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<p>The purpose of this research was to verify experimentally the buildup region dose calculation for Pinnacle³ (version 9.0), a commercial treatment planning system, commissioned and in use at the Saskatoon Cancer Center. To achieve this, buildup dose measurements using Attix parallel-plate ionization chamber and calculations by Pinnacle³, for a variety of clinical setups, were compared. The clinical setups involved 6 MV and 15 MV photon beams, open fields, enhanced dynamic wedges, physical wedges, block tray, 85, 100 and 120 cm source-to-surface distances (SSDs), and field sizes 3 x 3, 4 x 4, 5 x 5, 8 x 8, 10 x 10, 12 x 12, 15 x 15, 20 x 20, 30 x 30 cm². The dose difference (DD) and distance-to-agreement (DTA) were used to evaluate the discrepancy between measured and calculated dose values. Significant discrepancies between measured and calculated buildup dose values were observed because the modeling in Pinnacle³ is based on measurements made using a cylindrical ionization chamber. Based on the criteria of DD less than 2% or DTA less than 2 mm, 93.7% of 1,710 dose points for the 6 MV photon beam passed while for the 15 MV photon beam, 96.1% of the 2,244 dose points passed. The dose points that did not pass these criteria were mostly for open fields, block tray fields, fields with physical wedges of 15 degrees and 30 degrees and for fields with shorter source-to-surface distances. This is attributed to the high electron contamination associated with these fields. The low levels of discrepancies between measured and calculated dose values for the 15 MV beam as compared to those of the 6 MV beam need further investigations. The good agreement between measured and calculated dose values after remodeling the Electron Contamination in Pinnacle³ based on Attix chamber measurements is an indication that the Electron Contamination equation in Pinnacle³ may be adequate for modeling of electron contamination in the buildup dose region. The disagreement between Attix chamber and EBT 2 film measured buildup dose values was less than 3% for 89.9% of the buildup dose measurements compared. It is recommended to use a good parallel plate ionization chamber, such as the Attix chamber, for measurements in the buildup region.</p>

<p>The purpose of this research was to verify experimentally the buildup region dose calculation for Pinnacle³ (version 9.0), a commercial treatment planning system, commissioned and in use at the Saskatoon Cancer Center. To achieve this, buildup dose measurements using Attix parallel-plate ionization chamber and calculations by Pinnacle³, for a variety of clinical setups, were compared. The clinical setups involved 6 MV and 15 MV photon beams, open fields, enhanced dynamic wedges, physical wedges, block tray, 85, 100 and 120 cm source-to-surface distances (SSDs), and field sizes 3 x 3, 4 x 4, 5 x 5, 8 x 8, 10 x 10, 12 x 12, 15 x 15, 20 x 20, 30 x 30 cm². The dose difference (DD) and distance-to-agreement (DTA) were used to evaluate the discrepancy between measured and calculated dose values. Significant discrepancies between measured and calculated buildup dose values were observed because the modeling in Pinnacle³ is based on measurements made using a cylindrical ionization chamber. Based on the criteria of DD less than 2% or DTA less than 2 mm, 93.7% of 1,710 dose points for the 6 MV photon beam passed while for the 15 MV photon beam, 96.1% of the 2,244 dose points passed. The dose points that did not pass these criteria were mostly for open fields, block tray fields, fields with physical wedges of 15 degrees and 30 degrees and for fields with shorter source-to-surface distances. This is attributed to the high electron contamination associated with these fields. The low levels of discrepancies between measured and calculated dose values for the 15 MV beam as compared to those of the 6 MV beam need further investigations. The good agreement between measured and calculated dose values after remodeling the Electron Contamination in Pinnacle³ based on Attix chamber measurements is an indication that the Electron Contamination equation in Pinnacle³ may be adequate for modeling of electron contamination in the buildup dose region. The disagreement between Attix chamber and EBT 2 film measured buildup dose values was less than 3% for 89.9% of the buildup dose measurements compared. It is recommended to use a good parallel plate ionization chamber, such as the Attix chamber, for measurements in the buildup region.</p>

Trance and house music are sub-genres within the genre of electronic dance music. The form of breakdown, buildup and anthem is the main driving force behind trance and house music. This thesis analyzes transcriptions from 22 trance and house songs in order to establish and define new terminology for formal devices used within the breakdown, buildup and anthem sections of the music.

