58 The Abstract of my thesis The topic of my thesis is the legislation on the bylaws (statutes) of the banks in the Czech Republic. The bylaws are the most important documents not only of the banks, but also of every joint-stock company in general. The aim of this paper is to describe the present (contemporary, actual) national (Czech) legislation on the banks' bylaws and to emphasize the differences between the bank's bylaws and the bylaws of the ordinary joint-stock company. The first two chapters are focused on the explanation of the (the first two chapters explain) basic terms used in this work, specifically the terms "bank" and "the bylaws of the bank" in the light of the Czech law. In the following chapter I attempt to discuss division of the necessary parts of the bylaws. Then I continue with more detailed analysis of the bylaws requisites prescribed by the Czech Commercial Code and also required under the Law on Banks. At the end of this chapter there is a comparison of the particular provisions of the two leading banks' bylaws regarding their management and control systems, since these matters are individually tailored for each bank. The subsequent text mentions optional provisions that can be included in the bylaws, their possible division (categorization), and it presents (shows) few practical...

By-laws are considered to be one of the primary tools of local government to enable them to manage and regulate the affairs of their constituent jurisdictions. It is therefore of critical importance that bylaws are current, not in conflict with provincial and national legislation, efficient and in line with practical requirements, and empowers the local authority sufficiently to manage its own affairs. There are three major causes that require local authorities to change and update by-laws. The first major cause is the reorganisation of the pre-1994 municipal boundaries. The second is the change to a constitutional dispensation that created three distinct spheres of government with their defined areas of legislative and executive powers. The third is the new order environmental legislation and philosophy that is in line with internationally accepted principles of sustainable development and human rights, and differs from the pre- 1994 legislation. The principle of cooperative governance requires local authorities not to be in conflict with other organs of state or national and provincial legislation. The result is that many local authorities require new by-laws, including waste management by-laws. Many such projects were undertaken by local authorities, one by the City of Johannesburg as part of the iGoli 2000 project. The by-laws also have to adequately capacitate the local authority to regulate all aspects of waste management in a practical and functional manner. These practical and functional requirements must be considered and included in the waste management by-laws where relevant. A guideline should as a minimum cover the following elements: -ensuring cooperative governance, -ensuring compliance with specific requirements set by the Constitution and other legislation such as the Municipal Systems Act, -alignment of by-laws with the legal mechanisms available for service delivery, and -ensuring it provides guidance on what elements should be considered to meet the practical and functional requirements of local authorities. This dissertation provides a guideline that meets criteria set out in legislation, policies and strategies. The discussion encompasses a vast field of the law and waste management practice, and attempts to provide local authorities with an introduction and references to the most salient aspects that has to be considered when drafting and implementing waste management by-laws. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

By-laws are considered to be one of the primary tools of local government to enable them to manage and regulate the affairs of their constituent jurisdictions. It is therefore of critical importance that bylaws are current, not in conflict with provincial and national legislation, efficient and in line with practical requirements, and empowers the local authority sufficiently to manage its own affairs. There are three major causes that require local authorities to change and update by-laws. The first major cause is the reorganisation of the pre-1994 municipal boundaries. The second is the change to a constitutional dispensation that created three distinct spheres of government with their defined areas of legislative and executive powers. The third is the new order environmental legislation and philosophy that is in line with internationally accepted principles of sustainable development and human rights, and differs from the pre- 1994 legislation. The principle of cooperative governance requires local authorities not to be in conflict with other organs of state or national and provincial legislation. The result is that many local authorities require new by-laws, including waste management by-laws. Many such projects were undertaken by local authorities, one by the City of Johannesburg as part of the iGoli 2000 project. The by-laws also have to adequately capacitate the local authority to regulate all aspects of waste management in a practical and functional manner. These practical and functional requirements must be considered and included in the waste management by-laws where relevant. A guideline should as a minimum cover the following elements: -ensuring cooperative governance, -ensuring compliance with specific requirements set by the Constitution and other legislation such as the Municipal Systems Act, -alignment of by-laws with the legal mechanisms available for service delivery, and -ensuring it provides guidance on what elements should be considered to meet the practical and functional requirements of local authorities. This dissertation provides a guideline that meets criteria set out in legislation, policies and strategies. The discussion encompasses a vast field of the law and waste management practice, and attempts to provide local authorities with an introduction and references to the most salient aspects that has to be considered when drafting and implementing waste management by-laws. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / The concept street vending based on the literature review revealed that it is regarded as an informal sector industry that is dominated by women. This sector is largely operated by street vendors with low skill sets and minimal education. In Africa, street vending is noticeable amongst the people who are unemployed. The Polokwane Municipality Street Vending By-Laws allow every person an opportunity to become a street vendor. The purpose of research was to investigate if the implementation of the Polokwane Street Vending By-Laws was effective in promoting a healthy and safe environment in which vendors operate. Amongst other objectives, the researcher wanted to provide possible solutions to the challenges that may be faced by the Municipality in making the implementation of by-laws effective. Qualitative and quantitative approaches were used. The data collected from street vendors operating in Devenish Street and officials of Polokwane Local Economic Development and Tourism Unit was presented and analysed. This study concludes by conferring the recommendations, conclusions and final remarks which were cautiously deduced from analysis of findings and the whole study. This followed by proposal that reflected the importance of bench marking with growing and metro cities for best practises in connection with effective implementation of local municipality street vending by-laws.

