Technological evolution and mass production is impacting the Earth daily due to global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions, where the biggest factor is the emission of carbon dioxide mostly caused by the burning of fossil fuel and industrial processes. Therefore, alternatives for substituting the use of fossil fuel in industries are extremely important. This thesis project investigates the method of using plasma technology using a plasma burner  which is electrically generated and could be an ideal solution for industrial metallurgical, chemical and mechanical processes due to its unique characteristics such as high energy densities, extremely high temperatures, rapid heating of surfaces and melting materials with a small installation size. Using the software COMSOL Multiphysics, a 2D model geometry is set up to simulate and investigate the behavior of the plasma burner by varying different parameters to improve the performance of the plasma burner. The results are based on simulations and no experiments were performed. However, we visited RISE ETC to observe and learn about the plasma burner model. At last, a geometry investigation was done by calculating the thermal efficiency to designate the most efficient geometry.

[ES] El proceso de combustión en llamas de difusión de combustible atomizado es un fenómeno multifásico altamente complejo que a día de hoy no se comprende en su totalidad, ya que involucra varios eventos simultáneos, como atomización, vaporización y cinética química. A lo largo de los años, los investigadores han estudiado a fondo la combustión en llamas de combustibles líquidos, con el fin de comprender los procesos fundamentales como clave para reducir las emisiones contaminantes y mejorar la eficiencia de la propulsión de las aeronaves. En los últimos años, la evolución tanto en la tecnología de inyección como en la de combustión ha permitido mejorar el proceso de mezcla por aspersión y la eficiencia del motor y, por tanto, reducir las emisiones contaminantes. Por lo que, diferentes configuraciones de tipo de inyector y distribución de aire dentro de la cámara de combustión han demostrado ser capaces de reducir el consumo de combustible, así como las emisiones de óxidos de nitrógeno y hollín sin afectar el rendimiento del motor. Esta tesis proporciona una metodología experimental para estudiar los efectos de las condiciones de co-flujo, el caudal másico de combustible, el tipo de combustible y el diámetro de salida del quemador sobre la atomización y la combustión de la llama producida en un quemador anular bajo condiciones de operación pobres. La caracterización del chorro sin combustión se realizó mediante dos técnicas ópticas diferentes. Por un lado, se utilizó velocimetría de imagen de partículas para medir los campos de velocidad del espray. Por otro lado, retroiluminación microscópica difusa (MDBI) para medir el tamaño y la velocidad de las gotas. Los resultados mostraron que ambos están controladas principalmente por el tipo de combustible y el caudal másico del mismo. Sin embargo, la variación de la velocidad de co-flujo no mostró un efecto significativo en las características de las gotas (tamaño y velocidad), lo que probablemente se deba a que el campo de visión de la técnica MBDI estaba muy cerca de la punta del inyector. Adicionalmente, al incrementar la temperatura de co-flujo se observó que el diámetro promedio de gota disminuía, lo cual es causado por la evaporación del combustible. Finalmente, las variaciones en los perfiles de tamaño y velocidad de las gotas al variar el diámetro de salida de aire se relacionaron con la variación de la velocidad del co-flow, lo que afectaba la evaporación y el arrastre de las gotas. Para el estudio de la llama en condiciones reactivas, se probó en condiciones de operación que permitan llama estabilizadas, utilizando tres técnicas ópticas diferentes, las cuales se activaron simultáneamente. La extinción de luz difusa se utilizó para determinar el espesor óptico del hollín. Además, se emplearon las técnicas de quimioluminiscencia OH* y MDBI para medir la altura de despegue de la llama y las características de las gotas, respectivamente. Los resultados mostraron que la velocidad y temperatura del co-flujo, y el tipo de combustible influyen fuertemente en la altura de despegue de la llama. Mientras que en la formación hollín los parámetros más influyentes fueron la velocidad del co-flujo y el tipo de combustible. Con respecto a los resultados de la evaporación de las gotas, se observó que el tamaño inicial y las propiedades del combustible controlan su evaporación. El combustible n-Dodecano es el menos volátil y tiene un tamaño de gota inicial más grande y, por lo tanto, las gotas tardaron más en evaporarse, lo que resultó en una mayor longitud de despegue de la llama y una mayor formación de hollín debido a su mayor tendencia a formar hollín. Por el contrario, las gotas de n-Heptano se evaporaron más rápido, lo