abstract: In traditional networks the control and data plane are highly coupled, hindering development. With Software Defined Networking (SDN), the two planes are separated, allowing innovations on either one independently of the other. Here, the control plane is formed by the applications that specify an organization's policy and the data plane contains the forwarding logic. The application sends all commands to an SDN controller which then performs the requested action on behalf of the application. Generally, the requested action is a modification to the flow tables, present in the switches, to reflect a change in the organization's policy. There are a number of ways to control the network using the SDN principles, but the most widely used approach is OpenFlow. With the applications now having direct access to the flow table entries, it is easy to have inconsistencies arise in the flow table rules. Since the flow rules are structured similar to firewall rules, the research done in analyzing and identifying firewall rule conflicts can be adapted to work with OpenFlow rules. The main work of this thesis is to implement flow conflict detection logic in OpenDaylight and inspect the applicability of techniques in visualizing the conflicts. A hierarchical edge-bundling technique coupled with a Reingold-Tilford tree is employed to present the relationship between the conflicting rules. Additionally, a table-driven approach is also implemented to display the details of each flow. Both types of visualization are then tested for correctness by providing them with flows which are known to have conflicts. The conflicts were identified properly and displayed by the views. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Computer Science 2016

A key property of projective varieties is the very ampleness of line bundles as this provides embeddings into projective space and allows us to express the variety in equational terms. In this thesis we study the general version of this property which is k- very ampleness of line bundles. We introduce the notation of critical k-very ampleness and compute it for abelian surfaces. The property of k-very ampleness is usually discussed using tools from divisor theory but we take a different approach and use methods from derived algebraic geometry as part of program to use properties of the derived category of a variety to access the geometry of the variety. In particular, we use the Fourier-Mukai transform, moduli spaces of sheaves and properties of Bridgeland stability. We compute walls for certain Bridgeland stable spaces and certain Chern characters and to complete the picture we study the moduli spaces of torsion sheaves with minimal first Chern class and we go on to compute the walls for these as well building on tools developed earlier in the thesis.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Nocomial bloodstream infections (BSI) are most frequent infection in neonatal intensive care units (NICU), increasing considerably the length of stay in the unit and hospital costs besides contributing to poor prognosis, manly in hospitals developing countries settings. The aims of the study were to assess the impact of a care bundle for managment of Central Venous Catheter (CVC) to reduce nosocomial bloodstream infection, and to describe the pathogenesis and molecular epidemiology of infections due to S. epidermidis in a NICU of a Brazilian university hospital. The study included newborns admitted to the unit of Clinical Hospital of Federal University of Uberlândia from October / 2010 to August / 2012. Epidemiological surveillance used to follow BSI was the \"National Healthcare Safety Network\" (NHSN), and an insertion protocol for insetion and maintenance of central venous catheter based on Center for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines was adopted in unit. For the study of the pathogenesis of these infections due to S. epidermidis, cultures of the skin in the insertion site and CVC hub, as well as the nasal and intestinal mucosa of neonates were performed from 48 hrs to 14 days using the invasive procedure, or positive hemoculture, and the tip of the CVC after its withdrawal. The study was approved by the ethics committee in research of the UFU (protocol 464/10). A total of 112 infants developed BSI (20.3%) totaling 178 episodes (32.3%), 139 (25.2%) defined as hospital acquired. Incidence rates of BSI during the sudy research were 16.1 /1000 patient-days and 23.0/1000 CVC-days, but with significant variations during the investigation period, with increasing rates (59.6 / 1000 patient-days) in January 2011 and 2012 when compared with the rates of other months (16.6/1000 patient-days; IRR 3.59; P <0.001) In addition, there was also a significant reduction in the rate of these infections during the relocation of the unit for a provisory site, with rate of 10.3/1000 patient-days vs 26.7 / 1000 patient-days in the previous monitoring period (IRR= 2.59; P=0.007). The adoption the bundle resulted in significant reduction of BSI incidence of 23.4/1000 patient-days during the pre-intervention period to 14.7 / 1000 patient-days (IRR = 1.59; P = 0.04). S. epidermidis was the most frequent etiologic agent, accounting for 38.3% of the episodes of sepsis, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (12.5%). When analyzed by molecular techniques 8 cases of BSI due S. epidermidis 50,0% were related to CVC. The contamination of hub (68.4%), and skin at the insertion site colonization (57.8%), and nasal and intestinal mucoca (73.6%) of neonates was high. All isolates of S. epidermidis of 19 newborns in the study of the pathogenesis were resistant to oxacillin and 63.1% with multidrug resistance profile. S distinct genotypic profiles of MRSE were found by a 80.0% similarity coefficient, with the presence of a dominant clone in the unit (clone A), including 77.8% of the samples, suggesting horizontal transmission through the hands of unit staff. Half of bloodstream infections by S. epidermidis analyzed by molecular techniques were indicative as acquired by intestinal translocation. It is necessary to continue these investigations using a larger population of neonates for a better definition of the origin of S. epidermidis, to enable adoption of effective measures to prevent these infection in newborns. / As infecções de corrente sanguínea de natureza hospitalar são as mais frequentes em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN), aumentando consideravelmente o tempo de permanência na unidade e os custos hospitalares, além de contribuírem para pior prognóstico do paciente, principalmente em hospitais de países em desenvolvimento. Os objetivos do estudo foram: avaliar o impacto de um pacote de medidas relativo aos cuidados e manutenção de Cateter Venoso Central (CVC) na redução das infecções de corrente sanguínea de origem hospitalar (ICSh), e definir a patogênese e epidemiologia molecular dessas infecções causadas por S. epidermidis em uma UTIN de um hospital universitário brasileiro. O estudo incluiu os neonatos admitidos na unidade do Hosiptal de Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, durante o período de outubro/2010 a agosto/2012. A vigilância epidemiológica utilizada para busca ativa de ICSh foi a do National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN), e um protocolo de inserção e manutenção do cateter venoso baseado nas diretrizes do Center for Disease Control (CDC) foi adotado na unidade. No estudo da patogênese das ICSh por S. epidermidis, foram realizadas culturas da pele no sítio de inserção e do canhão do CVC, assim como das mucosas nasal e intestinal dos neonatos, a partir de 48 h até 14 dias da utilização do procedimento invasivo, ou sua positivação, e da ponta do CVC após sua retirada. O trabalho obteve a aprovação do comitê de ética em pesquisa da UFU (protocolo 464/10). No total, 112 recém-nascidos desenvolveram ICS (20,3%) totalizando 178 episódios (32,3%), com 139 (25,2%) definidos como de natureza hospitalar. As taxas de incidência durante a investigação de ICSh foram de 16,1/1000 pacientes-dia e 23,0/1000 CVC-dia, com variações significativas durante o período de investigação, sendo maiores (59,6/1000 pacientes-dia) nos meses de janeiro de 2011 e 2012 quando comparadas com as taxas dos outros meses (16,6/1000 pacientes-dia, IRR:3,59; P<0,001). Adicionalmente, também houve uma redução significativa nas taxas destas infecções no período de relocação da Unidade para uma unidade provisória, com taxa de 10,3/1000 pacientes-dia vs 26,7/1000 pacientes-dia, no período anterior de vigilância (IRR=2,59; P=0,007). A adoção do protocolo de prevenção e controle dessas infecções, resultou na redução significativa da incidência de ICSh de 23,4/1000 pacientes-dia durante a pré-intervenção para 14,7/1000 pacientes-dia (IRR=1,59; P=0,04). O S. epidermidis foi o agente etiológico mais frequente, respondendo por 38,3% dos episódios de sepse, seguido pelo Staphylococcus aureus (12,5%). Na avaliação por análise molecular das amostras de 8 casos de ICSh por S. epidermidis, 50,0% foram relacionadas ao CVC e a contaminação do canhão (68,4%), colonização da pele no