Thesis describes a reporting inside an international company. First part of the thesis is dedicated to reports for management and for the employees. Second part is dedicated to the monthly closing. The objective of this thesis was a concept of by-laws.

Bylaws serve as the skeleton of any nonprofit organization's administrative culture. They are the laws and rules that govern the internal affairs of an organization. (Pickett 2000) Since the primary function of bylaws is to support the effective management of operations, the examination of bylaws content is particularly relevant when looking for evidence of innovative adaptations to organizational change. As students of arts administration, the focus of the researcher's investigation centered on cultural organizations; symphony orchestras in this instance. Symphony orchestras, like other cultural organizations, must adapt to survive internal and external change. The reason for choosing to examine bylaws content was to look for business adaptations being made at the core of nonprofit business operations, where the framework for decision-making by the Board of Directors, Officers and administrators resides. There were two key research questions driving this investigation of symphony orchestra bylaws content. The first was; what governance policies are currently emerging in the symphony orchestra industry? The second was; what conditions prompted the emergence of these policy anomalies? The research design included a review of the literature relevant to the development of bylaws as used by U.S. symphony orchestras; qualitative and quantitative document analysis of bylaws obtained from a select group of participating organizations; and an opinion survey of several orchestra administrators whose organizations were found to contain unusual bylaws content. Contrary to the literature, the content and structure of bylaws that were examined varied a great deal. Policy anomalies were discovered as hypothesized, and some of these unusual policies offer solutions to current governance issues that other arts organizations may find beneficial as well. Included tables illustrate provision topics and their frequency of occurrence. Several recommendations for further study are indicated, and we conclude that bylaws are usually an underutilized, valuable and occasionally innovative tool for effective governance.

The Swedish village by-laws are a collection of rules for coexistence in a village which evolved during the 18th and 19th centuries. The dissertation takes its starting point in an edition of Byordningar från Mälarlänen (Village By-Laws in the Lake Mälar districts) containing about 400 by-laws from the central part of Sweden, and is a limited review of that edition at the same time as it gives a systematic survey of certain aspects specified in the by-laws. These aspects were added as the result of an official proposal in 1742 containing a model on how a by-law should be constructed. The question is asked whether the directives of the Government were formulated when they reached the local level, or whether they were redesigned and adapted to suit the local situation. The village by-laws in the Mälar counties differ in form and in content depending upon the official proposal on by-laws from 1742. The village by-laws were originally discussed in connection with the changes in agriculture, and thus concerned such sectors as farming methods, fencing, grazing, the right to certain proportions of the village's resources. The local conditions in the village are reflected in, for example, the rules on the length of the grass for grazing. There were different kinds of such by-laws, e.g., by-laws for individual villages and by-laws for parishes (approved at a parish meeting). The initiative of the Government in requiring village by-laws gave different results in different counties. Large parts of Uppsala county are without forest land. The fences and the system of enclosing fields are therefore of particular interest in a discussion on the village by-laws. I have demonstrated that their origin and acceptance in Swedish villages and parishes can be placed in political, chronological, social and functional contexts. / <p>Diss. Uppsala : Univ.</p>