que resultó en una altura de despegue de la llama más corta y también en una menor formación de hollín. Finalmente, el combustible n-Decano mostró resultados intermedios para la evaporación de gotas, la altura de despegue de la llama y la formación de hollín. / [CA] El procés de combustió en flames de difusió de combustible atomitzat és un fenomen multifásico altament complex que a hores d'ara no es comprén en la seua totalitat, ja que involucra diversos esdeveniments simultanis, com a atomització, vaporització i cinètica química. Al llarg dels anys, els investi- gadors han estudiat a fons la combustió en flames de combustibles líquids, a fi de comprendre els processos fonamentals com a clau per a reduir les emissions contaminants i millorar l'eficiència de la propulsió de les aeronaus. En els últims anys, l'evolució tant en la tecnologia d'injecció com en la de combustió ha permés millorar el procés de mescla per aspersió i l'eficiència del motor i, per tant, reduir les emissions contaminants. Pel que, diferents configuracions de tipus d'injector i distribució d'aire dins de la cambra de combustió, han demostrat ser capaços de reduir el consum de combustible, així com les emissions d'òxids de nitrogen i sutja sense afectar el rendiment del motor. Aquesta tesi proporciona una metodologia experimental per a estudiar els efectes de les condicions de co-flux, el cabal màssic de combustible, el tipus de combustible i el diàmetre d'eixida del cremador sobre l'atomització i la combustió de la flama produïda en un cremador anul·lar sota condicions d'operació pobres. La caracterització del doll sense combustió es va realitzar mitjançant dues tècniques òptiques diferents. D'una banda, es va utilitzar velocimetría d'imatge de partícules per a mesurar els camps de velocitat de l'esprai. D'altra banda, retroil·luminació microscòpica difusa (MDBI) per a mesurar la grandària i la velocitat de les gotes. Els resultats van mostrar que tots dos estan controlades principalment per la mena de combustible i el cabal màssic d'aquest. No obstant això, la variació de la velocitat de co-flux no va mostrar un efecte significatiu en les característiques de les gotes (grandària i velocitat), la qual cosa probablement es deu al fet que el camp de visió de la tècnica MBDI estava molt prop de la punta de l'injector. Addicionalment, en incrementar la temperatura de co-flux es va observar que el diàmetre mitjà de gota disminuïa, la qual cosa és causat per l'evaporació del combustible. Finalment, les variacions en els perfils de grandària i velocitat de les gotes en variar el diàmetre d'eixida d'aire es van relacionar amb la variació de la velocitat del co-flux, la qual cosa afectava l'evaporació i l'arrossegament de les gotes. Per a l'estudi de la flama en condicions reactives, es va provar en condicions d'operació que permeten flama estabilitzades, utilitzant tres tècniques òptiques diferents, les quals es van activar simultàniament. L'extinció de llum difusa es va utilitzar per a determinar la grossària òptica del sutge. A més, es van emprar les tècniques de quimioluminescència OH* i MDBI per a mesurar l'altura d'enlairament de la flama i les característiques de les gotes, respectivament. Els resultats van mostrar que la velocitat i temperatura del co-flux, i el tipus de combustible influeixen fortament en l'altura d'enlairament de la flama. Mentre que en la formació sutge els paràmetres més influents van ser la velocitat del co-flux i el tipus de combustible. Respecte als resultats de l'evaporació de les gotes, es va observar que la grandària inicial i les propietats del combustible controlen la seua evaporació. El combustible n-Dodecano és el menys volàtil i té una grandària de gota inicial més gran i, per tant, les gotes van tardar més a evaporar-se, la qual cosa va resultar en una major longitud d'enlairament de la flama i una major formació de sutge degut a la seua major tendència a formar sutge. Al contrari, les gotes de n-Heptano es van evaporar més ràpid, la qual cosa va resultar en una altura d'envol de la flama més curta i també en una menor formació de sutja. Finalment, el combustible n-Decano va mostrar resultats intermedis per a l’evaporació de gotes, l’altura d’envol de la flama i la formació de sutja / [EN] The combustion process in spray flames is a highly complex multi-phase phenomenon that is still not completely understood since it involves several simultaneous events, such as atomization, vaporization, and chemical kinetics. Over the years, researchers have studied the combustion in spray flames thoroughly, in order to understand the fundamental processes as key to re- duce pollutant emissions and improve the efficiency of aircraft propulsion. In recent years, the evolution in both injection and combustion technology has allowed to improve the spray mixing process and engine efficiency and hence, reducing pollutant emissions. Therefore, different configurations of injector type and air distribution inside