The GSM platform is a extremely successful wireless technology and an unprecedented story of global achievement. The GSM platform is growing and evolving and offers an expanded and feature-rich voice and data enabling services. General Packet Radio Service, (GPRS), will have a tremendous transmission rate, which will make a significant impact on most of the existing services. Additionally, GPRS stands ready for the introduction of new services as operators and users, both business and private, appreciate the capabilities and potential that GPRS provides. Services such as the Internet, videoconferencing and on-line shopping will be as smooth as talking on the phone. Moreover, the capability and ease of access to these services increase at work, at home or during travel. In this research the traffic channel of a GSM system was studied in detail and simulated in order to obtain a performance analysis. Matlab, software from Mathworks, was used for the simulation. Both the forward and the reverse links of a GSM system were simulated. A flat fading model was used to model the channel. Signal to Noise Ratio, (SNR), was the primary metric that was varied during the simulation. All the building blocks for a traffic channel, including a Convolutional encoder, an Interleaver and a Modulator were coded in Matlab. Finally the GPRS system, which is an enhancement of the GSM system for data services was introduced.

<p>Bilder av potentiella hot upptäcks snabbt och leder till en snabbare reaktionstid än bilder av icke-potentiella hot. Potentiella hot stjäl också fokus och kognitiva resurser, med en långsammare reaktionstid som följd. Rädsla, som kan mätas genom startlereflexen, leder till antingen ökad handlingsberedskap (snabbare reaktionstid) eller kognitiv distraktion (långsammare reaktionstid). Fem försöksdeltagare fick reagera på en visuell probe som lades ovanpå djurbilder, både potentiella hot och icke-potentiella hot i ett kombinerat reaktionstids- och startleprobeexperiment, där ljudstötar utdelades i hörlurar. Startlereaktion, hjärtfrekvens och reaktionstid mättes, varefter korrelationskoefficienter räknades ut. Resultatet visade på en svag negativ korrelation mellan reaktionstid och startlepotentiering på gruppnivå, men inga signifikanta samband påvisades på individnivå. Resultatet på gruppnivå kan bero på att de individuella resultaten tenderar samlas i kluster och därför skapar ett skensamband. Även en positiv korrelation mellan hjärtfrekvensförändring och startlereaktion påvisades, men ingen korrelation mellan hjärtfrekvens och reaktionstid.</p> / <p>Pictures of fear relevant animals are detected fast and lead to shorter reaction time, compared to pictures of fear irrelevant animals. Fear relevant animals also capture attention and steals focus, which leads to slower reaction time. Fear leads to either preparedness for action (faster reaction time) or cognitive distraction (slower reaction time). In a combined startle probe and reaction time experiment, five participants were requested to react to a visual probe, superimposed on pictures of animals, both relevant and irrelevant to fear. Startle probes were given as noise bursts in headphones. Startle reaction, heart rate and reaction time were measured. A negative correlation between reaction time and startle potentiation was found on group level, whereas no significant correlations were found on the individual level. However, the individual results tend to gather in clusters, which might give a significant result on group level even if there is none.</p>

Bilder av potentiella hot upptäcks snabbt och leder till en snabbare reaktionstid än bilder av icke-potentiella hot. Potentiella hot stjäl också fokus och kognitiva resurser, med en långsammare reaktionstid som följd. Rädsla, som kan mätas genom startlereflexen, leder till antingen ökad handlingsberedskap (snabbare reaktionstid) eller kognitiv distraktion (långsammare reaktionstid). Fem försöksdeltagare fick reagera på en visuell probe som lades ovanpå djurbilder, både potentiella hot och icke-potentiella hot i ett kombinerat reaktionstids- och startleprobeexperiment, där ljudstötar utdelades i hörlurar. Startlereaktion, hjärtfrekvens och reaktionstid mättes, varefter korrelationskoefficienter räknades ut. Resultatet visade på en svag negativ korrelation mellan reaktionstid och startlepotentiering på gruppnivå, men inga signifikanta samband påvisades på individnivå. Resultatet på gruppnivå kan bero på att de individuella resultaten tenderar samlas i kluster och därför skapar ett skensamband. Även en positiv korrelation mellan hjärtfrekvensförändring och startlereaktion påvisades, men ingen korrelation mellan hjärtfrekvens och reaktionstid. / Pictures of fear relevant animals are detected fast and lead to shorter reaction time, compared to pictures of fear irrelevant animals. Fear relevant animals also capture attention and steals focus, which leads to slower reaction time. Fear leads to either preparedness for action (faster reaction time) or cognitive distraction (slower reaction time). In a combined startle probe and reaction time experiment, five participants were requested to react to a visual probe, superimposed on pictures of animals, both relevant and irrelevant to fear. Startle probes were given as noise bursts in headphones. Startle reaction, heart rate and reaction time were measured. A negative correlation between reaction time and startle potentiation was found on group level, whereas no significant correlations were found on the individual level. However, the individual results tend to gather in clusters, which might give a significant result on group level even if there is none.