In the paper industry the appearance and optical performance of coated and uncoated paperboard is important, therefore colour dyes are widely used to enhance the paperboard. In order to enhance the appearance of paper products, the dyes are added directly into the pulp and/or in the coating. This addition can lead to dye buildup in the white water system. The white water system recirculates back to the pulp and contains both chemicals, dye and fibers. A general assumption is, when the concentration of dyes builds up in the system, it can lead to changes of the optical properties. Previously studies have been conducted to investigate the white water system at Iggesund Paperboard Workington Ltd. mill. Suspicion of a potential dye buildup in the white water system arose because of notable changes in the optical properties of the collected samples. An assumption was, when the concentration of dye increases in the white water system, it led to changes of the optical properties. The purpose of this project was therefore to investigate if/how potential dye buildup occurred in the white water system at Iggesund paperboard Workington Ltd. Mill. The system will be analyzed for dye buildup and to see if it influences the optical properties of the coated paperboard as a final product as well as how quickly it builds up in the system. This report contains a theoretical background for relevant knowledge about the white water system and optical properties of paperboard. The methodology for this project was to collect samples from the boardmachines’ white water system and analyze them through laboratory trials. Collected data is presented in the form of diagrams, trends have been investigated to validate assumptions. The dye dosage point was also analyzed through laboratory trials, to confirm or deny whether it is possible to achieve an optimal dosage point. The analysis showed that there were changes in the optical properties in the white water over time, as a result of dye buildup. Due to the complex system and different parameters that may affect the system, the sample collection needs to be extended further for a more precise conclusion. Such as how the dye responds to longer shuts and addition of polymers. Apart from what influenced the optical changes in the white water system and may have affected the paperboard, when the top coating from the production is applied, no changes or variations cannot be seen. Therefore giving the conclusion, that the changes of the optical properties do not influence the paperboard as a final product. / Kartong är bland de vanligaste materialen att använda vid paketering. Den optiska egenskapen hos kartong är viktig för att den ska se tilltalande ut, samt vara mottaglig för tryck. Användning av färg är vanligt förekommande inom pappersindustrin för att förbättra de optiska egenskaperna i obelagt papper och belagt papper. Färgen tillsätts vanligen direkt i pappersmassan och vid bestrykning av beläggningen. Dock kan det leda till övermättnad i bakvattnet när man tillsätter färgen direkt i massan, vilket i sin tur kan påverka och även förändra de optiska egenskaperna. Bakvattnet recirkuleras i processen tillbaka till massaflödet då vattnet fortfarande innehåller användbara kemikalier, färg och fibrer som kan ansluta sig till massaflödet igen. Skulle det ske förändringar av de optiska egenskaperna behöver doseringen av färgen förändras vid beläggningen, vilket i sin tur kan leda till överdosering av färgen. Tidigare studier gällande bakvattensystemet vid Iggesund Paperboard Workington Ltd. mill har gjorts. Förändringar i de optiska egenskaperna från samlade prover från bakvattnet resulterade i misstankar av en potentiell ökning av färg i systemet. Detta utmynnade i antagandet att den ökande koncentrationen av färg i bakvattensystemet, i slutändan orsakar optiska förändringar. Syftet med detta projekt var därför att undersöka denna potentiella färgökning i bakvattensystemet vid Iggesund paperboard Workington Ltd. Mill. Bakvattensystemet har analyserats för att se en ökad färgkoncentration och om dessa optiska förändringar påverkar slutprodukten, samt hur snabbt färgens koncentration ökar. Denna rapport innehåller en teoretisk bakgrund för bland annat bakvattensystemet samt de optiska egenskaperna hos kartong. Metodiken för projektet var att samla prover från kartongmaskinens bakvattensystem och att analysera dessa prover. Insamlad data presenteras i diagram och trender undersöktes, för att validera antaganden modellerades trender. Doseringen av färgen undersöktes genom försök, för att kunna bekräfta om det är möjligt att upptäcka en optimal doseringspunkt. Analyserna visar att det sker förändringar i dem optiska egenskaperna över tid, som ett resultat av en ökad koncentration av färg. Då systemet är komplext och olika parametrar kan ha påverkat, behöver denna undersökning förlängas för en säkrare slutsats. Till exempel hur långa stop och hur addition av polymerer påverkar processen. Bortsett från vad som påverkar de optiska förändringarna i bakvattnet och kan påverka slutprodukten, när kartongen bestryks med beläggning, kan inga förändringar/variationer ses. Därför ges slutsatsen, att förändringar i de optiska egenskaperna i bakvattnet inte påverkar kartongen som slutprodukt.

