Na cultura da soja ocorre um grupo de percevejos sugadores de sementes, Euschistus heros (E.), Piezodorus guildinii (West.) e Nezara viridula (L.), que causam diversos distúrbios fisiológicos durante o cultivo, como o atraso da maturidade fisiológica, a retenção foliar, as perdas na produtividade e a redução do potencial fisiológico das sementes. A reação dos genótipos de soja ao estresse por percevejos é uma abordagem importante durante a etapa de melhoramento, produção de sementes e desenvolvimento de novas linhagens de soja resistente. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os parâmetros de produção e qualidade das sementes, e a resposta de defesa da planta dos diferentes genótipos de soja em condições de ataque de percevejos. Os ensaios foram conduzidos na Estação Experimental de Anhumas (Departamento da Genética, USP, ESALQ), com as populações de plantas de soja submetidas à condição de infestação natural dos percevejos nos anos agrícolas 2012/13 e 2013/2014, com plantas cultivadas sem o controle químico de percevejos e com o controle, em blocos casualizados com cinco repetições em cada sistema de controle. Análises dos dados foram feitas com ANOVA e MANOVA. No primeiro ano, vinte quatro genótipos de soja foram avaliados para os parâmetros agronômicos e de resistência da planta (período de formação de sementes (PFS), ciclo das plantas (Ciclo), altura da planta (AP), índice de acamamento (IA), valor agronômico (VA), número de vagem (NV), peso de mil sementes (PMS), produtividade (PROD), retenção foliar (RF) e peso de sementes boas (PSB)). No segundo ano com oito genótipos de soja, as plantas foram avaliadas pelos mesmos parâmetros agronômicos e de resistência do primeiro ano, exceto o NV e com o acréscimo da avaliação do índice percentual de danos nas vagens (IPDV) e as sementes quanto a qualidade fisiológica (germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência, condutividade elétrica e tetrazólio). Além disso, as sementes e vagens de dois genótipos LQ1050 e CD215, coletadas entre os estágios R5 e R6, foram avaliadas quanto ao teor de isoflavonas em condições de estresse por percevejo no campo. Com o monitoramento da população de percevejos foi possível verificar um aumento de percevejos no PFS, sendo que a densidade populacional no ano agrícola 2012/13 foi mais alta. Para a seleção efetuada no primeiro ano agrícola 2012/13, considerou-se como principal critério o PSB mínimo e máximo para genótipos resistentes e suscetível ao percevejo para a avaliação da qualidade das sementes no segundo ano de cultivo 2013/14. Genótipos de soja com alta produtividade não garantem que os mesmos tenham resistência ao complexo de percevejos e produzam sementes com alta qualidade fisiológica. Foi verificada, nos oitos genótipos de soja do segundo ano de cultivo, variabilidade genética entre cultivares e linhagens de soja para características de qualidade fisiológica avaliada por meio dos testes de germinação e de vigor. Parâmetros utilizados para avaliação da qualidade fisiológica podem ser correlacionados com a resistência da planta ao complexo de percevejos. Coumestrol e gliocelina, compostos fitoalexinas, foram determinados nas vagens de genótipos contrastantes, mas não nas sementes. / A group of stink bugs composed by Euschistus heros (E.), Piezodorus guildinii (West.), and Nezara viridula (L.) causes several physiological disturbs in soybean during the field production, such as: delayed physiological maturity, leaf retention, yield loss, and decreased seed quality and germination potential. The reaction of soybean genotypes to stink bugs complex is an important approach for the crop breeding, seed production, and development of new resistant lines. This work aimed to compare the production and seed quality parameters, besides the plant defense under conditions of stink bugs attack. Assays were carried out at the Experimental Station of Anhumas (Department of Genetics, USP, ESALQ) with the soybean plants submitted to natural infestation by stink bugs, at 2012/13 and 2013/14 crop seasons, with absence and presence of chemical control of the insects, in a randomized block design with five replicates. The data were submitted to both ANOVA and MANOVA analysis. At the first season, 24 genotypes were evaluated as for the agronomic and plant resistance traits: seed formation period, plant life cycle, plant height, lodging index, agronomic value, number of pods per plant, mass of 1000 seeds, yield, foliar retention, and mass of healthy seeds. At the second season, eight genotypes were evaluated by the same agronomic and plant resistance traits of the first season, except the number of pods per plant. The pods damage index and seed physiological quality (germination, accelerated aging, emergence, electrical conductivity, and tetrazolium test) traits were evaluated only