sítio de inserção (57,8%), e mucosas nasal e intestinal (73,6%) dos neonatos foram elevadas. Todos os isolados de S. epidermidis dos 19 neonatos incluídos no estudo da patogênese foram resistentes a oxacilina, com 63,1% mostrando perfil de multirresistência. Foram encontrados 7 perfis genotípicos distintos de MRSE, diferenciados por um coeficiente de similaridade de 80,0%, com a presença de um clone dominante na unidade (clone A), incluindo 77,8% das amostras, sugestivo de transmissão horizontal através das mãos de profissionais da unidade. Na metade das infecções de corrente sanguínea por S. epidermidis analisadas por técnica molecular, os resultados foram sugestivos de sua disseminação através da translocação da mucosa intestinal. A continuidade nessas investigações utilizando população maior de neonatos é necessária para uma melhor definição da origem de S. epidermidis, de forma a possibilitar a adoção de medidas mais efetivas na prevenção destas infecções em neonatos. / Doutor em Imunologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas

O presente trabalho envolve um estudo teórico e experimental do escoamento bifásico externo a banco de tubos. Inicialmente, apresenta-se uma ampla revisão da literatura sobre padrões de escoamento, fração de vazio e perda de pressão, durante escoamentos monofásicos e bifásicos externos a banco de tubos. Nesta análise são também descritos os métodos de previsão destes parâmetros. Verificam-se diferenças significativas entre as estimativas proporcionadas por eles, fato que indica a inexistência de métodos generalizados. Posteriormente é apresentada uma descrição detalhada da bancada experimental projetada e construída durante o doutoramento. O aparato completo compõe-se da seção de testes, circuito de água, sistema de compressão e condicionamento de ar, e seções de injeção dos fluxos e condicionamento do escoamento. A seção de testes consiste em um banco de tubos distribuídos segundo configuração triangular normal, com os tubos apresentando diâmetro externo de 19,1 mm, comprimento de 381 mm, e espaçamento transversal de 24 mm. Os experimentos foram realizados para escoamento vertical ascendente de misturas água-ar e velocidades superficiais da fase líquida e gás de 0,020 a 1,500 m/s e de 0,10 a 10,00 m/s, respectivamente. Neste estudo foram desenvolvidas técnicas inéditas para determinação experimental da fração de vazio superficial no interior do banco de tubos baseadas em sistemas óptico e de sensoriamento capacitivo. Os padrões de escoamento foram identificados subjetivamente através de visualização de imagens e vídeos do escoamento, e objetivamente com o auxílio do método de agrupamento de dados k-means utilizando parâmetros baseados no sinal de perda de pressão e do sensoriamento capacitivo. Identificou-se subjetivamente os padrões de escoamento bolhas, bolhas dispersas, bolhas grandes, agitante, intermitente e anular. Constatou-se equivalência entre os padrões de escoamento identificados através dos métodos objetivo e subjetivo. Resultados experimentais para fração de vazio foram obtidos através de técnicas óptica e capacitiva. Constatou-se que o traçador rodamina B utilizado no método óptico altera as condições do escoamento, ainda que em concentrações reduzidas. A partir dos resultados obtidos com o sensoriamento capacitivo estimou-se a fração de vazio para o padrão bolhas. Resultados para a parcela friccional da perda de pressão também foram levantados. Constata-se o incremento da fração de vazio e da parcela friccional da perda de pressão com as velocidades superficiais das fases líquida e gás. Os resultados para fração de vazio foram comparados com métodos de previsão da literatura, e de maneira geral os métodos preveem as tendências dos resultados experimentais apenas para vazões de líquido reduzidas. Analogamente, os resultados para perda de pressão foram comparados com estimativas segundo métodos da literatura, concluindo que os métodos não preveem satisfatoriamente os resultados obtidos. Desta forma, foram propostos novos métodos de previsão para padrões de escoamento, fração de vazio e parcela friccional da perda de pressão, desenvolvidos a partir de análises dos mecanismos dominantes do escoamento, e adotando parâmetros adimensionais para correlacionar os dados. Os métodos propostos preveem satisfatoriamente os resultados experimentais deste estudo e da literatura para escoamentos bifásicos água-ar. / The present thesis concerns a theoretical and experimental study of external two-phase flows across tube bundles. Initially, a comprehensive literature review covering