to control budget variance. Formal budget expenditure control procedures, as part of a company’s budget strategy, can provide managers with an effective business tool that improves current budget spending control procedures. This will then result in the identification of potential efficiency gains and improve budget performance.

This thesis deals with the financial management of municipalities with a focus on the analysis and implementation of the budget of Chomutov in the years 2010 - 2013. Theoretical part deals with the budget, its structure and classification according to budget classification, and the phases of the budget process. The practical part is focused on the implementation of the budget revenue and expenditure, creation and use of funds, and an overall assessment of financial management, including the financing of Chomutov in the monitored period.

The field of state budget is very topical and crucial for the future economic development of the country. The aim of this thesis is to map the political process of state budget production and endorsement. It shows the level of its affectability under the current conditions, if the state budget is only a result of wrong political decisions. The thesis discusses the process of the state budget production and endorsement itself. It also shows the state budget structure when identifying the most significant items of the state budget. The second part presents state budgets under the different Czech governments since 1993. One state budget of each government is further examined. Its production, endorsement and final performance is described. It shows the key items change under the different governments. It searches for similar tendences among governments and focuses on items which are the source of imbalances of the state budget. This thesis offers the insight to different government state budgets, in order to discuss if balanced state budget is under the current conditions attainable, whether its deficit character is determined by the process itself.

ITC/USA 2005 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2005 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / The terrestrial microwave telemetry links show limitation due their inherent features concerning bandwidth availability, frequency allocation and range. Also it supports only one aircraft per test and the data acquisition capacity can be enhanced. Following the flight tests trends, it proposes a telemetry link based on satellite communications deployed by off the shelf equipments allowing advantages as bandwidth availability, multiple aircrafts telemetry and almost global range into the reliability standards. By simple equations and typical flight tests data it demonstrates the feasibility of the telemetry system proposed for time and costs reduction to optimize flight tests programs.