in the second season. The pods and seeds of LQ1050 and CD215 genotypes were collected between the R5 and R6 stages and had the isoflavones levels evaluated in conditions of stress by stink bugs attack. Through the monitoring of stink bugs population, it was possible to notice the increase of the insects in the seed formation period, with higher population density in the 2012/13 season. In the first season, the minimum and maximum masses of healthy seeds were taken as the main criterion to select susceptible and resistant genotypes, respectively, to the stink bugs attack, for the seed quality evaluation in the second season 2013/14. High yield genotypes do not ensure resistance to the stink bugs complex and, therefore, seeds with high physiological quality. We have noticed the genetic variability among the genotypes as for the physiological quality evaluated through the germination and vigor tests, at the second season. Traits used for the physiological quality can be correlated with the plant resistance to the stink bugs complex. Coumestrol and glyceollin, phytoalexin compounds, were identified in pods of the contrasting genotypes, but not in the seeds.

<p>Istraživanja faune stenica na prostoru Vojvodine u<br />poslednjih nekoliko decenija baziraju se pre svega na<br />praćenju brojnosti i &scaron;tetnosti vrsta u p&scaron;enici, lucerki i<br />soji. Malo je podataka o korisnim vrstama, kao i<br />drugim vrstama koji imaju mali ili gotovo beznačajan<br />uticaj na biljnu proizvodnju. Stoga je u ovom radu<br />istražena fauna stenica različitih ekosistema koji<br />obuhvataju useve p&scaron;enice i lucerke, ali i biljke<br />ruderalnih stani&scaron;ta i poljoza&scaron;titnih pojaseva navedenih<br />kultura. Istovremeno je istražena i fauna stenica sa<br />biljaka spontane flore na lokalitetima vi&scaron;ih<br />nadmorskih visina Fru&scaron;ke gore i Divčibara, koje<br />predstavljaju mesta prezimljavanja određenih vrsta.<br />Podaci o prisutnim vrstama navedenih ekosistema<br />predstavljaju dodadatak dosada&scaron;njim istraživanjima<br />faune stenica na&scaron;e zemlje.<br />Stenice su uzorkovane entomolo&scaron;kim kečerom<br />i ručno na vi&scaron;e od 48 lokaliteta na teritoriji Bačke,<br />Fru&scaron;ke gore i Divčibara. Determinacija uzorkovanih<br />jedinki rađena je prema morfolo&scaron;kim karakteristikama<br />uz upotrebu odgovarajućih ključeva, pri čemu je<br />zabeleženo ukupno 59 vrsta iz 14 familija. Najveći<br />broj vrsta zabeležen je na biljkama spontane flore,<br />ukupno 42 vrste, zatim u usevu lucerke, 26 vrsta, a<br />najmanji broj vrsta, ukupno 17, zabeleženo je u usevu<br />p&scaron;enice. Među uzorkovanim stenicama najvi&scaron;e je bilo<br />fitofagnih oligofagnih vrsta, ali je zabeleženo i<br />prisustvo ukupno &scaron;est predatorskih vrsta.<br />Kao dodatak morfolo&scaron;koj determinaciji vrsta<br />urađena je molekularna analiza osam vrsta, u prvom<br />redu žitnih stenica iz familija Scutelleridae i<br />Pentatomidae, ali i tri izrazito polifagne vrste čije<br />prisustvo je zabeleženo na velikom broju lokaliteta.<br />Kod pomenutih vrsta analiziran je mitohondrijalni<br />citohrom c oksidaza I standardni barkod fragmet i<br />formirano je filogenetsko stablo. Ova istraživanja<br />predstavljaju preliminarna istraživanja stenica sa<br />na&scaron;eg podneblja na molekularnom nivou.<br />Spisak registrovanih vrsta stenica, koji je<br />jedan od rezultata ovog rada, predstavlja značajan<br />doprinos poznavanju faune Heteroptera u gajenim<br />kulturama, p&scaron;enici i lucerki, ali i na biljkama spontane<br />flore. Molekularna analiza ukazala je na sličnost<br />pojedinih vrsta i rodova na molekularnom nivou i<br />istovremeno potvrdila pozdanost morfolo&scaron;kih<br />karaktera u determinaciji stenica. Najvažnije osobine<br />svih registrovanih stenica koje su iznete u radu<br />predstavljaju prilog izučavanju faune stenica u<br />Vojvodini, pa i Srbiji.</p> / <p>Faunistic research of true bugs (Heteroptera) in<br />Vojvodina, in several last decades was mainly<br />focused on the most important pest species in wheat,<br />alfalfa and soybean. There are very few data of<br />beneficial species and/or species of low importance to<br />named crops. Therefore the main focus of this work<br />was to investigate the whole fauna of true bugs in<br />different ecosystems, including wheat, alfalfa and<br />ruderal plants in and around the cultivated fields. At<br />the same time true bugs fauna of spontaneous flora in<br />localities of higher altitudes, such as Fru&scaron;ka gora<br />mountain and Divčibare, was also investigated. List of<br />registered species is a great contribution to the fauna<br />of true bugs in Vojvodina and Serbia.