<p>We present a method for stable buildup of snow on surfaces of</p><p>arbitrary topology and geometric complexity. This is achieved by</p><p>tracing quantities of snow, so-called snow packages,</p><p>through a dynamic wind field. Dual compact level sets are used to</p><p>represent geometry as well as accumulated snow. The level sets</p><p>have also proven to be well suited for the internal boundaries for</p><p>our Navier-Stokes solver, which produces a wind field that changes</p><p>according to snow buildup. Our method is different from previous</p><p>work in that all the addition of snow is done by local operations,</p><p>avoiding computationally expensive global refinement procedures.</p><p>The main contribution of this work is a dual level set method for</p><p>particle interaction with level sets.</p>

We present a method for stable buildup of snow on surfaces of arbitrary topology and geometric complexity. This is achieved by tracing quantities of snow, so-called snow packages, through a dynamic wind field. Dual compact level sets are used to represent geometry as well as accumulated snow. The level sets have also proven to be well suited for the internal boundaries for our Navier-Stokes solver, which produces a wind field that changes according to snow buildup. Our method is different from previous work in that all the addition of snow is done by local operations, avoiding computationally expensive global refinement procedures. The main contribution of this work is a dual level set method for particle interaction with level sets.

Sub-seismic meter-scale interwell depositional facies heterogeneity and microporosity are critical components behind properties and fluid flow heterogeneities of many Middle eastern giants and supergiants carbonate reservoirs. The Hanifa reservoir is one of the most petroliferous Arabian carbonate strata that hosts the notoriously heterogenous stromatoporoid/coral facies. Paradoxically, the 3D geometry, architecture, and subsurface implication of these facies are poorly understood or completely ignored in most studies. The lower part of the Arab-D reservoir is dominated by microporosity. However, studies that investigate the influence of microcrystals that host microporosity to petrophysical properties and upscale it to reservoir simulation grid-block scale are modicum. This dissertation aims to bridge this paucity by performing an advanced three-dimensional outcrop analog investigation and multiscale microporosity studies of these formations. We document the 3D morphology and spatial distribution of the stromatoporoid/coral facies part of the Hanifa reservoir outcrop analog in Wadi Birk, Saudi Arabia, using 3D drone-based digital outcrop model, cores, near-surface geophysical measurements, and deep-learning methodology. We construct a high-fidelity outcrop analog reservoir model from these observations and utilize it for dynamic simulation during waterflood. Further, based on the Upper Jubaila Formation outcrop analog in Wadi Laban, Saudi Arabia, we investigate the influence of microcrystals that host microporosity on petrophysical properties. We upscale the relationships and utilize seismic-derived acoustic-impedance data to arrive at reservoir grid block-scale microporosity distribution. Our results provide a novel and valuable insight into the growth morphology of the stromatoporoid/coral buildups and their relationship with subsurface fluid flow previously unknown for the Hanifa reservoir. The results demonstrate that sweep efficiency is greatly influenced by the interaction between the buildup clusters with the background strata. Our results also provide a practical method to integrate key sub-grid scale micro and macro heterogeneities into reservoir grid block-scale property models.

