abstract: Local municipalities in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area have voiced an interest in purchasing alternate source water with lower DBP precursors. Along the primary source is a hydroelectric dam in which water will be diverted from. This project is an assessment of optimizing the potential blends of source water to a water treatment plant in an effort to enable them to more readily meet DBP regulations. To perform this analysis existing water treatment models were used in conjunction with historic water quality sampling data to predict chemical usage necessary to meet DBP regulations. A retrospective analysis was performed for the summer months of 2007 regarding potential for the WTP to reduce cost through optimizing the source water by an average of 30% over the four-month period, accumulating to overall treatment savings of $154 per MG ($82 per AF). / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2011

Thesis (DTech (Environmental Health))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / Trihalomethanes are disinfection byproducts of chlorinated waters, and there is a growing interest to understand plant responses to organohalogens. This study investigates the effects of increasing trihalomethane dose on the physiology of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and determines whether the extent of physiological impacts of trihalomethane exposure on seedling radicle length, biomass accumulation, concentration levels of 12 key nutrients, oxidative stress, fatty acids and α-tocopherol content in membrane lipids of tomato correlated with either the number of bromine or chlorine atoms in the trihalomethane molecules. The 2 x 4 x 5 factorial experiment was laid out in CRD with four replications. Two cultivars of tomato were exposed to 4 levels of trihalomethanes (bromodichloromethane, bromoform, chloroform and dibromochloromethane) and 5 levels of concentration (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mg.L-1) in a green house. The decrease in seedling biomass and the inhibition of radicle growth increased with increasing trihalomethane concentrations in a dose dependent manner. Also, both these parameters decreased in response to an increase in the number of bromine atoms in the trihalomethane molecule. However, in growing plants the decrease in concentration levels of seven essential nutrients namely nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) & boron (B) correlated to an increase in the number of chlorine atoms. Increase in trihalomethane dose also induced a decrease in all the above mentioned nutrients with the addition of manganese (Mn), although the decrease in P and S were not significant at P ≤ 0.05. The increase in trihalomethane dose induced an increase in oxidative stress parameters such as the total phenolic content, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and lipid peroxidation. The increase in the above parameters correlated to an increase in the number of chlorine atoms, however, no such correlations were observed in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, general lipid peroxidation, α-tocopherol content and totalsoluble proteins. In plant membrane lipids, increase in the saturated fat hexadecanoic acid was observed in both tomato cultivars that correlated to the degree of chlorination in the trihalomethane molecule. The increase in α-linolenic acid stress signaling correlated with an increase in the degree of chlorination in only one tomato cultivar suggesting variable tolerance between cultivars to chemical action. Membrane lipids adjustments in tomato plants exposed to increasing trihalomethane dose were based on two factors; first the adjustments of membrane fluidity with the increase in plant sterols and fatty acids content and secondly, the increase in lipophyllic antioxidants such as phenols, quinones and α-tocopherol content. The phenolic lipophyllic antioxidant was tentatively identified to be 2,2’-methylenebis [6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl] phenol. In conclusion, the magnitude of plant responses to trihalomethanes is more dependent on the halogenation number of the molecule and less on its concentration.

No description available.

No description available.

As a result of the EPA?s Disinfection Byproduct Rule, the Northeast Mississippi Regional Water Supply District requested that the Environmental Technology and Applications Laboratory at Mississippi State University conduct a study to develop techniques to comply with new TOC regulations. This study involved the use of jar testing and Enhanced Coagulation in a laboratory setting over a period of twelve months to optimize the various coagulants evaluated in this study. Iron (III) sulfate, aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, and a number of polyaluminum chlorides were evaluated in this study. Coagulants were evaluated on both a treatment effectiveness and economical basis. It was determined that an acidified alum solution performed best at meeting EPA standards for total organic carbon reduction, as well as being economically feasible.

No description available.