the combustion chamber have proved capable of reducing fuel consumption, as well as emissions of nitrogen oxides and soot without affecting the engine performance. This thesis provides an experimental methodology to study the effects of co-flow conditions, fuel mass flow rate, fuel type and air outlet diameter at the burner exit on the atomization and combustion behavior of the spray flame produced on an annular spray burner under lean conditions. The characterization of the liquid spray without combustion was carried out using two different optical techniques. On the one hand, particle image velocimetry was used to characterize the global velocity fields of the spray. On the other hand, Microscopic diffused back-illumination (MDBI) to measure the size and droplet velocity at a field of view close to the injector tip. The results exhibited that both droplet size and droplet velocity are mainly controlled by the fuel type and fuel mass flow rate. Nevertheless, the variation of the co-flow velocity did not show a significant effect on droplet characteristics (size and velocity), which is likely due to the fact that the field of view of the MDBI technique was located very close to the injector tip. Additionally, by increasing the co-flow temperature, it was observed that the mean droplet size decreased, which is caused by the fuel evaporation process. Finally, the variations in the droplet size and velocity profiles when varying the air outlet diameter were related to the velocity variation when modifying the cross-sectional area at the burner outlet, which affects the evaporation and drag of the drops. On the spray development in reactive conditions, it was investigated in the operating conditions that promote stabilized flames, using three different optical techniques, all of which were triggered simultaneously. The light extinction was used to determine the optical thickness through the soot cloud. In addition, OH* chemiluminescence and the MDBI techniques were employed to measure the flame lift-off height and droplet characteristics, respectively. The results exhibited that the co-flow velocity, co-flow temperature and fuel type strongly influence the flame lift-off height. While in the soot formation the most influential parameters were the co-flow velocity and the type of fuel. Regarding the results of the droplet evaporation, it was observed that the initial droplet sizes and the fuel properties control the droplet evaporation process. n-Dodecane fuel is the least volatile and also exhibited a larger initial droplet size and thus, the droplets took more time to evaporate than the other two fuels, resulting in a longer flame lift-off height and likewise higher soot formation by its greater tendency to form soot. Contrary, n-Heptane droplets evaporated faster, resulting in a shorter flame lift-off height and also less soot formation. Finally, n-Decane showed intermediate results for droplet evaporation, flame lift-off height, and soot formation. / Cardona Vargas, S. (2021). Development of a test rig for the study of the atomization and combustion of a spray flame in an atmospheric annular spray burner at lean conditions [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/179994

Le secteur des transports est soumis à des réglementations sévères visant à limiter les émissions polluantes à l’échappement. Les biocarburants ont reçu une attention particulière en tant que carburant de substitution ou additif aux carburants traditionnels dans l’espoir de remédier aux problèmes de l’épuisement des ressources fossiles et des émissions de certains polluants. Cette thèse a pour objectif principal d’étudier l’impact de l’incorporation des biocarburants oxygénés ou synthétiques aux carburants traditionnels sur les émissions de polluants non réglementés à savoir les composés carbonylés (aldéhydes et cétones) et les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAPs) adsorbés sur la suie. Dans un premier temps, une étude a été menée dans une chambre de combustion interne. Les prélèvements des gaz à l’échappement suivis par les analyses chromatographiques en phase liquide ont permis d’évaluer l’effet de l’additivation du carburant sur les émissions de composés carbonylés. Une deuxième étude a été menée au moyen d’un brûleur à flamme plate permettant de collecter des suies de flammes riches dans des conditions stabilisées. Les mesures effectuées ont permis de déterminer l’effet de l’incorporation des biocarburants oxygénés au carburant sur la production de suie et le contenu d’HAPs adsorbés. Ce travail a été complété par l’étude de la cinétique d’oxydation de trois additifs oxygénés à l’état pur en réacteur auto-agité à pression atmosphérique et dans un large domaine de températures (530-1280 K) et de richesses (0,5-4). Les profils de concentration des réactifs, produits et principaux intermédiaires stables ont été obtenus par spectrométrie infrarouge à transformée de Fourrier (IRTF) et chromatographie en