A multi-modality imaging system intended for clinical utilization has been developed. It is constructed around an existing fiber-bundle-based fluorescence confocal microendoscope. Additional imaging modalities have been implemented to expand the capabilities of the system and improve the accuracy of disease diagnosis. A multi-spectral mode of operation is one such modality. It acquires fluorescence images of a biological sample across a spectral range of sensitivity and explores the collected image data at any specified wavelength within that spectral range. Cellular structures can be differentiated according to their spectral properties. The relative distribution and concentration of the different cellular structures can potentially provide useful pathologic information about the imaged tissue. A spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) modality is another imaging technique integrated into the system. It provides a cross-sectional imaging perspective that is comparable to microscopic images obtained from histology slides and complementary to the en face view obtained from the confocal imaging modality. The imaging system uses a parallelized architecture (fiber-optic bundle, line of illumination) to increase the data acquisition speed. A one-dimensional scan is needed to capture 2D images in the confocal modality or a 3D data cube (two spatial dimensions and one spectral dimension) in the multi-spectral mode of operation. No scanning is required to capture a 2D OCT image. The fiber-bundle design is particularly critical for the SDOCT modality as it paves the way to novel fast endoscopic OCT imaging that has a high potential for translation into the clinic. The integrated multi-modality imaging system can readily switch between different imaging modalities, which will make it a powerful diagnostic tool in a clinical environment. It can provide valuable information about the morphology, the spectral and biochemical features, and the macroscopic architecture of tissue. It is believed that fast and accurate disease diagnosis can potentially be made based on all these characteristics.

本文以三階段賽局，在消費者偏好異質、只有下游廠商 (即線上音樂服務提供廠商) 擁有消費者偏好資訊、上游 (即傳統唱片音樂製作廠商)只 能透過猜測之下，分析資訊財上游內容製造、實體提供廠商、及下游平台銷售廠商之間的互動關係。 在上游廠商猜測需求的值對其利潤的影響方面：其猜測值若小於實體唱片的願付價格，表示廠商對消費者願付 價格的猜測較低，此時提高猜測的值能使利潤增加；反之，當猜測需求的值大於實體唱片的願付價格，此時提高猜測的值會使利潤下降。 並且發現，上游廠商若能提升實體唱片的價值，即能提高其利潤。 在下游提供的平台水準方面，不論上游廠商是否提供資訊財、下游廠商是否選擇商品組合或個別出售，下游廠商的最適平台投入水準皆相同。 在上游廠商決定不提供實體資訊財，只藉由授權下游廠商以獲利下，下游廠商在商品組合的內容夠多時，商品組合能為其帶來較個別銷售高的 利潤。因在此情況下，只有商品組合的最適定價考慮了消費者偏好，使廠商利潤得以較個別銷售下提升。 在上游廠商提供實體資訊財下，下游廠商在上游對實體資訊財的定價高於消費者對此資訊財實體收藏價值的評價，且商品組合內容夠多時， 採商品組合能為其帶來較個別銷售高的利潤。 最後，本論文認為線上音樂的興起除了受消費者收聽習慣改變及網路普及的影響外，更重要的是由原本傳統唱片業者組成的市場環境有利於 線上音樂的發展，並認為因應線上音樂的崛起，傳統實體唱片廠商並非走入夕陽，仍可透過其身為資訊財內容提供者、握有曲目版權的優勢 ，和下游廠商透過授權契約議定有利於自身的契約，或是更進一步，推動產業進行上、下游的整併。

Fringe projection is a commonly used optical technique for measuring the shapes of objects with dimensions of up to about 1 m across. There are however many instances in the aerospace and automotive industries where it would be desirable to extend the benefits of the technique (e.g., high temporal and spatial sampling rates, non-contacting measurements) to much larger measurement volumes. This thesis describes a process that has been developed to allow the creation of a large global measurement volume from two or more independent shape measurement systems. A new 3-D large volume calibration artefact, together with a hexapod positioning stage, have been designed and manufactured to allow calibration of volumes of up to 3 x 1 x 1 m3. The artefact was built from carbon fibre composite tubes, chrome steel spheres, and mild steel end caps with rare earth rod magnets. The major advantage over other commonly used artefacts is the dimensionally stable relationship between features spanning multiple individual measurement volumes, thereby allowing calibration of several scanners within a global coordinate system, even when they have non-overlapping fields of view. The calibration artefact is modular, providing the scalability needed to address still larger measurement volumes and volumes of different geometries. Both it and the translation stage are easy to transport and to assemble on site. The artefact also provides traceabitity for calibration through independent measurements on a mechanical CMM. The dimensions of the assembled artefact have been found to be consistent with those of the individual tube lengths, demonstrating that gravitational distortion corrections are not needed for the artefact size considered here. Deformations due to thermal and hygral effects have also been experimentally quantified. The thesis describes the complete calibration procedure: large volume calibration artefact design, manufacture and testing; initial estimation of the sensor geometry parameters; processing of the calibration data from manually selected regions-of-interest (ROI) of the artefact features; artefact pose estimation; automated control point selection, and finally bundle adjustment. An accuracy of one part in 17 000 of the global measurement volume diagonal was achieved and verified.