<br />During research true bugs were sampled by<br />sweep net and by hand, at more than 48 localities all<br />around the Bačka region (Vojvodina), as well as in<br />Fru&scaron;ka gora mountain and Divčibare. Specimens were<br />identified according to their morphology, using many<br />keys for identification. 59 species belonging to 14<br />terrestrial families were recorded. The most species<br />were recorded in spontaneous flora, 42 in total. This<br />was followed by 26 species in alfalfa fields and only<br />17 species registered in wheat. Most of these species<br />were phytophagous and only six were predaceous.<br />Presence of zoophagous specimens is important as<br />indicator of biological balance which exists in<br />described environment despite the human activity.<br />Molecular analysis of eight true bugs species<br />was done as additional method for identification of<br />sampled specimens. Species were chosen by their<br />importance in wheat fields, and by their presence in<br />each sampled ecosystem. Mitochondrial cytochrome c<br />oxidase subunit I gene was analyzed and phylogenetic<br />tree was constructed. This is a preliminary survey of<br />true bugs in Vojvodina on molecular level.<br />List of recorded true bug species, as one of the results<br />of this work, is a contribution to the list of species in<br />wheat and alfalfa which includes not only pest<br />species, but beneficial and neutral ones as well.<br />Knowledge of true bugs species which inhabit<br />spontaneous plants around the fields is of importance<br />for cultivated crops having in mind bugs vicinity and<br />ability to live and hide inside of different plants.<br />Molecular analysis revealed the similarity of some<br />species and genera at molecular level and at the same<br />time confirmed the reliability of morphological<br />characters in identification of true bugs. The most<br />important characteristics of recorded species were<br />given as contribution of true bugs investigations in<br />Vojvodina and Serbia.</p>

Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2002. / Thesis documentation sheet inserted. Appendix reprints five published papers and manuscripts, three co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Also available electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-16T14:17:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PABLO OLIVEIRA ANTONINO DE ASSIS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2009..pdf: 1244760 bytes, checksum: 30e75bebed5cedb9f7f2d0eb80097c6f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T14:17:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PABLO OLIVEIRA ANTONINO DE ASSIS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2009..pdf: 1244760 bytes, checksum: 30e75bebed5cedb9f7f2d0eb80097c6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-13 / Capes / Nós investigamos a evolução de oito softwares open source e cinco proprietários, a fim de verificar a existência de correlações estatísticas entre complexidade e medidas de qualidade em termos de bad smells e bugs. Em todos os projetos, encontramos fortes correlações estatísticas entre medidas de complexidade (WMC) e qualidade. Todos os softwares proprietários e cinco open source apresentaram índices de correlação muito forte (r > 0.9). Surpreendentemente, em três dos softwares open source, a correlação encontrada foi forte, porém negativa. Isto é atribuído ao fato de que, nestes projetos, os bad smells foram removidos intencionalmente. Este resultado sugere que, apesar da correlação, não existe necessariamente relação de causa-efeito entre métricas de complexidade e de qualidade. Dessa maneira, concluímos que apenas eliminar bad smells não é uma boa estratégia a ser seguida se o objetivo for reduzir a complexidade do design e melhorar a qualidade nos termos associados à redução da complexidade. / We have studied the evolution of eight open source projects and five proprietary ones, looking for statistical correlations between complexity and quality measures in terms of bad smells and bugs detected. In all projects, we found strong statistical correlations between complexity (WMC) and quality measures. In all the legacies softwares and five of open sources, the correlation can be considered very strong (r > 0.9). Surprisingly, in three of the open source, the correlation is strong, but negative. This has been attributed to the fact that, in these projects, designers have intentionally controlled the quality measures under study, by applying refactoring strategies. These results suggest that, despite the correlation, there is no necessary cause-effect relation between complexity and quality measures. We conclude that just eliminate bad smells is not a good strategy to be followed if the desired objective is to reduce software design complexity. Then also does not improve software quality in terms associated to software complexity reduction.

