Syfte: Linde Bjur och Engström (2009) skriver att det finns 2000 äldre stationshus i Sverige och att det är en kulturhistorisk skatt. Under tidens gång har de förlorat sin status och flera rivits. Idag nyttjas ej längre flertalet byggnader inom Trafikverkets verksamhet och ska därför rivas eller säljas (Trafikverket, 2015). Fokus bör ligga vid försäljning men då uppstår nya problem. Då stationshusen skiljts från järnvägsverksamhet krävs en ändrad användning. Myndigheter kan då ställa krav likvärdig en nyproduktion, exempelvis på energianvändning. 2020, när nya direktiv sätts från Europaparlamentet och rådet (EU) på energihushållning blir kraven strängare, bebyggelse ska motsvara NNE-hus. Boverkets byggregler (BBR) beskriver dock att fall vid ombyggnad kan ha som enda mål att eftersträva specifika U-värden. De förändringar som då bör göras för att uppnå energikraven i stationshus från 1860-1900 kan komma att påverka stationshusets insida och/eller utsida vilket då inskränker på bevarandekrav. Målet med denna studie är att undersöka möjligheter om byggtekniska detaljer som praktiskt behöver och kan utföras för att uppnå energikraven 2020 vid ändrad användning för stationshus med kulturhistoriskt värde och bevarandemärkning.   Metod: I denna studie används både kvalitativa- och kvantitativa metoder. Arbetet inkluderar fem fallstudier med fem tillhörande intervjuer och beräkningar gällande energianvändning. Beräkningar görs för byggtekniska detaljer (U-värden) och för hela byggnaden (specifik energianvändning) genom ett beräkningsprogram. Resultat: Denna studie visar att U-värden i klass med ett NNE-hus i helt klimatskal är starkt problematiskt att nå då bevarandekrav gäller och om byggnaden är uppförd 1860-1900. Detta då de äldre byggnadernas byggtekniska detaljer har hög värmegenomgång i sitt ursprungsläge och kräver mer tilläggsisolering än en modern byggnad. Den byggtekniska lösningen som verkar mest positivt för både bevarandekrav och U-värdeskrav är isolering av vindsbjälklaget om vindsutrymme kan avvaras. Detta då ingen del som berörs av bevarandekrav exteriört förvanskas och är lättast att genomföra praktiskt.    Konsekvenser: De slutsatser som kan dras från denna studie är i linje med BBRs rekommendationer. BBR beskriver att ”om vindsutrymmet inte är avsett att vara uppvärmt kan isoleringen placeras i vindsbjälklaget” (BFS 2011:26). Även ägare har visat sig vara mest positiva till isolering av taket samtidigt som just isolering av vindsbjälklaget kan vara negativt då det tar upp annars disponibel yta. Begränsningar: Varje byggnad som ansöker om ändrad användning eller genomgår en större ombyggnad kan tvingas uppnå tidsenliga krav på energiförbrukning. I studien undersöks specifikt stationshus uppförda 1860–1900 med bevarandekrav. Andra byggnader som uppkommit under samma tidsspann kan förväntas ha någon form av bevarandemärkning. Därför kan denna studie tillämpas generellt på byggnader från nämnt tidsspann som möter liknande problematik, dock kan resultatet bara tillämpas där vindsutrymmet kan avvaras.