La prédiction des instabilités fluide-élastique qui se développent dans un faisceau de tubes est importante pour la conception des générateurs de vapeur dans les centrales nucléaires, afin de prévenir les accidents liés à ces instabilités. En effet, ces instabilités fluide-élastique, ou flottements, conduisent à une fatigue vibratoire des matériaux, voire à des chocs entre les tubes, et par la suite, à des dégâts importants. Ces aspects sont d'une grande complexité pour les applications scientifiques impliquant l'industrie nucléaire. Le présent travail est issu d'une collaboration entre l'EDF, le CEA et l'IMFT. Elle vise à améliorer la simulation numérique de cette interaction fluide- structure dans le faisceau de tubes, en particulier dans la gamme de paramètres critiques favorisant l'apparition d'un amortissement négatif du système et de l'instabilité fluide-élastique. / The prediction of fluid-elastic instabilities that develop in a tube bundle is of major importance for the design of modern heat exchangers in nuclear reactors, to prevent accidents associated with such instabilities. The fluid-elastic instabilities, or flutter, cause material fatigue, shocks between beams and damage to the solid walls. These issues are very complex for scientific applications involving the nuclear industry. This work is a collaboration between EDF, CEA and IMFT. It aims to improve the numerical simulation of the fluid-structure interaction in the tube bundle, in particular in the range of critical parameters contribute to the onset of damping negative system and the fluid-elastic instability.

Market segmentation is growing as customers become more and more demanding for individual products and exclusive services. Companies are introducing new applications and products across many industries , that can be tailored easily to specific customers and markets. To be successful, the organisations have to offer a high level of customisation and customer-centric processes. However, traditional companies in financial, telecommunication and insurance industry struggle with the technological challenges associated with becoming customer focused enterprises. The aim of this thesis is to define the products catalogue framework, that will provide products bundling and customisation capabilities with user-friendly GUI. Therefore, the most of the work can be designed by business users without additional intensive development efforts. Moreover, the viability of the framework was evaluated on the solution based on IBM technologies. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Tirée par le développement et la démocratisation des globes numériques et des systèmes de géolocalisation grand public, la numérisation 3D mobile terrestre en milieux urbains s'est développée de manière très importante ces dix dernières années. Les principaux verrous résiduels de ces systèmes reste d'une part la localisation précise des données pour certaines applications (conduite autonome urbaine, levers de géomètres, etc.) du fait des masques et multi-trajets GPS dans les canyons urbains et d'autre part le passage à l'échelle du traitement de l'information vu les volumes de données considérables acquis chaque jour (plusieurs To).La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à la présentation de la numérisation mobile, aussi bien du point de vue système que du point de vue usage. Une description fine du système Stéréopolis V2, véhicule de numérisation mobile multi-caméras développée au laboratoire MATIS de l'Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière, est faite afin de présenter les données utilisées dans cette thèse. Les blocs d'images manipulés dans ces travaux sont constitués de plusieurs centaines de milliers à un million d'image. La seconde partie est consacrée à la calibration du système: calibration intrinsèque de caméra, tout d'abord, en utilisant une géométrie d'acquisition de type panoramique, qui permet de s'affranchir de réseaux de cibles 3D métrologiques. Une calibration extrinsèque des imageurs du véhicule, ensuite, qui permet de déterminer de façon précise la position et l'orientation de caméras sur un dispositif de numérisation mobile. Deux procédures sont détaillées et comparées: l'une dite "off-line" nécessitant une acquisition spécifique avec un réseau de cibles métrologiques et l'autre dite "on-line" utilisant uniquement les données d'acquisition standards. Nous démontrons que la méthode "on-line" produit dans les mêmes conditions une précision comparable à celle "off-line" tout en étant plus adaptée aux variations de conditions d'acquisition in-situ. La troisième partie détaille le processus de compensation par faisceaux appliquée aux données de numérisation mobile multi-caméras qui permet d'estimer la pose d'un grand nombre d'images. La mise en équation ainsi que différents cas d'utilisations de la méthode sont explicités. La structuration et la gestion des données dans un entrepôt est elle aussi développée car elle permet la gestion d'importants volumes et donc le passage à l'échelle tout en restant performante. La quatrième et dernière partie propose différentes méthodes de recalage qui peuvent être utilisées aussi bien de manière individuelle que combinées afin de permettre de mettre en cohérence des séquences d'images distinctes (boucles, passage multi-dates, etc.) dans des contextes applicatifs différents / Mobile mapping technology has grown exponentially the last ten years, particularly due to advances in computer and sensor performances. However, the very accurate positioning of data generated by such technique remains a crucial issue. The first part of this thesis presents the mobile mapping system that has been designed in the MATIS lab of IGN as well as its operational use. A detailed analysis of image data is proposed and data used for this work is discussed. The second part tackles the standard calibration procedure. First, camera calibration is performed by using a panoramic-based acquisition geometry, which allows not to required ground control points. Secondly, a full calibration procedure dedicated to the Stéréopolis V2is proposed so as to determine accurately the position and orientation of all the cameras. For that purpose, two procedures are explained : one requiring an area with points positioned with high accuracy ,and the other one based only the data acquisition. The third section details the compensation applied to the mobile mapping car that allows to improve poses of a large number of images. The mathematical formulation is proposed, and various cases of the method are explained. Data management is also presented since it is a mandatory step for efficient large amount of data management The fourth and final part of the thesis presents different registration scenarii, where methods developed in this work can be used individually as well as combined with other ones so as to bring higher coherence between sequences of distinct images