[pt] Os elementos de código geralmente mudam ao longo da evolução do sistema, o que implica em uma eventual degradação estrutural do código fonte. Sintomas recorrentes de tal degradação são chamados anomalias de código. Estudos sugerem que quanto mais anomalias de código afetam um sistema, mais alta se torna a propensão a bugs dos elementos de código. Para lidar com tal degradação da qualidade estrutural do código, desenvolvedores geralmente aplicam refatorações no código fonte. No entanto, aplicar refatorações pode não ser suficiente para reduzir a propensão a bugs dos elementos de código degradados. Um estudo recente sugere que refatorações induzem bugs frequentemente. No entanto, os autores não analisam se o código refatorado está, de fato, diretamente relacionado à introdução de bugs. Com isso, nesta dissertação, realizamos dois estudos longitudinais de múltiplos projetos para avaliar a propensão a bugs do código refatorado. Nossa metodologia teve como objetivo abordar várias limitações de estudos anteriores. Por exemplo, definimos duas propriedades complementares da propensão a bugs do código refatorado, sendo elas, frequência e distância. Enquanto a primeira propriedade quantifica a frequência com que um código refatorado está relacionado a bugs que emergiram no código fonte, a distância quantifica o quão próximo um bug surge depois que uma refatoração é aplicada. Nosso primeiro estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a propensão a bugs de refatorações isoladas. Primeiro, nossos resultados mostram que 80 porcento dos elementos degradados que se tornaram bugs não foram previamente refatorados. Este resultado implica que um código refatorado é menos propenso a bugs do que um código não refatorado. Em segundo lugar, em 75 porcento das vezes um bug surge depois de 7 mudanças feitas a partir da operação de refatoração, o que geralmente corresponde à 3 meses nos projetos analisados. Nosso segundo estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a propensão a bugs de refatorações em lote, ou seja, refatorações aplicadas em sequência. Nossos resultados mostram que, na maioria dos casos, o código refatorado em lotes é mais resiliente à introdução de bugs do que o código refatorado por meio de refatorações isoladas. / [en] Programs often change along the system evolution, which implies an eventual code structure degradation. Recurring symptoms of such degradation are code smells. Studies suggest that the more frequently code smells affect a system, the higher becomes the bug-proneness of the code elements. To tackle code structural quality degradation, developers often apply refactorings on smelly program elements. However, applying refactorings might not suffice to reduce the bug-proneness of such degraded program elements. Previous empirical studies do not systematically analyze the bug-proneness of refactored code. Even though a recent study suggests that refactoring induces bugs frequently, the authors do not analyze to what extent refactored code is indeed closely related to the bug occurrence. Thus, in this dissertation, we conducted two longitudinal multi-project studies to assess the bugproneness of refactored code. Our methodology aimed to address various limitations of previous studies. For instance, we have defined two complementary properties of the bug-proneness of refactored code, i.e., frequency and distance. While the former quantifies how often a refactored code is related to emerging bugs, the latter quantifies how close a bug emerges after a refactoring has been applied. The quantitative analysis of such properties was complemented by a manual analysis of refactorings closely related to the bug occurrence. Our first study aims at assessing the bug-proneness of code refactored through isolated refactorings, i.e., a single refactoring operation not performed in conjunction with other refactoring operations. This study reveals that 80 per cent of the smelly elements that became buggy were not previously refactored. This result suggests the refactored code is much less bug-prone than non-refactored code. Moreover, in 75 per cent of the times, a bug emerges in 7 changes far from the refactoring operation; this amount of changes usually corresponds to 3 months in the analyzed projects. Our second study aims at assessing the bug-proneness of code elements refactored through batch refactorings, i.e., a sequence of inter-related refactoring operations. Our results show that code refactored through batches is often more resilient to the introduction of bugs as compared to code refactored through isolated refactorings.