Over time astrocytes have been thought to function in an auxiliary manner, providing neurons with metabolic and structural support. However, recent research suggests they may play a fundamental role in the generation and propagation of focal epileptic seizures by causing synchronized electrical bursts in neurons. It would be helpful to have a simple mathematical model that represents this dynamic and incorporates these updated experimental results. We have created a two-compartment model of a typical neuron found in the hippocampal CA1 region, an area often thought to be the origin of these seizures. The focus is on properly modeling the astrocytic input to examine the pathological excitation of these neurons and subsequent transmission of the signals. In particular, we consider the intracellular astrocytic calcium fluctuations which are associated with slow inward currents in neighbouring neurons. Using our model, a variety of experimental results are reproduced, and comments are made about the potential differences between graded and “all-or-none” astrocytes.

Over time astrocytes have been thought to function in an auxiliary manner, providing neurons with metabolic and structural support. However, recent research suggests they may play a fundamental role in the generation and propagation of focal epileptic seizures by causing synchronized electrical bursts in neurons. It would be helpful to have a simple mathematical model that represents this dynamic and incorporates these updated experimental results. We have created a two-compartment model of a typical neuron found in the hippocampal CA1 region, an area often thought to be the origin of these seizures. The focus is on properly modeling the astrocytic input to examine the pathological excitation of these neurons and subsequent transmission of the signals. In particular, we consider the intracellular astrocytic calcium fluctuations which are associated with slow inward currents in neighbouring neurons. Using our model, a variety of experimental results are reproduced, and comments are made about the potential differences between graded and “all-or-none” astrocytes.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 62 pages / Thesis (M.S.E.E.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: The GSM platform is a extremely successful wireless technology and an unprecedented story of global achievement. The GSM platform is growing and evolving and offers an expanded and feature-rich voice and data enabling services. General Packet Radio Service, (GPRS), will have a tremendous transmission rate, which will make a significant impact on most of the existing services. Additionally, GPRS stands ready for the introduction of new services as operators and users, both business and private, appreciate the capabilities and potential that GPRS provides. Services such as the Internet, videoconferencing and on-line shopping will be as smooth as talking on the phone. Moreover, the capability and ease of access to these services increase at work, at home or during travel. In this research the traffic channel of a GSM system was studied in detail and simulated in order to obtain a performance analysis. Matlab, software from Mathworks, was used for the simulation. / ABSTRACT: Both the forward and the reverse links of a GSM system were simulated. A flat fading model was used to model the channel. Signal to Noise Ratio, (SNR), was the primary metric that was varied during the simulation. All the building blocks for a traffic channel, including a Convolutional encoder, an Interleaver and a Modulator were coded in Matlab. Finally the GPRS system, which is an enhancement of the GSM system for data services was introduced. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Η οπτική μεταγωγή ριπών (Optical Burst Switching-OBS) στοχεύει στον συνδυασμό των πλεονεκτημάτων της οπτικής μεταγωγής πακέτων και μεταγωγής κυκλώματος. Θεωρείται ως μια αρκετά υποσχόμενη τεχνολογία για την υλοποίηση του οπτικού Διαδικτύου της επόμενης γενιάς, με σκοπό να αντεπεξέλθει στην ταχεία ανάπτυξη της κίνησης του Διαδικτύου και στην αυξανόμενη υιοθέτηση νέων υπηρεσιών (π.χ VoIP τηλεφωνία, βίντεο κατά απαίτηση, υπολογισμός πλέγματος, ψηφιακά αποθηκευτικά μέσα). Στα OBS δίκτυα, τα πακέτα συναρμολογούνται σε ριπές και στέλνονται έτσι διαμέσου του δικτύου. Επομένως, ο τρόπος με τον οποίο πραγματοποιείται η συναρμολόγηση των πακέτων σε ριπές, καθορίζει και τα χαρακτηριστικά του συνολικού δικτύου και επηρεάζει κυρίως την συνολική καθυστέρηση του κάθε πακέτου που στέλνεται διαμέσου αυτού. Στην παρούσα εργασία (μέρος της διπλωματικής εργασίας δημοσιεύτηκε στο [21]), θα προτείνουμε τέσσερις νέες τεχνικές συναρμολόγησης ριπών που στοχεύουν στην μείωση της μέσης καθυστέρησης που επιβαρύνονται τα πακέτα κατά τη διαδικασία της συναρμολόγηση τους σε ριπές (burstification), με βάση ενός δεδομένου μέσου μήκους των ριπών που παράγονται. Αυτές οι τεχνικές χρησιμοποιούν ένα γραμμικό φίλτρο πρόβλεψης για την παραγωγή μιας εκτίμησης του πλήθους των πακέτων που πρόκειται να εισέλθουν στο κόμβο του δικτύου, που λαμβάνει χώρα το burstification, κατά τη διάρκεια της επόμενης χρονικής περιόδου. Με βάση την εκτίμηση αυτή, αποφασίζουν αν ικανοποιείται ένα συγκεκριμένο κριτήριο, το οποίο είναι διαφορετικό για κάθε προτεινόμενη μέθοδο, και στέλνουν, αναλόγως, μία νέα ριπή στο δίκτυο. Η μείωση της καθυστέρησης της συναρμολόγησης των πακέτων, για ένα δεδομένο μέσο μήκος ριπής, είναι σημαντική για τις εφαρμογές πραγματικού χρόνου, οι οποίες έχουν αυστηρούς περιορισμούς στην συνολική καθυστέρηση των πακέτων. Αντίστοιχα, η αύξηση του μέσου μήκους των ριπών που δημιουργούνται σε ένα OBS δίκτυο, για μια δεδομένη μέση καθυστέρηση πακέτων, είναι σημαντική για την μείωση του αριθμού των ριπών που εισέρχονται σε αυτό. Μεγάλου μήκους ριπές συνεπάγονται μικρότερη επιβάρυνση σε επεξεργασία που διενεργείται από τους ενδιάμεσους κόμβους του δικτύου. Επίσης, στο παρόν κείμενο, θα αξιολογήσουμε την συμπεριφορά των προτεινόμενων τεχνικών συναρμολόγησης και θα αποδείξουμε ότι δύο από αυτές έχουν καλύτερη απόδοση (έως και 33% βελτίωση), σε σύγκριση με τους προηγουμένως προτεινόμενους από την βιβλιογραφία αλγόριθμους, ως προς την μέση καθυστέρηση πακέτων, για δεδομένο μήκος ριπής. Τέλος, θα συζητηθεί η δυνατότητα παροχής ποιότητας υπηρεσιών (Quality of Service- QoS) με την βοήθεια των προτεινόμενων αλγορίθμων συναρμολόγησης. Το υπόλοιπο του παρόντος κειμένου είναι οργανωμένο με βάση τα παρακάτω: • Το δεύτερο κεφάλαιο σχολιάζει βασικές έννοιες των οπτικών δικτύων και περιγράφει την αρχιτεκτονική των οπτικών δικτύων μεταγωγής ριπών. • Το τρίτο κεφάλαιο αναφέρεται στις ήδη προτεινόμενες τεχνικές συναρμολόγησης ριπών, από την υπάρχουσα βιβλιογραφία. • Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο, σχολιάζονται σημαντικές έννοιες των γραμμικών προβλεπτών, καθώς κι η δυνατότητα τους να εφαρμοστούν στην πρόβλεψη της κίνησης του δικτύου και υπό ποιες συνθήκες η χρήση τους είναι αποδοτική. • Οι προτεινόμενοι αλγόριθμοι περιγράφονται στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο. • Στο έκτο κεφάλαιο εξετάζεται η απόδοση τους σε σχέση με τους υπάρχοντες αλγορίθμους και μελετάται η συμπεριφορά του επιλεγμένου γραμμικού προβλεπτή σε σχέση με τις παραμέτρους εισόδου που τον χαρακτηρίζουν. • Τέλος στο έβδομο κεφάλαιο, περιγράφεται η παροχή του QoS στο δίκτυο και ερευνάται η δυνατότητα υποστήριξης της, με τη βοήθεια των προτεινόμενων τεχνικών συναρμολόγησης. / -