Etudier l’ordre juridique partisan, c’est affirmer qu’un parti politique constitue un ordre juridique. Pour cela, il faut d’abord montrer que les règles internes des partis répondent aux critères mobilisés par la doctrine pour qualifier la juridicité puis, en s’inscrivant dans la perspective du pluralisme juridique et en s’appuyant sur la théorie de l’institution, démontrer que le parti politique, en tant qu’institution, est un ordre juridique. Ce constat implique d’étudier ses relations vis-à-vis de l’Etat tant en ce qui concerne son encadrement que son contrôle ce qui permet de prendre la mesure de son autonomie. L’ordre juridique partisan n’est pas seulement un ordre juridique spécifique, c’est encore un ordre juridique flexible, perméable à la société qui l’entoure et au sein duquel le droit est instrumentalisé. La porosité de l’ordre juridique partisan vis-à-vis de son environnement se traduit par une conformation au contexte institutionnel dans lequel il évolue mais aussi par une adaptabilité aux évolutions du contexte social dans lequel il s’inscrit. Au sein du parti, le droit est mis au service de la justification des stratégies politiques et de nombreuses règles se voient contournées ou même jamais appliquées. Le droit disciplinaire, quant à lui, connaît une application circonstancielle motivée par des considérations d’opportunité politique ou résultant des rapports de forces internes au parti qui en font un droit négocié. / The study of the nature of partisan juridical order leads to affirm that a political party constitutes a juridical order. To do so, one must first establish that the internal rules of parties meet the criteria established by existing doctrine to decide that the threshold for lawfulness has been met ; and then, within the perspective of juridical pluralism and based on the theory of institutions, one must demonstrate that a political party, as an institution, is a juridical order. Such a finding implies the need to study the party’s relationship to the state, in both its regula tion and its control, so as to be able to measure its autonomy. The partisan juridical order is not only a specific juridical order; it is also a flexible juridical order, which is open to the society around it and within which the law is made instrumental . The porosity to its environment of the partisan juridical order results in its conforming to the institutional context in which it operates, but also in its adaptability to the evolution of the social context within which it fits. Within the party, the law is used to justify political strategies and a number of rules are bypassed or even never applied. As to disciplinary law, it is applied according to circumstances, and motivated by considerations of political opportunity or as a result of the internal balance of power within the party, which make it a negotiated law.

By-laws of a cooperative Abstract My Master's degree thesis contents of seven chapters, each of them dealing with the by-laws of a cooperative, but each of them different preview. Reason, why I decided wrote this thesis, is that this area of law allows many different modifications. These modification are important for existence a cooperative, member of a cooperative and other people, which act with a cooperative. Other reason, why I decide wrote this thesis, is that a cooperatives are different from other companies. The aim of first chapter of my thesis is introducing a cooperative such as the term - a cooperative is company business entity, where usually member's personal liability is limited by amount of contribution, his history and principles, which are bases of a cooperative. The second chapter explaines that by-laws are contract concluded between members of cooperative and this concludation is process "sui generis". They have nature such as "constitution" for the cooperative and as Memorandum of Association for other companies. The chapter number three describes basic characters of by-laws of a cooperative. These characters consist especially on subchapter. Special subchapters deal with the force by- laws, invalidity by-laws, establishing or change by-laws. Following two chapters compares provisions...

Não obstante os empresários tenham autonomia para decidir pela celebração ou não de um contrato e pela determinação de seu conteúdo, tem se verificado, hodiernamente, uma crescente limitação dessa autonomia. As companhias abertas, objeto de análise do presente trabalho, resultantes da celebração de contrato de sociedade, devem observar, além das disposições aplicáveis ao direito contratual e ao direito societário, as regulamentares emanadas pela CVM. Conforme aplicável, devem observar, ainda, as normas decorrentes da autorregulação e imposições decorrentes de contratos celebrados com as entidades administradoras de mercados. Tais regras têm sua razão de ser: surgiram em contextos econômicos, sociais e políticos específicos visando a tutelar determinados valores elencados como primordiais. Assim, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as limitações à autonomia privada impostas aos empresários na constituição das sociedades anônimas, especificamente no que se refere ao estabelecimento de cláusulas estatutárias de companhias abertas. Para tanto, serão feitas análises sobre autonomia privada e suas limitações e sobre o desenvolvimento das companhias e do mercado de capitais brasileiro, permitindo-se a avaliação de quais interesses e valores foram considerados merecedores de tutela pelo ordenamento jurídico. Com esses fundamentos, será possível compreender a estrutura dos estatutos sociais das companhias abertas e quais as limitações impostas no estabelecimento das cláusulas estatutárias. / Although entrepreneurs have autonomy to celebrate or not a contract and to determine its content, it has been noted a gradually restriction of the mentioned autonomy. The publicly-held companies, object of the present study, originated from the conclusion of association contract, must observe, in addition to the contract law and corporate law provisions, the regulation issued by the Securities Commission. Besides, when applicable, publicly-held companies must be considered in accordance with self-regulation rules and other requirements as stated in listing contracts. The arise of these rules can be explained by the occurrence of specific economic, social and political contexts, which demanded the protection of certain values considered as primaries. Thus, the present dissertation aims to analyse the restrictions of the private autonomy entailed to entrepreneurs in setting up publicly-held companies, specifically when it concerns the establishment of by-laws clauses. For that reason, we will proceed to the analysis of private autonomy and its limitations, as well as the development of Brazilian publicly-held companies and capital markets, in order to examine which interests and values must be protected by judicial and institutional system. With these considerations, we expect to reach a better understading about by-laws framework and which are the restrictions imposed to the establishment of the referred clauses.