Purpose: The aim of this work is to investigate what knowledge there is to gather about choices of functions and construction solutions for a cold bath building. Recommended solutions for piling as the foundation suitable for the Nordic climate will be presented in order to prevent more cold baths to demolish. Functions included in today's cold baths will also be presented to give a general overlook over recently built cold bath houses. The questions chosen for this work is: (1) Which construction solutions about foundation for a cold bath house is suitable for the Nordic climate? (2) Which functions are included in recently built cold bath houses in Sweden and what are the differences between the buildings? (3) What knowledge is there to collect from recent cold bath house projects in Sweden? Method: This work consists of a qualitative study with a case study as an approach consisting of a literature study encircling recent research, document analysis of floor plans and interviews with construction engineers. Findings: The answer to the first question about suitable construction solutions is that the most suitable material to choose for piles is steel. A safety precaution can be to fill the steel piles with concrete because of the corrosion of steel. An enclosing plastic bore can protect the piles from the effect of ice on the piles. The slab of the building should be in concrete to manage the strains of the ocean, wind and moisture. Question number two is about the functions of the visited cold baths included in this work. One thing all the cold baths had in common was the symmetric division between the sections for the ladies and the gentlemen. The sections include changing rooms, showers, toilets and saunas. A bistro was also encountered which creates a meeting place where people can spend time together and then can create an interest in cold baths. The third question presents a picture of what knowledge there is to gather about recently built cold baths. The most important factors to take into account is to divide the work of the construction of the piling foundation and the house building so that the professionals can handle the piling foundation, choose maintenance-free materials and the challenge to build on water when there is no solid ground to stand on. Implications: This work presents solutions to gather about what knowledge there is to collect about the choices of functions and construction solutions for the piling foundation of a cold bath. A further research question about cold bath houses is if the building needs to stand on piles or if it could be a floating building.The building foundation is critical for a cold bath house and should be handled by professionals. Piles of steel manage the Nordic climate and its difficulties much better than wood. Ice has the most effect on the piles though both horizontal and vertical loadsand should be taken to a concern. The cold bath houses today have a resemblance the older generation cold bath houses in the choices of functions and shape. A recommendation is to add more functions in addition to the traditional functions if the aim is to attract new visitors to the cold bath house. Limitations: A general result has been presented through a range of articles, objects, documents and choice of respondents included in this work. Keywords: A research was made about subjects like "construction of piling in water"."piling methods" "reaction between water and construction materials", "history of spa" and "development of functions in spa".

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to contribute with new knowledge about nanocellulose-based insulation products. It is an innovation that could potentially be applied as a building insulation material and possibly compete with today’s insulation materials. At this time, there is limited knowledge about nanocellulose-based insulation in the construction industry and with this study the interest should increase for nanocellulose-based insulation which may drive the research further in the field. The objective of the study is to demonstrate with focus on the environmental impact, constructional properties and economics whether nanocellulose-based insulation materials have the ability to compete with traditional insulation materials. Method: Literature studies, interviews, document analysis and calculations have been the implemented research methods in order to achieve the objective of the study. Literature studies has been carried out on previous research within the subject which constituted the scientific basis for the work under the theoretical framework. Interviews with experts in the subject provides experience within different perspectives studied in this report. Document analysis has given the study reality linked information regarding the constructional properties of nanocellulose insulation. Theoretical U-value calculations have been performed on walls with mineral wool, nanocellulose aerogel and nanocellulose foam. Findings: The study differentiates nanocellulose-based insulation into two categories; foam and aerogels. Nanocellulose foam could compete with the traditional insulation materials with regard to constructional properties and environmental perspectives, but not the economical since the cost of nanocellulose is too high. The price for nanocellulose foam could decrease to similar price levels as current materials when nanocellulose as a material begins to be applied in a greater extent. Both nanocellulose aerogel and nanocellulose foam are extracted from completely renewable sources, but in addition to that attribute, the insulation types are different in character. The study also shows that nanocellulose aerogel cannot compete with traditional insulation due to its high production cost. Implications: The study’s conclusion is that there is an existing technique with the potential to develop a nanocellulose-based foam material that have the potential to compete with the traditional insulation materials used today. In order for a nanocellulose-based aerogel to be competetive the development of cost-effective production techniques is required and the study shows that this type cannot compete with traditional insulation materials today. Limitations: The work was limited to deal with the three different perspectives; constructional properties, environment and economy when studying nanocellulose insulation. The constructional properties have been given greater importance, because it is the properties that determines if the material can be applied as an insulation or not.