Fault management is a challenging task in all-optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks. However, fast fault localization for shared risk link groups (SRLGs) with multiple links is essential for building a fully survival and functional transparent all-optical mesh network. Monitoring trail (m-trail) technology is an effective approach to achieve the goal, whereby a set of m-trails are derived for unambiguous fault localization (UFL). However, an m-trail traverses through a link by utilizing a dedicated wavelength channel (WL), causing a significant amount of resource consumption. In addition, existing m-trail methods incur long and variable alarm dissemination delay. We introduce a novel framework of real-time fault localization in all-optical WDM mesh networks, called the monitoring-burst (m-burst), which aims at initiating a balanced trade-off between consumed monitoring resources and fault localization latency. The m-burst framework has a single monitoring node (MN) and requires one WL in each unidirectional link if the link is traversed by any m-trail. The MN launches short duration optical bursts periodically along each m-trail to probe the links of the m-trail. Bursts along different m-trails are kept non-overlapping through each unidirectional link by scheduling burst launching times from the MN and multiplexing multiple bursts, if any, traversing the link. Thus, the MN can unambiguously localize the failed links by identifying the lost bursts without incurring any alarm dissemination delay. We have proposed several novel m-trail allocation, burst launching time scheduling, and node switch fabric configuration schemes. Numerical results show that the schemes, when deployed in the m-burst framework, are able to localize single-link and multi-link SRLG faults unambiguously, with reasonable fault localization latency, by using at most one WL in each unidirectional link. To reduce the fault localization latency further, we also introduce a novel methodology called nested m-trails. At first, mesh networks are decomposed into cycles and trails. Each cycle (trail) is realized as an independent virtual ring (linear) network using a separate pair of WLs (one WL in each direction) in each undirected link traversed by the cycle (trail). Then, sets of m-trails, i.e., nested m-trails, derived in each virtual network are deployed independently in the m-burst framework for ring (linear) networks. As a result, the fault localization latency is reduced significantly. Moreover, the application of nested m-trails in adaptive probing also reduces the number of sequential probes significantly. Therefore, practical deployment of adaptive probing is now possible. However, the WL consumption of the nested m-trail technique is not limited by one WL per unidirectional link. Thus, further investigation is needed to reduce the WL consumption of the technique.