Beyond the expected DBP exposure from drinking water, dermal from bathing, and inhalation, occurrence in food and beverage items can provide an additional occurrence pathway. Synthetic dyes are often added to beverages for aesthetic purposes and many are in the form of a reactive azo (-N=N-) dye or triarylmethane dye, both with a characteristic aromatic ring. The presence of dyes in beverages that are reconstituted with disinfected tap water pose the risk of reactions with the residual chlorine in the drinking water resulting in decolorization, and of greater concern, disinfection byproduct formation. Additionally, oral over-the-counter (OTC) medications contain chemical constituents that when reconstituted with tap water present a risk of DBP formation. Several studies were performed to evaluate the kinetic decay rates of the dyes and drugs in disinfectants, and the effects of water quality conditions on DBP formation. Commercial beverage products and OTC medications were evaluated for the DBPs that were detected in the free chlorine-treated precursor samples. The dye and drugs precursors followed second order kinetics, with the fastest rates for brilliant blue and phenylephrine in chlorinated water. The effects of water properties on precursor degradation and DBP formation was complex due to the influence of characteristics of precursor molecules. The cytotoxic and anti-estrogenic responses were measured in the dye and drug precursors and their respective beverages and OTC medications, to determine potential links. Mio Energy showed estrogenic character and Alka Seltzer induced an anti-estrogenic and cytotoxic response, however there were no clear linkages between the beverage/ medication and their respective dye and drug precursors.

As indústrias beneficiadoras de frutas são responsáveis por gerar grandes quantidades de resíduos, entre eles, os do maracujá. A polpa do maracujá é um dos principais produtos comercializados a partir da fruta, sendo as cascas e sementes os subprodutos resultantes de seu processamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver iogurte com adição de polpa e farinha de maracujá elaborada a partir dos subprodutos da industrialização da fruta. No total, foram avaliadas sete amostras de iogurte dentre as quais cinco apresentavam em sua composição a farinha de maracujá. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas, verificação de resíduos de agrotóxicos, teste de aceitação sensorial, verificação da intenção de compra, análise descritiva quantitativa (ADQ), estimativa da vida útil e elaboração dos rótulos dos produtos. Todos os iogurtes adicionados de farinha apresentaram elevados teores de fibra alimentar. Não foram detectados resíduos de agrotóxicos nas amostras do subproduto do maracujá. Observou-se que a incorporação da farinha de maracujá apresentou efeitos positivos na viscosidade e teor de minerais do iogurte, e negativos para aspectos como cor e pH. Verificou-se maior aceitação dos provadores para o iogurte sem adição de farinha. No entanto, o iogurte com baixa concentração do ingrediente (iogurte 2%) também apresentou aceitação satisfatória e intenção de compra relevante. A partir da ADQ, comprovou-se que a adição da polpa e da farinha de maracujá influenciou o perfil sensorial das amostras de iogurte, sendo que, os tratamentos com 2% e 4% de farinha, foram os que apresentaram maiores notas para a maioria dos atributos desejáveis para um iogurte sabor maracujá enriquecido com fibras. O tempo de vida útil do produto foi estimado em 21 dias, sendo que durante o armazenamento, observou-se elevação das taxas de sinérese, crescimento de fungos e leveduras, decréscimo do pH e do número de bactérias láticas viáveis nas amostras. Levando em consideração os dados obtidos, o iogurte com adição de 2% de farinha de maracujá foi considerado o produto mais viável para elaboração / The fruit-processing industries are responsible for generating large quantities of residues, like passion fruit byproduct. The pulp of the passion fruit is one of the main products from the fruit, and the peels and the seeds are the main byproduct resulting from its processing. The aim of this study was to develop a yogurt with passion fruit pulp and flour produced from byproduct of industrialization of fruit. In total, seven samples were evaluated yogurt among which five had flour of passion fruit in their composition. It was perfomed by physico-chemical analyses, microbiological, pesticide residue, acceptability test and purchase intent, quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA), the estimated of useful life and development of product labels. All yogurts with flour showed high levels of dietary fiber. No pesticide residues were detected in byproducts of passion fruit samples. It was observed that the incorporation of passion fruit flour showed positive effects on the mineral content and viscosity but negative aspects such as color and pH. A greater acceptance was observed for yoghurt without flour. However, the yogurt with low concentration of this ingredient (yogurt 2%) also showed satisfactory acceptance and relevant purchase intent. The ADQ showed that the addition of the pulp and passion fruit flour influenced the sensory profile of the samples. The treatments with 2% and 4% flour presented the highest scores in the most desirable attributes for a passion fruit yogurt enriched with fiber. The useful life of the product was estimated at 21 days, and during storage, it was observed increase the rate of syneresis, fungal and yeast growth, decreasing of the pH and the number of viable lactic acid bacteria in samples. Taking into account the data obtained, the yogurt with the addition of 2% of flour of passion fruit was more viable than the others