flow patterns, void fraction and pressure drop for single and two-phase flows across tubes bundle is presented. The review also describes predictive methods for these parameters. A comparison of these methods reveals reasonable disagreement among their predictions, indicating the absence of generalized methods. Subsequently, the apparatus and instrumentation designed and built to obtain the experimental data are described. The experimental apparatus comprises the test section, a water loop, air compression and conditioning systems, and sets for fluid flow injections and conditioning. The test section is a normal triangular tube bundle, with 19.1 mm OD tubes, 381 mm long and transversal pitch of 24 mm. The experiments were performed for air-water upward vertical flow, for superficial liquid and gas velocities ranging from 0.020 to 1.500 m/s and 0.10 to 10.00 m/s, respectively. Innovative techniques to evaluate the void fraction within the bundle were developed based on capacitive and optical methods. The flow patterns were identified subjectively and objectively by k-means clustering method, using as clustering parameters the pressure drop and the capacitive signals. Bubbles, dispersed bubbles, large bubbles, churn, intermittent and annular flow patterns were identified subjectively. The data groups identified by the objective method are representative of the flow patterns. Void fraction measurements were obtained for bubbly flow using both techniques (optical and capacitive). The void fraction data based on the optical method had its experimental range limited due to changes in the flow characteristics caused by the addition of the fluorescent dye Rhodamine B. The experimental results indicate that the void fraction increases with increasing the superficial velocities of both phases. In general, the void fraction predictive methods available in the literature capture the trends of the experimental results only for reduced liquid flow rates. According to the experimental results, the frictional pressure drop increases asymptotically with increasing the flow rates of both phases. None of the predictive methods from literature evaluated in the present study predicted satisfactorily the experimental results. Methods for prediction of flow patterns, void fraction and frictional pressure drop parcel were also developed in the present study. These methods provided reasonable predictions of the experimental results obtained in the present study, and also from the literature for air and water flows across tube bundles.

Classificação das auto-aplicações de fibrados, com fibra toro, que preservam fibra sobre o círculo, com a propriedade de poderem ser deformadas sobre o círculo a uma aplicação livre de ponto fixo. Ainda, investigamos a relação entre o número de Reidemeister sobre o círculo e a propriedade acima / Classification of all fiber-preserving self-maps of torus bundles over the circle by the property of being able to deform them over the circle into a fixed point free map by a fiberwise homotopy over the circle. We also investigate the relationship between Reidemeister number over the circle and the property above

Sejam K, a garrafa de Klein, e K M S^ um fibrado com base S^ e fibra K. Neste trabalho estudamos o seguinte problema: dadas aplicações f, g : M M que preservam fibra sobre S^, quando o par (f, g) pode ser deformado, por uma homotopia que preserva fibra sobre S^, a um par de aplicações (f^{\'} , g^{\'} ) livre de coincidência? / Let K be the Klein bottle and let K M S be a Klein bottle bundle over S 1 . In this work we study the following question: given a pair of fiber preserving maps over S^ , when can it be deformed by a fiberwise homotopy over S into a pair of coincidence free fiber preserving maps over S^, (f^{\'} , g^{\'} ) ?

Na maior parte deste trabalho, estudamos a existência de involuções livres sobre algumas 4-variedades fechadas, com o mesmo tipo de homotopia do espaço total de algum fibrado de superfície sobre superfície, bem como uma generalização do teorema de Borsuk-Ulam para tais 4-variedades. Também estudamos a relação do teorema de Borsuk-Ulam, para aplicações da n-esfera em variedades, com a teoria de conível. / In the most part of this work, we study the existence of free involutions over some closed 4-manifolds with the same homotopy type of the total space of some surface bundle over surface, as well as a generalization of the Borsuk-Ulam theorem for such 4-manifolds. Also we study the relation of the Borsuk-Ulam theorem, for maps from the n-sphere into manifolds, with the colevel theory.