phase gazeuse. Ces résultats ont été ensuite confrontés aux profils d’espèces obtenus par simulation, à l’aide des modèles cinétiques d’oxydation disponibles dans la littérature. / The transport sector is subject to strict regulations aiming at limiting pollutants emissions. Biofuels have received particular attention as alternative fuel or additive to traditional fuels for remedying two issues: the depletion of fossil resources and emissions of certain pollutants. In this work we studied the impact of blending conventional fuels with synthetic or oxygenated biofuels on the emissions of non-regulated pollutants, namely carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed on soot. Firstly, the carbonyl compounds emissions were studied using an internal combustion engine. The carbonyls were collected at the exhaust of a diesel engine running with biofuel blends and analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. Secondly, the impact of blending the conventional fuel with oxygenated biofuels on soot formation and adsorbed PAHs were studied using a flat flame burner under well stabilized conditions. This work was completed by the study of the kinetics of oxidation of three oxygenated additives in a jet-stirred reactor at atmospheric pressure, over the temperature range 530-1280 K and for different equivalence ratios (0.5-4). The concentration profiles of reactants, products and main stable intermediates were obtained by probe sampling and gas analyses including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas phase chromatography. These results were then compared to simulated species concentration profiles obtained using oxidation kinetic models available from the literature.

This thesis aims at improving our knowledge on swirl combustors. The work presented here is based on Large Eddy Simulations (LES) coupled to an advanced combustion model: the Conditional Moment Closure (CMC). Numerical predictions have been systematically compared and validated with detailed experimental datasets. In order to analyze further the physics underlying the large numerical datasets, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) has also been used throughout the thesis. Various aspects of the aerodynamics of swirling flames are investigated, such as precession or vortex formation caused by flow oscillations, as well as various combustion aspects such as localized extinctions and flame lift-off. All the above affect flame stabilization in different ways and are explored through focused simulations. The first study investigates isothermal air flows behind an enclosed bluff body, with the incoming flow being pulsated. These flows have strong similarities to flows found in combustors experiencing self-excited oscillations and can therefore be considered as canonical problems. At high enough forcing frequencies, double ring vortices are shed from the air pipe exit. Various harmonics of the pulsating frequency are observed in the spectra and their relation with the vortex shedding is investigated through POD. The second study explores the structure of the Delft III piloted turbulent non-premixed flame. The simple configuration allows to analyze further key combustion aspects of combustors, with further insights provided on the dynamics of localized extinctions and re-ignition, as well as the pollutants emissions. The third study presents a comprehensive analysis of the aerodynamics of swirl flows based on the TECFLAM confined non-premixed S09c configuration. A periodic component inside the air inlet pipe and around the central bluff body is observed, for both the inert and reactive flows. POD shows that these flow oscillations are due to single and double helical vortices, similar to Precessing Vortex Cores (PVC), that develop inside the air inlet pipe and whose axes rotate around the burner. The combustion process is found to affect the swirl flow aerodynamics. Finally, the fourth study investigates the TECFLAM configuration again, but here attention is given to the flame lift-off evident in experiments and reproduced by the LES-CMC formulation. The stabilization process and the pollutants emission of the flame are investigated in detail.

This work thoroughly analyzes a previously created computational model for predicting characteristic properties of the combustion process in an experimental combustion chamber. Any found shortcomings of the original model are removed and the model is further improved prior to its application on 11 real cases of combustion tests performed at various conditions and with various fuels. Data provided by the model are confronted with the data obtained during the combustion tests and the model accuracy is evaluated, based on local heat flux along the length of the combustion chamber. Finally, the overall usefulness of the model is determined by the means of evaluating the acquired accuracy values, and further possibilities of model improvement and use are presented.