The aim of this methodically oriented thesis was to find spatial distribution of water bugs in fishpond by parallelly used two different sampling methods - classic method (netting) and light traps as well as to find, if sampling method can influence a result of ecological study by substantial way. Study was realized in the one locality - fishpond Polepšil (region: Vysočina: Moravskobudějovicko) in years 2007 and 2008. Spaces {--} transects for sampling were difined. Efficiency of water bug sampling by nett is conspicuously less than sampling by light traps. More species and individuals (in total sum of samples and in samples from individual transects too) were sampled by light traps under comparable conditions. Chemical yelow-green light of light traps was more attractive for water bugs than the pink one. Spatial preferences of some corixid species and their developmental stages were noted by application of light trap method of sampling. Light trap method of samplings brings more complete and valuable data for ecological studies of water bug communities.

Verification and validation is one of the most important concerns in the area of software engineering towards more reliable software development. Hence it is important to overcome the challenges of testing concurrent programs. The extensive use of concurrent systems warrants more attention to the concurrent software testing. For testing concurrent software, automatic tools development is getting increased focus. The first part of this study presents a systematic review that aims to explore the state-of-the-art of concurrent software testing. The systematic review reports several issues like concurrent software characteristics, bugs, testing techniques and tools, test case generation techniques and tools, and benchmarks developed for the tools. The second part presents the evaluation of four commercial and open source static analysis tools detecting Java multithreaded bugs. An empirical evaluation of the tools would help the industry as well as the academia to learn more about the effectiveness of the static analysis tools for concurrency bugs.

Text describes some of the most common tools used for project management and bug/issue tracking. Describes advantages and possibilities of connecting them to more complex systems of administration and version control. It also describe analysis and design of new FITkit specific system, and ways to catch errors in QDevKit application. The rest of text describes whole implementation including examples of applied constructions and logical layout.

First, a few bugs from a list of common bug were chosen and patterns describing these bugs were inferred. Then, detectors searching for such patterns were implemented as plug-ins to FindBugs static analyzer. Finally, detectors were used to detect bugs in development version of JBoss AS. Results are presented at the end of this paper.

Jan Raška: Reactions of the jumping spider Evarcha arcuata to aposematic true bugs Abstract: This paper studies the effect of qualities of a prey on predatory behaviour of Evarcha arcuata (Araneae: Salticidae). Naturally coloured aposematic larveae of Pyrrhocoris apterus have been compared to two types of prey: 1) to identically coloured but in defensive secretion different larvae of Scantius aegyptius, and 2) differently coloured larvae of white mutants of P. apterus. The defensive secretion of S. aegyptius has been found less effective in the first interaction with predator than that of P. apterus, however, after several trials the difference of reactions of the spider has not been noticeable. When changed the species of prey, E. arcuata has symmetrically and considerably generalised between the two species. Significant difference has been established in memory test - while P. apterus has been avoided even after one day, S. aegyptius has been attacked as thought the spiders were naive. The learning sequence has been similar in both colour forms of P. apterus; the generalisation of the two colours has been symetrical as well. Both colour forms succeeded in memory test (e.g. spiders have proven difference in comparison with the naive ones), however, white mutants have been successfully attacked...