Movement training modulates the excitability in several cortical and subcortical areas. Compared to training with a single arm, movement training with both arms yields a greater increase in motor related cortical regions. A short-term session of bimanual training (BMT) enhances cortical activity of motor preparation and execution areas in both hemispheres. The underlying neural mechanisms for this increased activation with BMT are unclear, but may involve interhemispheric connections between homologous primary motor cortex (M1) representations and input from motor preparatory areas (i.e. dorsal premotor cortex (PMd)). Also, it is unclear how selective up-regulation or down-regulation of specific motor-related areas may contribute to changes in M1 excitability when combined with BMT. The work in this thesis investigated modulation of M1 excitability in terms of in-phase versus anti-phase BMT (Study #1), potentially up-regulating the left dorsal premotor cortex (lPMd) via iTBS before BMT (Study #2), theoretically down-regulating contralateral (right) M1 homologous representation before BMT (Study #3), and finally the potential intracortical and interhemispheric cortical adaptations in M1 bilaterally due to the same interventions as Study #2 (Study #4). For Study #1, it was hypothesized that in-phase BMT would lead to an increased excitability in M1. For Studies #2-4, it was hypothesized that modulation of motor-related areas would cause an increase in the excitability of left M1, and this modulation would be greater when combined with BMT. Study #1 found that in-phase, and not anti-phase BMT, lead to increase M1 excitability. Study #2 found that iTBS to lPMd followed by BMT caused a unique increase in M1 excitability, in terms of increased spatial extent and global MEP amplitude. Study #3 found that the combination of cTBS to right M1 with BMT caused greater excitability enhancements than either intervention alone. Finally, Study #4 found distinct modulations of cortical excitability within and across M1 bilaterally due to BMT, iTBS to lPMd and the combination of these interventions that involved long-interval inhibitory circuitry asymmetrically. Overall, this current work found that the modulation of remote cortical areas to M1 (i.e. lPMd and contralateral M1) in combination with movement training led to unique, and at times greater, excitability enhancements of M1 which could be advantageous in enhancing short-term plasticity in damaged M1.

Current telecommunication infrastructure is undergoing significant changes. Such changes involve the type of traffic traveling through the network as well as the requirements imposed by the new traffic mix (e.g. strict delay control and low end-to-end delay). In this new networking scenario, the current infrastructure, which remained almost unchanged for the last several decades, is struggling to adapt, and its limitations in terms of power consumption, scalability, and economical viability have become more evident. In this dissertation we explore the potential advantages of using periodic data structures to handle efficiently bandwidth-intensive transactions, which constitute a significant portion of today's network traffic. We start by implementing an approach that can work as a standalone system aiming to provide the same advantages promised by all-optical approaches such as OBS and OFS. We show that our approach is able to provide similar advantages (e.g. energy efficiency, link utilization, and low computational load for the network hardware) while avoiding the drawbacks (e.g. use of optical buffers, inefficient resource utilization, and costly deployment), using commercially available hardware. Aware of the issues of large scale hardware redeployment, we adapt our approach to work within the current transport network architecture, reusing most of the hardware and protocols that are already in place, offering a more gradual evolutionary path, while retaining the advantages of our standalone system. We then apply our approach to Data Center Networks (DCNs), showing its ability to achieve significant improvements in terms of network performance stability, predictability, performance isolation, agility, and goodput with respect to popular DCN approaches. We also show our approach is able to work in concert with many proposed and deployed DCN architectures, providing DCNs with a simple, efficient, and versatile protocol to handle bandwidth-intensive applications within the DCs. / Graduate