Power system fault detection is conventionally achieved using current and potential measurements. An alternate and unconventional form of protective relaying is feasible using rigid bus conductor motion as the means of detection. The research presented focuses on the detection of power system faults using visual displacement of conductor spans. Substation rigid bus conductor motion is modeled using dual spring-mass systems for accurate representation of conductor response to electromagnetic forces generated during system faults. Bundled rigid conductors have advantages including detection independent of system load currents and improved ability to detect polyphase and single phase faults. The dynamic motion of the conductors during the fault is optically monitored with a laser detection system. Timeovercurrent characteristics are derived for the application of fault detection. The response time of the conductor detector system is slower than conventional relays due to the natural frequencies of the conductor span limiting the speed of its displacement. This response time makes the fault detection system using conductor displacement an ideal candidate for a backup relay in power system protection schemes.

Why do you experience yourself as a continuous self? This is a central question when regarding the self and it has two kinds of answers: either there is something like an ego inside you which is the entity perceiving all your experiences (the ego theory-view), or there is no such thing as a self or an ego and you are just a collection of different perceptions (the bundle theory-view). There are many different components all contributing to the concept of self as a whole leading to different neuroscientific ways of measuring it and some researchers are arguing for the nonexistence of a unified self-system within the brain. The aim of this thesis is to review how neuroscientific findings might contribute to the philosophical debate about the nature of self. The thesis starts off by reviewing the different concepts and components with which the self is typically described, both in philosophy and in the empirical research field of neuroscience. Then follows a presentation of three important aspects of self-awareness – first-person perspective, self-reflection, and interoception – and their specific associated brain areas (namely, the medial prefrontal cortex, the posterior and anterior cingulate cortices, and insula). The purpose here is to examine how the self is approached in these studies. After this the thesis explores to what extent neuroscience supports the bundle theory-view, with a focus on reviewing the different brain networks involved in the processing of self. In conclusion, the thesis suggests that the literature reviewed provides neuroscientific support for the bundle theory-view that there is no unified self located in the brain, mostly because of the dissimilar neural activations associated with different self-related processes. In other words, the bundle theory seems to be correct despite the experienced feeling you have of being a continuous and unified self.