Objective of this thesis is creating the construction of one-purpose assembly machine for combination of gas switchboard in gas grill assembly, which is top part of the gas cooking grill, consisting of stainless steel plate and burners. There are three types of burners, one small type, two medium types and one big type. Each consists of aluminium body, nozzle, ignition electrode and gas leakage protection fuse. Prior to construction itself,  variant solutions of the assembly operations arrangement are designated. From those, the most appropriate one is chosen based on multicriteria weighting method. Construction of assembly line is created using 3D modelling program with necessary design calculations. For selected assemblies and parts, a drawing documentation has been created. Risk analysis and security of the machine’s normal operation is an integral part of the thesis. Risk analysis is created for the machine’s normal operation. In conclusion, the costs of purchasing the assembly line are calculated and the return of the investment for purchasing the machine is assessed.

Die Effektivität keramischer Wärmeübertrager kann durch eine feinere Strukturierung der Oberflächen gesteigert werden. Dies kann durch die Integration textiler Urformen anstatt der konventionell im Schlickguss hergestellten gröberen Geometrien erfolgen. Für Strukturierungen in Form von wandgebundenen Halbbögen werden die Ergebnisse umfangreicher experimenteller und numerischer Untersuchungen zu den wärmetechnischen und strömungsmechanischen Eigenschaften vorgestellt. Basierend auf den Erkenntnissen der mittels numerischer Simulation durchgeführten Parameterstudie werden verschiedene Empfehlungen für eine optimierte Anordnung der Halbbögen gegeben, um das Verhältnis von Wärmeübergang zur Druckverlust zu verbessern. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse belegen die Richtigkeit der gewählten Randbedingungen und Vereinfachungen im numerischen Modell. Des Weiteren wurden die Strömungsstrukturen mit laserdiagnostischen Messmethoden umfangreich charakterisiert.

Die Effektivität keramischer Wärmeübertrager kann durch eine feinere Strukturierung der Oberflächen gesteigert werden. Dies kann durch die Integration textiler Urformen anstatt der konventionell im Schlickguss hergestellten gröberen Geometrien erfolgen. Für Strukturierungen in Form von wandgebundenen Halbbögen werden die Ergebnisse umfangreicher experimenteller und numerischer Untersuchungen zu den wärmetechnischen und strömungsmechanischen Eigenschaften vorgestellt. Basierend auf den Erkenntnissen der mittels numerischer Simulation durchgeführten Parameterstudie werden verschiedene Empfehlungen für eine optimierte Anordnung der Halbbögen gegeben, um das Verhältnis von Wärmeübergang zur Druckverlust zu verbessern. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse belegen die Richtigkeit der gewählten Randbedingungen und Vereinfachungen im numerischen Modell. Des Weiteren wurden die Strömungsstrukturen mit laserdiagnostischen Messmethoden umfangreich charakterisiert.:0 Verwendete Symbole und Formelzeichen IV 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Lösungsansatz 2 1.3 Zielstellung und Struktur der Arbeit 4 2 Stand der Technik 5 2.1 Vorwort 5 2.2 Kennzahlen zur Charakterisierung von Rekuperatoren und Wärmeüber-trageroberflächen 6 2.3 Strömungszustände und Strömungsprofile 13 2.3.1 Grenzschichten von Strömungen 13 2.3.2 Laminare Strömung zwischen zwei parallelen Platten und im Rechteckkanal 14 2.3.3 Turbulente Strömung zwischen zwei parallelen Platten 15 2.3.4 Kenngrößen, Längen- und Zeitmaße von turbulenten Strömungen 16 2.4 Umströmung von Zylindern und Wärmeübergang an Zylindern 19 2.4.1 Quer angeströmter