Neste trabalho, definimos a obstrução local de Euler de um espaço analítico complexo singular (X, \'x IND.0\'), denotada por Eu(X, \'x IND.0\'), e a obstrução local de Euler de uma função holomorfa f definida neste espaço, com uma singularidade isolada em \'x IND. 0\', denotada por \'Eu IND. f\' (X, \'x IND.0\'); e apresentamos duas fórmulas para seus respectivos cálculos. Em seguida, através de uma abordagem geométrica, determinamos as relações entre \'Eu IND. f\' (X,\'x IND.0\') e algumas generalizações do número de Milnor para funções em espaços singulares / In this work we define the local Euler obstruction of a complex analytic singularity (X, \'x IND.0\'), denoted Eu(X, \'x IND.0\'), and the local Euler obstruction of a holomorphic function f defined on this space, with an isolated singularity at \'x IND. 0\', denoted \'Eu IND. f\' (X, \'x IND.0\'); and we present two formulas for their respective calculations. Next, using a geometric approach, we determine the relations between \'Eu IND.f\' (X, \'x IND.0\') and several generalizations of the Milnor number for functions on singular spaces

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have become an interesting and active research topic for photogrammetry. Current research is based on images acquired by an UAV, which have a high ground resolution and good spectral and radiometrical resolution, due to the low flight altitudes combined with a high resolution camera. UAV image flights are also cost effective and have become attractive for many applications including, change detection in small scale areas. One of the main problems preventing full automation of data processing of UAV imagery is the degradation effect of blur caused by camera movement during image acquisition. This can be caused by the normal flight movement of the UAV as well as strong winds, turbulence or sudden operator inputs. This blur disturbs the visual analysis and interpretation of the data, causes errors and can degrade the accuracy in automatic photogrammetric processing algorithms. The detection and removal of these images is currently achieved manually, which is both time consuming and prone to error, particularly for large image-sets. To increase the quality of data processing an automated process is necessary, which must be both reliable and quick. This thesis proves the negative affect that blurred images have on photogrammetric processing. It shows that small amounts of blur do have serious impacts on target detection and that it slows down processing speed due to the requirement of human intervention. Larger blur can make an image completely unusable and needs to be excluded from processing. To exclude images out of large image datasets an algorithm was developed. The newly developed method makes it possible to detect blur caused by linear camera displacement. The method is based on human detection of blur. Humans detect blurred images best by comparing it to other images in order to establish whether an image is blurred or not. The developed algorithm simulates this procedure by creating an image for comparison using image processing. Creating internally a comparable image makes the method independent of additional images. However, the calculated blur value named SIEDS (saturation image edge difference standard-deviation) on its own does not provide an absolute number to judge if an image is blurred or not. To achieve a reliable judgement of image sharpness the SIEDS value has to be compared to other SIEDS values of the same dataset. This algorithm enables the exclusion of blurred images and subsequently allows photogrammetric processing without them. However, it is also possible to use deblurring techniques to restor blurred images. Deblurring of images is a widely researched topic and often based on the Wiener or Richardson-Lucy deconvolution, which require precise knowledge of both the blur path and extent. Even with knowledge about the blur kernel, the correction causes errors such as ringing, and the deblurred image appears muddy and not completely sharp. In the study reported in this paper, overlapping images are used to support the deblurring process. An algorithm based on the Fourier transformation is presented. This works well in flat areas, but the need for geometrically correct sharp images for deblurring may limit the application. Another method to enhance the image is the unsharp mask method, which improves images significantly and makes photogrammetric processing more successful. However, deblurring of images needs to focus on geometric correct deblurring to assure geometric correct measurements. Furthermore, a novel edge shifting approach was developed which aims to do geometrically correct deblurring. The idea of edge shifting appears to be promising but requires more advanced programming.

We formulate a process of quantization of classical mechanics, from a symplecticperspective. The Dirac quantization axioms are stated, and a satisfactory prequantizationmap is constructed using a complex line bundle. Using polarization, it isdetermined which prequantum states and observables can be fully quantized. Themathematical concepts of symplectic geometry, fibre bundles, and distributions are exposedto the degree to which they occur in the quantization process. Quantizationsof a cotangent bundle and a sphere are described, using real and K¨ahler polarizations,respectively.