Neste trabalho, definimos a obstrução local de Euler de um espaço analítico complexo singular (X, \'x IND.0\'), denotada por Eu(X, \'x IND.0\'), e a obstrução local de Euler de uma função holomorfa f definida neste espaço, com uma singularidade isolada em \'x IND. 0\', denotada por \'Eu IND. f\' (X, \'x IND.0\'); e apresentamos duas fórmulas para seus respectivos cálculos. Em seguida, através de uma abordagem geométrica, determinamos as relações entre \'Eu IND. f\' (X,\'x IND.0\') e algumas generalizações do número de Milnor para funções em espaços singulares / In this work we define the local Euler obstruction of a complex analytic singularity (X, \'x IND.0\'), denoted Eu(X, \'x IND.0\'), and the local Euler obstruction of a holomorphic function f defined on this space, with an isolated singularity at \'x IND. 0\', denoted \'Eu IND. f\' (X, \'x IND.0\'); and we present two formulas for their respective calculations. Next, using a geometric approach, we determine the relations between \'Eu IND.f\' (X, \'x IND.0\') and several generalizations of the Milnor number for functions on singular spaces

A síndrome Kranz é um conjunto de características anatômicas, ultra-estruturais e bioquímicas que culminam na realização da fotossíntese C4. Tal síndrome apresenta grande diversidade dentre as Angiospermas, tornando-se conveniente seu estudo em todos os níveis acima citados para a completa caracterização da mesma. No presente trabalho foi investigada a síndrome Kranz de Gomphrena arborescens e G. scapigera (Amaranthaceae) com ênfase na origem ontogenética da bainha Kranz, na descrição ultra-estrutural e na confirmação bioquímica sobre o tipo de fotossíntese C4. O desenvolvimento foliar dessas espécies indica que a bainha Kranz é originada da camada mais interna do mesofilo, a endoderme foliar. Uma discussão sobre os termos presentes na literatura para a descrição dessa bainha, todos eles focados em sua função na fotossíntese C4, demonstra a importância de se utilizar termos que informem a origem ontogenética dessa bainha, como endoderme e periciclo. Na análise ultra-estrutural, foram identificados possíveis fatores que interferem na fotossíntese de ambas as espécies, como o espessamento e a composição da parede da bainha Kranz, o posicionamento centrípeto dos cloroplastos e a presença de retículo periférico nos mesmos. Embora a análise bioquímica tenha resultado em informações ainda não conclusivas, o dimorfismo dos cloroplastos sugere a realização da fotossíntese C4 do tipo NADP-ME. O presente trabalho, de uma forma geral, contribui ao conhecimento da síndrome Kranz dentre as Amaranthaceae s.s., um grupo em que a ultra-estrutura e a bioquímica ainda são pouco conhecidas, e ressalta a importância dos estudos anatômicos, principalmente com enfoque ontogenético, para o melhor conhecimento da diversidade da síndrome Kranz dentre as Angiospermas. / The Kranz syndrome is a set of anatomical, ultrastructural and biochemical features that culminate in the C4 photosynthesis. This syndrome has a huge diversity among Angiosperms, so it became suitable to survey all the levels above cited for its complete characterization. In the present work the Kranz syndrome of Gomphrena arborescens and G. scapigera (Amaranthaceae) is studied, with emphasis on the ontogenetic origin of the Kranz sheath, on the ultrastructural description, and on the biochemical confirmation about the C4 photosynthesis kind. The foliar development of these species shows that the Kranz sheath is originated from the inner layer of the mesophyll, the foliar endodermis. A discussion about the literature terms used to describe the Kranz sheath, all of them referring to the function of this layer in C4 photosynthesis, demonstrates the importance of using terms that inform the ontogenetic origin of this layer, such as endodermis and perycicle. The ultrastructural analysis identified possible factors that interfere on the C4 photosynthesis of both species, such as wall thickening and composition of Kranz sheath cells, the centripetal position of chloroplasts and the peripheral reticulum in chloroplasts. Although biochemical analysis has resulted in no conclusive information, the chloroplast dimorphism suggests the NADP-ME C4 photosynthesis. This work, in a general way, contributes to the knowledge of the Kranz syndrome among Amaranthaceae s.s., a group that has the ultrastructure and the biochemistry of C4 photosynthesis poorly known. It also draws attention to the importance of anatomical surveys concerning the ontogenetic origin of Kranz sheath for a better understanding on the diversity of Kranz syndrome among Angiosperms.