La loi de Moore prédit que le nombre de composants dans un circuit double tous les 18 mois. Cette augmentation permet de diminuer les délais dans ces composants, mais amènent une augmentation des délais liés aux interconnexions par rapport aux délais dans les composants et de la consommation de puissance. Récemment, les délais dans les interconnexions sont devenus trop importants par rapport aux délais dans les portes logiques au point où la méthode de synthèse automatisée de circuits intégrés actuelle est devenue inadéquate. Puisque le traitement des interconnexions s'effectue lors de la synthèse physique, une nouvelle approche, inversant les étapes de la synthèse physique et de la synthèse logique, a été envisagée. La conception d'un système, utilisant un langage orienté-objet et offrant de la portabilité et une intégration de modules futurs, a été l'objet de cette recherche puisqu'un système utilisant un tel procédé n'a pas encore vu le jour. Une plate-forme de synthèse a été développée et celle-ci a été testée à l'aide d'un module de gestion de budgets de délai. Premièrement, une lecture de la description logique du circuit provenant de la synthèse comportementale a été effectuée en utilisant un décomposeur analytique et un analyseur syntaxique. Ensuite, pendant cette lecture, un réseau booléen hiérarchique représentant le circuit a été bâti selon une infrastructure prédéfinie. Afin de pouvoir tester la plate-forme, des budgets de délais ont été assignés à chaque noeud du réseau en propageant le temps d'arrivée et le temps requis dans un circuit provenant d'une description logique hiérarchique complexe. Finalement, la gestion de budgets de délai a été faite par un algorithme conçu à cet effet et les résultats de celle-ci ont été analysés. Le résultat obtenu est une plate-forme de synthèse capable de faire de la gestion de budget de délais sur les chemins critiques dans un circuit donné. De plus, celle-ci pourra être utilisée de nouveau pour d'autres projets liés à la synthèse de circuits. La pertinence de cette recherche repose sur la résolution d'un problème grandissant dans le monde de la synthèse automatisée des circuits intégrés.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / This paper describes key points in the field of Galileo application abroad spacecraft and normal vehicles. On the basis of ephemeris of Galileo constellation, the mathematic model and procession are given in high dynamic signal environment, the digital simulation is also completed, the results are statistics and analyzed and presented. On the topic of navigation satellite constellation orbit and visibility, the paper presents the Galileo frame system, time system, navigation satellite orbit elements, constellation structure, and GDOP calculation. The users include low dynamic as well as high dynamic spacecraft. The analysis for relevant GPS is also showed. About the navigation signal structure, main points are Galileo system working frequency, including E5, E6 and L1 frequency spans, the modulation and navigation data, ets. At the same time, this paper compares Galileo with GPS. On the aspect of signal communication link, Dopplar frequency shift and power level calculation are present as well as compare with GPS system.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / Fiscal deficits, which are the end result of fiscal indiscipline and lack of fiscal space, have been the focus of fiscal and macroeconomic adjustment in developed and developing countries. Developments in the euro zone between 2007 and 2011, have reminded policy makers about the macro-economic dangers posed by government debt. The nasty experiences of Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain forced policy makers in Europe to introduce painful austerity measures. Up to this day, the eurozone debt crisis threatens the survival of the European Union. Although most African countries were not directly affected by the contagion of the euro zone debt crisis, they too had their own structural problems of unsustainable fiscal deficits and bad governance which caused macroeconomic imbalances. This study examines the macroeconomic effects of fiscal deficits and the contribution of bad governance to macroeconomic instability in Zimbabwe. In chapter one the problem and methodology of the study are introduced. The key questions are basically whether deficits are harmful or neutral? Linked to this is of course, the political economy of these deficits, especially the method of financing them and how this affects the macro-economic equilibrium. In order to investigate these issues, this study uses a qualitative and comparative methodology which juxtaposes Zimbabwe’s experiences with those of other developing countries, namely Ghana, Morocco, Zambia and Botswana. These countries are chosen as they collectively depict both cases of good fiscal management (Botswana and Morocco) on the one hand, and bad fiscal management (Ghana and Zambia), on the other. This methodology adequately captures political economy issues which are not capable of being estimated without running the risk of lack of validity and spurious inferences given the softness of data under hyperinflationary conditions that occurred in Zimbabwe prior to 2009. In chapter two the study examines various theoretical propositions on the relationship between the fiscal deficit and selected macroeconomic variables. The traditional theory postulates that the fiscal deficit has a negative impact on macroeconomic performance whereas the Ricardian Equivalence Theorem posits that the impact of the deficit is neutral. Keynesians argue that deficits arising from public expenditure on investment as opposed to consumption actually crowd-in rather than crowd out private sector investment. In theory, there is a close connection between a monetized deficit and inflation. A positive theoretical relationship is also found between the twin deficits (that is, the trade and fiscal deficits). However, the relationship between the budget deficit, interest rates and exchange rate is ambiguous. In chapter three we find that the majority of empirical studies support the view that budget deficits are generally inflationary when they are financed by printing money. A causal link is also found between the budget deficit and trade deficit. However, empirical evidence on the relationship between the deficit, exchange rate and interest rates is largely ambiguous. The comparative politico-economic and fiscal experiences of Ghana, Zambia, Morocco and Botswana in chapter four are used to provide the trajectory for the Zimbabwean case study in chapter 5. The review of the experiences of Ghana and Zambia showed that fiscal indiscipline resulted in high fiscal deficits which led to the deterioration of macroeconomic performance whereas in Morocco and Botswana, fiscal discipline resulted in low fiscal deficits and improved macro-economic performance. But central to the politico-economic performance of these countries, was the issue of bad governance and how this worsened the impact of fiscal deficits. In chapter five the experiences of Zimbabwe confirm the view that fiscal deficits are harmful to the economy. Many years of fiscal indiscipline and bad governance, led to macro-economic instability that resulted in record hyperinflation levels in 2008. Finally, the study concludes that, cumulative fiscal deficits in Zimbabwe since 1980, precipitated macroeconomic instability and fiscal unsustainability. Prolonged fiscal and quasi-fiscal deficits, which were largely financed by printing money, triggered hyperinflation and macroeconomic disequilibria. The lack of fiscal probity and the profligacy of the state, corruption, macroeconomic mismanagement and dirigistic policies, all rolled into one, caused the unprecedented economic meltdown and eventual economic collapse in Zimbabwe. The study finds that fiscal indiscipline in Zimbabwe, other than causing macroeconomic instability, also contributed to an unprecedented humanitarian crisis, never witnessed in a country not waging a war. Going forward, the study recommends a battery of policy measures in the area of institutional, fiscal and macro-economic adjustment in order to control and manage the deficit in Zimbabwe.

Today, different types of cellular networks are actively working on the radio links. For instance, the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is being used in nearly two hundred countries and currently it has around two and half billion users all over the world. Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is currently deployed in many countries and it is providing increased data rates, coverage and mobility as compared to GSM. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) are very famous when we have a small area and none real time services. Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is a new technology and it is in deployment phase. In all these cellular technologies, we have very limited recourses and we have to make best use of them by proper management. Radio Resource Management (RRM) is a control mechanism for the overall system which is being used to manage radio resources in the air interface inside a cellular network. The main objective is to utilize the available spectral resources as efficiently as possible. Our aim is to use them in the best possible way to maximize the performance and spectral efficiency in such a way that we have maximum number of users in our network and Quality of Service (QoS) is up to the mark. In a cellular communication system, a service area or a geographical region is divided into a number of cells and each cell is served by an infrastructure element called the base station which works through a radio interface. The frequency license fees, real estate, distribution network and maintenance are the issues which dominates the cost for deploying a cellular network. Management of radio related resources is a critical design component in cellular communications. In RRM, we control parameters like Radio Frequency (RF) planning, link budgeting, modulation schemes, channel access schemes etc. RF planning includes cell planning, coverage of the network and capacity of the network. Our main focus in this thesis will be on cell planning and link budgeting and we will discuss them in context of a WiMAX network.

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