A operação de uma estação de tratamento de esgotos pode apresentar várias alternativas para condução da desinfecção do efluente final, devendo-se levar em conta os seus custos, benefício, facilidade de instalação, operação, disponibilidade no mercado e as propriedades de cada agente desinfetante. Dentre os diferentes agentes desinfetantes que podem ser empregados o cloro é o que mais tem sido utilizado em função do seu baixo custo, facilidade de operação e também pelos diversos estudos realizados e consolidados com esse agente desinfetante. Desta forma, este trabalho estudou o efeito da variação da qualidade do efluente final produzido em sistemas de lodos ativados convencional no processo de desinfecção utilizando cloro na forma de hipoclorito de sódio. O efluente final empregado na condução dos ensaios experimentais foi gerado pela ETE Jesus Netto, sendo que a instalação piloto consistiu em um tanque de contato com dimensões de 3 metros de comprimento, 3 metros de largura e 0,8 m de altura útil, perfazendo um volume útil igual a 7,2 m³. A dosagem aplicada de agente oxidante foi de 5 mgCl2/L e os tempos de contato avaliados foram de 10 minutos a 30 minutos. Nos ensaios realizados houve a formação de cloraminas, provenientes da nitrificação parcial do processo de lodos ativados da ETE, e em alguns casos também foi observada a presença de cloro residual livre na saída do tanque de contato. Para ensaios de avaliação microbiológica do efluente desinfetado foram observados valores de remoção acima de 5 (expresso como log No/N) para coliformes totais para um tempo de detenção hidráulico superior a 30 minutos e remoção acima de 4 (expresso como log No/N) de coliformes termotolerantes para tempos de detenção hidráulico superior a 20 minutos. ) Para os parâmetros físico-químicos cor aparente, pH, turbidez, nitrogênio amoniacal, demanda química de oxigênio, carbono orgânico total e sólidos suspensos totais não foram observados alterações significativas no afluente e efluente do tanque de contato do processo de desinfecção. Para valores de DBO5,20 inferiores a 20 mg/L e valores de sólidos suspensos totais inferiores a 30 mg/L, não foram observados efeitos no comportamento do processo de desinfecção nos efluentes da ETE Jesus Netto. Os ensaios realizados permitiram avaliar a formação de subprodutos da desinfecção, sendo que os valores de trihalometanos no efluente da água na saída do tanque de contato resultaram abaixo de 10 µg/L. A toxicidade no efluente dos sistemas de lodos ativados convencional foi não detectável. Os bioensaios indicaram que a presença de cloro eleva a toxicidade aguda em Daphnia similis e cloração seguida de descloração produz efluentes sem toxicidade. / The operation of a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) may present several alternatives with regard to carrying out the final effluent disinfection. One must take into account cost-benefit criteria, easiness of installation and operation, availability in the disinfection market and the properties of each alternative disinfectant. Among the available disinfectant agents that can be put to use, chlorine has been the most widely utilized because of its low cost, easiness of handling and also due to the existing several studies on chlorine disinfection. In this way, this work the effects of quality variability of the final effluent from a conventional activated sludge plant (CASP) on the disinfection process with sodium hypochloride. The final effluent was generated at the Jesus Netto CASP and the pilot scale unit utilized in this work was a contact tank 3 meters long, 3 meters wide and a net depth of 0,8 meters, leading to a net volume of 7.2 m³. The applied free chlorine dose was 5 mg Cl2/L and the utilized contact times were 10 and 30 minutes. During the experimental runs there was formation of chloramines from partial nitrification in the Jesus Netto CASP. In some cases the presence of a free chlorine residual at the outlet of the contact tank was observed. Regarding microbiological evaluation of the disinfected plant effluent, removal efficiencies above 5 logs (expressed as log No/N) were observed for total coliforms with a contact time above 30 minutes and alsothermo tolerant coliform removal efficiencies above 4 logs for hydraulic residence times above 20 minutes. Regarding the physical-chemical variables apparent color, pH, turbidity, ammonia nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and total suspended solids, no significant changes in the affluent and effluent of the contact tank were observed. ) For BOD5,20 values below 20 mg/L and TSS values below 30 mg/L, no effects on the tested disinfection process for the Jesus Netto CASP were observed. The experimental runs allowed the evaluation of disinfection byproduct formation. THM levels in the contact tank effluent were below 10 µg/L. No toxicity was detected in the Jesus Netto CASP effluent. Bioassays were conducted and indicated that the presence of chlorine increased the acute toxicity level as evaluated with Daphnia similis and also that CASP effluent chlorination followed by dechlorination produced a disinfected effluent without toxicity.