Zylinder, Wirbelablösung und Kármánsche Wirbelstraße 19 2.4.2 Hufeisenwirbel um einen wandgebundenen Zylinder 25 2.4.3 Zylinder in Wechselwirkung miteinander und Zylinder in Tandempaarung 27 2.4.4 Quer angeströmter Zylinder parallel zu einer Wand 28 2.5 Weitere den Wärmeübergang steigernde Strukturen 29 2.5.1 Rohrbündel 30 2.5.2 Stabrippen – „pin fins“ 31 2.5.3 Zweidimensionale Rippengeometrien 33 2.5.4 Gedrehte Bleche und andere Einbauten in Rohrquerschnitten 36 2.5.5 Turbulatoren 38 2.5.6 Poröse Körper 39 2.5.7 Drähte als wärmeübergangsteigernde Struktur 40 2.6 Wärmeübertrager für Industriegasbrenner 41 3 Numerische und experimentelle Untersuchungen der neuentwickelten Wärmeübertragerstruktur 45 4 Numerische Untersuchungen bezüglich des Strömungsfelds um die Bogenstrukturen 49 4.1 Randbedingungen und Vernetzung der numerischen Simulation 49 4.2 Bemerkungen zum Turbulenzmodell 54 4.3 Validierung des numerischen Modells am leeren Kanal 59 4.4 Ergebnisse für die Grundgeometrie 63 4.5 Parameterstudie zur Anordnung und Anzahl der Bögen 70 4.5.1 Variation der Bogendichte 70 4.5.2 Variation der Anordnung der Bögen zueinander bei konstanter Bogendichte 75 4.5.3 Variation der Kanalhöhe bei konstanten Randbedingungen 78 4.5.4 Variation der Kanalhöhe bei umgekehrten Randbedingungen 80 4.5.5 Variation des Bogendurchmessers D 82 4.5.6 Bemerkung zum Anstellwinkel 83 5 Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten 85 5.1 Versuchsaufbau 85 5.2 Versuchsdurchführung und Auswertung 88 5.3 Vergleich des Versuchsstandes mit Untersuchungen für Spaltströmungen 90 5.4 Referenzmessungen mit metallischen Wärmeübertragerstrukturen 93 5.4.1 Ergebnisse für die Grundgeometrie 93 5.4.2 Variation der Kanalhöhe 96 5.4.3 Variation der Kanalhöhe bei umgekehrten Randbedingungen 97 5.5 Messung mit keramischen Strukturen 98 6 Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Strömungsverhalten 101 6.1 Versuchsaufbau 101 6.2 PIV-Messungen 104 6.2.1 Allgemeines zum Messprinzip 104 6.2.2 Messaufbau 105 6.2.3 Versuchsergebnisse 106 6.3 LDA-Messungen 111 6.3.1 Allgemeines zum Messprinzip und zur Versuchsdurchführung 111 6.3.2 Validierung des Versuchsstandes 114 6.3.3 Strömungsprofile aus der LDA-Messung 117 6.3.4 Wirbelablösung im Bogennachlauf 130 6.3.5 Skalen der Strömung 144 7 Anwendungsbeispiel: Rekuperatorbrenner 151 7.1 Brennerprototyp und Versuchsdurchführung 151 7.2 Versuchsergebnisse und Auswertung 153 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 157 9 Literaturverzeichnis 161 10 Anhang 173 10.1 Messtechnik des Windkanals 173 10.2 PIV-Messtechnik 175 10.3 LDA-Messtechnik 176 10.4 Versuche mit dem Rekuperatorprototypen 177

This thesis is developed as a proposal for heating for a primary school and kindergarten in the region of Brno-countryside. For the insulated building, a combination of heating and air-conditioning is proposed. The concept is designed so that the air-conditioning preheats the exterior air and the heating system warms the incoming air to a comfortable temperature. For the required thermal performance, sources of heat (for gas and pellets) and a layout solution for the boiler room is designed. Drainage of combustion products is proposed for both solutions. The project solution is per the extent of the construction permit. The theoretical part is linked with the practical part through the condensation boilers, their function and division, and drainage of combustion products. The experiment for the given topic was conducted on the drainage of combustion products. The pressure loss of the reverse knob was determined in relation to the flow rate of air in the condensation boilers as this loss is essential in assessing the drainage of combustion products.