The development of an analytical method for the determination of total organic-bound chlorine (TOCl) produced during the chlorination of municipal wastewater effluents is presented. Sewage effluent from the Denton, Texas municipal treatment plant was chlorinated at high chlorine doses (1000 - 4000 ppm), as well as typical treatment levels. Chlororganics present in the wastewater, before and after chlorination, were concentrated by adsorption on Amberlite XAD-2 macroreticular resin, followed by elution with diethyl ether. After concentration, the extracts were analyzed for TOC1 by microcoulometry. Analysis of wastewater extracts revealed the production of substantial amounts of new chlorinated organics when effluents were treated with chlorine. The method shows good precision and estimated accuracy is favorable.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-11-12T17:56:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - N?bya Dalvi Calabrez.pdf: 2204521 bytes, checksum: 71b05e242a3884d827606854f30c0359 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T17:56:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - N?bya Dalvi Calabrez.pdf: 2204521 bytes, checksum: 71b05e242a3884d827606854f30c0359 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-23 / CAPES / Petrobras / Filtration and invasion of drilling fluids are phenomena that occur during the process of drilling oil wells. It is necessary to know the filter cake behavior, which is formed in order to prevent unwanted invasion of filtrate, which can cause irreversible damage for the reservoir rock, making impossible the well to produce oil. The goals of this work were: to study filtration and invasion of drilling fluids, under static and dynamic conditions, characterize the mudcake, obtain comparative results between different fluids (water base mud and emulsion) and model static filtration. For this, experiments were conducted in a high temperature/high pressure cell filtration, using filter paper as filter medium. The cake formed from the filtration of these fluids was characterized according to parameters such as porosity, permeability, compressibility, thickness, shear strength and friction factor. In a comparison between different fluids, it was observed that the water-based mud provided a mudcake more permeable and more porous than emulsion mudcake. Thus, water-based mud allowed more filtrate passed through the filter medium. The factors relevant to the estimation of the friction factor were determined. It was concluded that the compressibility index of the filter cake was a factor which had great influence on the estimation of this parameter. The model allowed the prediction of static filtration, slowness and mudcake thickness curves as a function of time. / A filtra??o e a invas?o de fluidos de perfura??o s?o fen?menos que ocorrem durante o processo de perfura??o de po?os de petr?leo. ? necess?rio conhecer como se comporta a torta de filtra??o formada a fim de evitar invas?es indesejadas do filtrado, o que pode causar danos muitas vezes irrevers?veis a rocha reservat?rio, tornando o po?o invi?vel para a produ??o do ?leo. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram: estudar os fen?menos de filtra??o e invas?o de fluidos de perfura??o base ?gua e emuls?o, sob condi??es est?ticas e din?micas, caracterizar a torta formada, obter resultados comparativos entre diferentes fluidos (base ?gua e emuls?o) e modelar a filtra??o est?tica. Para isso, foram conduzidos experimentos em uma c?lula de filtra??o high temperature/high presssure, utilizando papel de filtro como meio filtrante. A torta formada, a partir da filtra??o desses fluidos, foi caracterizada de acordo com par?metros como: porosidade, permeabilidade, compressibilidade, espessura, resist?ncia ao cisalhamento e fator de fric??o. Na compara??o entre os resultados experimentais para diferentes fluidos, observou-se que o fluido a base ?gua, por formar uma torta mais perme?vel e mais porosa, permitiu que mais filtrado passasse pelo meio filtrante, quando comparado ao fluido base ?leo (emuls?o). Foram estudados os fatores relevantes na estima??o do fator de fric??o da torta de filtra??o e concluiu-se que a compressibilidade da torta foi um fator que teve grande influ?ncia na estima??o desse par?metro. A modelagem da filtra??o est?tica possibilitou a previs?o do comportamento das curvas de filtra??o, de slowness e da espessura da torta em fun??o do tempo.