O presente trabalho foi realizado em sua maior parte no Brasil. Entretanto, com o intuito de enriquecer a pesquisa, realizou-se coleta de dados por um período de seis meses na Universidade de Wageningen - Holanda. Na etapa realizada no Brasil se propôs: estudar a formação de subprodutos (aldeídos e trialometanos) da desinfecção de efluente de tratamento anaeróbio esgoto sanitário com ozônio, cloro e ozônio/cloro; verificar como os desinfetantes atuam no processo de oxidação; conhecer o grau de toxicidade bem como o efeito do residual do ozônio e cloro empregando Daphnia similis e Danio rerio como organismos-teste e, ainda, analisar a eficiência do ozônio, cloro, ozônio/cloro na inativação de microrganismos. Na etapa da pesquisa realizada na Holanda se propôs: estudar a formação de subprodutos (aldeídos) da desinfecção de efluente de tratamento anóxico com ozônio, ozônio/cloro e ozônio/peróxido de hidrogênio (peroxônio); verificar como os desinfetantes atuam no processo de oxidação; e, ainda, analisar a eficiência do ozônio, ozônio/cloro na inativação de microrganismos indicadores. Nos estudos realizados, pode-se verificar uma expressiva formação de aldeídos com predominância de formaldeído e, principalmente, acetaldeído que apresentou uma maior concentração de formação para os ensaios realizados no Brasil. A formação de aldeídos nos ensaios realizados na Holanda seguiram o mesmo comportamento dos realizados no Brasil, porém, como uma menor formação. Para os ensaios de cloração e ozonização/cloração foi observada a baixa formação de trialometanos. Os testes de toxicidade que usaram como organismo-teste - Daphnia similis - apresentaram toxicidade nos ensaios em que se aplicou 8,0 mg \'O IND.3\'/L, assim como em todas dosagens aplicadas nos ensaios de cloração e, também, para o ensaio de ozonização/cloração para dosagem aplicada de 5,0 mg \'O IND.3\'/L / 10 mg \'CL IND.2\'/L. Em relação ao organismo-teste - Danio rerio - foi detectado toxicidade aguda no ensaio em que se aplicou 5,0 mg \'O IND.3\'/L e tempo de contato 5 minutos e 8,0 mg \'O IND.3\'/L e tempo de contato 15 minutos. / The present work was mostly carried out in Brazil. However, aiming to enhance the research, a six-month data collection was performed at the Wageningen University - the Netherlands. The step carried out in Brazil proposed: to study the formation of by-products (aldehydes and trihalomethanes) from the disinfection of an anaerobic treatment wastewater effluent with ozone, chlorine and ozone/chlorine; to verify how disinfectants act in the oxidation process; to know the degree of toxicity as well as the effects of residual ozone and chlorine employing Daphnia similis and Danio rerio as test-organisms; and, yet, to analyze the efficiency of ozone, chlorine and ozone/chlorine in the inactivation of microorganisms. The step of this research that was carried out in the Netherlands proposed: to study the formation of by-products (aldehydes) from the disinfection of an anoxic treatment effluent with ozone, ozone/chlorine and ozone/hydrogen peroxide (peroxonium); to verify how disinfectants act in the oxidation process; and, to analyze the efficiency of ozone, ozone/chlorine in the inactivation of indicating microorganisms. It was possible to indentify, in the performed studies, an expressive formation of aldehydes with a formaldehyde predominance and, mainly, acetaldehyde that presented a higher formation concentration in the essays carried out in Brazil. The aldehydes formation concentration detected in the essays carried out in The Netherlands followed the same behavior of the ones carried out in Brazil, however with a smaller formation. A low formation of trihalomethanes was observed for the chloration and ozonization/chloration, essays. The toxicity tests that used Daphnia similis as test-organisms presented toxicity in the essays that 8.0 mg \'O IND.3\'/L was applied, as well as for all applied dosages in the chloration essays and, also, for the ozonation/chloration for the applied dosage of 5.0 mg \'O IND.3\'/L / 10 mg \'CL IND.2\'/L. Regarding the Danio rerio test-organism, acute toxicity was detected in the essay in which 5.0 mg \'O IND.3\'/L and contact time of 5 minutes was applied and also for 8.0 mg \'O IND.3\'/L and contact time of 15 minutes.