This final year project is made for Peab Jönköping and its target group is the construction industry. The main focus is the use of unutilized building material in the most economical and environmental-friendly way. Unutilized building material is here defined as material purchased for a construction project that for different reasons not has been used. The most important thing to find out was how much building material considered as being waste is actually useable material, and how much less it costs to use that building material instead of throwing it away. When this information was gathered a proposal on how to efficiently use the unutilized building material instead of wasting it was designed. Costs and incomes were investigated and the proposal suggested a storage area where Peab can store their unused building material. The costs for the storage area was however relatively high, large savings are therefore needed. These savings are very difficult or actually almost impossible to calculate because it is very difficult to know how much material that really is usable of the total waste. The savings can be estimated, however with low reliability. Hence, the proposal seems very expensive since the savings are not being able to cover the costs. If the incomes were known from the beginning it would be easier to properly design a proposal. Another way is to test the proposal at a smaller range first to better be able to calculate the savings. The decrease of environmental influence and other impacts from the proposal are hard to show with figures and it is difficult to estimate how much the storage area will cost. Based on this, Peab are therefore presently recommended not to take this risk. With this knowledge at hand an alternative proposal was designed. This proposal suggested a development of Peab’s already existing storage area utilizing the same resources as today. If this is properly realized, the environmental influence will be reduced and Peab Jönköping’s economy will be improved.

<p>This final year project is made for Peab Jönköping and its target group is the construction industry. The main focus is the use of unutilized building material in the most economical and environmental-friendly way. Unutilized building material is here defined as material purchased for a construction project that for different reasons not has been used. The most important thing to find out was how much building material considered as being waste is actually useable material, and how much less it costs to use that building material instead of throwing it away.</p><p>When this information was gathered a proposal on how to efficiently use the unutilized building material instead of wasting it was designed. Costs and incomes were investigated and the proposal suggested a storage area where Peab can store their unused building material. The costs for the storage area was however relatively high, large savings are therefore needed. These savings are very difficult or actually almost impossible to calculate because it is very difficult to know how much material that really is usable of the total waste. The savings can be estimated, however with low reliability. Hence, the proposal seems very expensive since the savings are not being able to cover the costs. If the incomes were known from the beginning it would be easier to properly design a proposal. Another way is to test the proposal at a smaller range first to better be able to calculate the savings. The decrease of environmental influence and other impacts from the proposal are hard to show with figures and it is difficult to estimate how much the storage area will cost. Based on this, Peab are therefore presently recommended not to take this risk.</p><p>With this knowledge at hand an alternative proposal was designed. This proposal suggested a development of Peab’s already existing storage area utilizing the same resources as today. If this is properly realized, the environmental influence will be reduced and Peab Jönköping’s economy will be improved.</p>

Bygg- och anläggningssektorn har tidigare hjälpt Sverige ur ekonomiska kriser. Sjukhus, äldreboenden, skolor, cykel- och gångvägar samt infrastruktur är offentliga investeringar som det satsats på vid ekonomiska kriser. Att vinna projekt och gå med vinst är viktigt för byggföretag om de ska överleva en lågkonjunktur. Syftet med examenarbetet är att studera byggentreprenörers ekonomiska framgångsfaktorer på byggdelsnivå vid nyproduktion av skolor och förskolor. Höga kostnader är den störstaorsaken till låga vinstmarginaler i byggbranschen. För att uppnå en förbättrad lönsamhet är det viktigt att ha en väl planerad produktion där den rätta kompetensen finns på rätt plats. Att se förbättringspotential i produkter, metoder och processer är betydande för en bättre effektivitet och produktivitet i byggbranschen. Genom att skapa mer produktionsanpassade anbudskalkyler kan kalkyler bli mer genomarbetadeoch ha större träffsäkerhet.Examensarbetet genomfördes med ett byggföretag i Sverige. En enkätundersökning, kalkylgranskning och intervjustudie var metoderna som ligger till grund för resultatet.Enkäten skickades ut till 600 personer, både tjänstemän och yrkesmedarbetare. Kalkyler från sex avslutade projekt granskades där fokus var på de största procentuellaavvikelserna, både positiva och negativa. Kalkylgranskningen låg till grund för intervjustudien som behandlade orsaker till avvikelser samt hur kunskapen om avvikelser kan föras vidare. Totalt genomfördes tio intervjuer där både tjänstemän och yrkesmedarbetare deltog.Resultatet av studien visar att de mest avvikande kalkylresurserna är varierande.Resursen lön yrkesmedarbetare slutar som negativt avvikande vid fem av sex projekt.Kalkyldelen maskiner/utrustning har störst negativ avvikelse vid tre av sex projekt. Kalkyldelen konsulter/projektering har störst positiv avvikelse vid fyra av sex projekt.Resultatet av intervjustudien visar att faktorer som felkalkylering och dålig planeringbidrar mest till negativt avvikande delar i kalkyler. Faktorer som placering av kostnader, metodförändringar och bra planering bidrar mest till positivt avvikande delar i kalkyler. För att föra kunskapen om avvikelser vidare krävs det mer avsatt tid för uppföljning och avstämning med både yrkesmedarbetare och kalkylavdelning.Slutsatsen av studien visar att kalkyldelarna konsulter/projektering och maskiner/utrustning är mest avvikande. Sambandet mellan kalkyldelarna är att den ena är positiv när den andra är negativ. Byggentreprenörer upplever att de mest avvikande delarna i kalkyler är yrkesmedarbetartimmar, materialkostnader och konsulter/projektering där den sistnämnda överensstämmer med verkligt utfall.Orsaker till avvikelser i kalkyler är planering, placering av kostnader, metodförändring och kalkylering. För att implementera kunskaper om avvikelser till kommande projekt anser byggentreprenörer att uppföljning och återkoppling är viktigt. Det ska finnas tid avsatt för avstämning och uppföljning med yrkesmedarbetare och kalkylavdelning. Det är fördelaktigt att ha ett system för att samla och överföra kunskap.

Sweden’s real estate portfolio has a major renovation requirement. A large part of the renovations that need to be carried out are pipe replacement projects. These are major projects and not all housing associations are aware of the extent financial consequences it brings. Therefore, planning in the economy throughout the project are important. This thesis aims at seeing what affects a production estimate to differ from the actual final cost.ÅF infrastructure division thought that their calculations of the estimated cost for production too often differs to the actual final cost. At a first meeting with ÅF, it appeared that there has been discussion and thought for solutions to the problem for some time. The thesis is based on 3 issues that will provide answers on how to make a better production estimate.In order to answer the questions, project managers have been interviewed and literature has been studied. The assigned reference objects have been analyzed and compared in tables. This thesis has resulted in the insight of that the project managers at ÅF are relatively good at estimating the original cost of what the contractor produces for the pipe replacement projects. After the analysis, recommendations have been presented that can be developed and implemented in the ÅF approach to calculate their estimated cost of production even better. By calculating the costs that are not included in the original cost for the contractors in a more methodical manner, based on experience, the production cost can be optimized.The work has been going on for a limited time with delimitations and a selection of projects. The results presented in the report should be applied with caution and awareness about the differences in the projects.