Thesis, Leipzig. / Cover-title.

Concern over construction and demolition (C&D) wastes is becoming a prevalent part of any construction project. Historically, landfilling waste materials was the standard solution for most contractors, but as tipping fees have risen dramatically over the past five to seven years, many contractors are looking for alternative methods, such as recycling or waste minimization, to reduce wastes. This thesis investigates C&D wastes and proposes a methodology to address the problem of assessing waste disposal techniques efficiently and economically. A brief history of C&D wastes is provided to understand how and why costs associated with waste materials have risen over the last several years. Current waste management resources are discussed to demonstrate the availability of alternative disposal methods. An overall waste management plan is developed to provide a contractor with a step by step flowchart for analyzing material wastes, quantitatively assessing all costs associated with waste disposal, and implementing and updating the chosen waste management techniques. A case study is provided to illustrate how the waste management plan is used in an actual project. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the potential for further research in the area of C&D waste management. / Master of Science

Este trabalho investiga o potencial de utilização do entulho de construção e demolição, C&D, triturado na estação de reciclagem de entulhos de Ribeirão Preto - SP, como agregado graúdo no preparo de concretos de baixa e média resistências. A utilização da fração graúda, compreendida entre 4,8 mm < Dmáx < 19,0 mm, para substituir parcialmente ou totalmente o agregado graúdo graduado como brita 0 e brita 1 (NBR 7211/82), pode resultar em uma significativa economia na execução de componentes urbanos e habitacionais para construções de interesse social. O presente trabalho apresenta as características granulométricas e físicas, dos agregados reciclados, em comparação com as do agregado natural, usado como referência. Os resultados obtidos na substituição, parcial (50%) e total (100%), do agregado natural graduado como brita 1 e brita 0, utilizados na região de Ribeirão Preto, pelo reciclado graúdo da mesma faixa granulométrica, também são apresentados. A influência do agregado reciclado na perda do abatimento do concreto fresco e nas propriedades mecânicas do concreto endurecido, foram investigadas. Finalmente, realizou-se avaliação de desempenho à flexão em painéis leves de vedação, com a finalidade de se obter uma aplicação prática ao estudo desenvolvido. Concluiu-se, assim, pela viabilidade do emprego do agregado graúdo reciclado em substituição, total ou em parte, do equivalente natural em concretos estruturais de baixa resistência. / This dissertation researches the potential of the use of construction and demolition debris (C&D), crushed in the recycling station of Ribeirão Preto-SP, as coarse aggregate to make concrete of low and medium strenght. The use of coarse fraction, 4,8 mm < Dmax < 19,0 mm, substituting, partial or totally the natural aggregate, as recommended in NBR 7211/82, can result in a significant economy on the production of urban components and for social interest constructions. The present work presents the physical and granulometric characteristics of the recycled aggregate, comparing with the natural one, used as reference. Experimental results are showed and compared. The influence of recycled aggregate on the loss of the slump of fresh concrete and on the mechanical properties of harden concrete were analyzed. Finally, the flexural behavior of a model of panels was evaluated.

Este trabalho investiga o potencial de utilização do entulho de construção e demolição, C&D, triturado na estação de reciclagem de entulhos de Ribeirão Preto - SP, como agregado graúdo no preparo de concretos de baixa e média resistências. A utilização da fração graúda, compreendida entre 4,8 mm < Dmáx < 19,0 mm, para substituir parcialmente ou totalmente o agregado graúdo graduado como brita 0 e brita 1 (NBR 7211/82), pode resultar em uma significativa economia na execução de componentes urbanos e habitacionais para construções de interesse social. O presente trabalho apresenta as características granulométricas e físicas, dos agregados reciclados, em comparação com as do agregado natural, usado como referência. Os resultados obtidos na substituição, parcial (50%) e total (100%), do agregado natural graduado como brita 1 e brita 0, utilizados na região de Ribeirão Preto, pelo reciclado graúdo da mesma faixa granulométrica, também são apresentados. A influência do agregado reciclado na perda do abatimento do concreto fresco e nas propriedades mecânicas do concreto endurecido, foram investigadas. Finalmente, realizou-se avaliação de desempenho à flexão em painéis leves de vedação, com a finalidade de se obter uma aplicação prática ao estudo desenvolvido. Concluiu-se, assim, pela viabilidade do emprego do agregado graúdo reciclado em substituição, total ou em parte, do equivalente natural em concretos estruturais de baixa resistência. / This dissertation researches the potential of the use of construction and demolition debris (C&D), crushed in the recycling station of Ribeirão Preto-SP, as coarse aggregate to make concrete of low and medium strenght. The use of coarse fraction, 4,8 mm < Dmax < 19,0 mm, substituting, partial or totally the natural aggregate, as recommended in NBR 7211/82, can result in a significant economy on the production of urban components and for social interest constructions. The present work presents the physical and granulometric characteristics of the recycled aggregate, comparing with the natural one, used as reference. Experimental results are showed and compared. The influence of recycled aggregate on the loss of the slump of fresh concrete and on the mechanical properties of harden concrete were analyzed. Finally, the flexural behavior of a model of panels was evaluated.

<p>U ovom radu prikazana je sinteza 11 tiazolnih izostera goniofufurona (1-11),<br />4 konformaciono kruta analoga goniofufurona (12-15) i jednog butadiolnog<br />derivata&nbsp; tiazofurina&nbsp; (16).&nbsp; Takođe,&nbsp; izvr&scaron;eno&nbsp; je&nbsp; ispitivanje&nbsp; i&nbsp; poređenje<br />biolo&scaron;kih&nbsp; aktivnosti&nbsp; sintetisanih&nbsp; analoga&nbsp; sa&nbsp; sa&nbsp; aktivno&scaron;ću&nbsp; i&nbsp; selektivno&scaron;ću<br />kako GF i TF tako i doksorubicina, jedinjenja &scaron;irokog spektra dejstva (DOX).<br />Hiralni&nbsp; prekursor&nbsp; novosintetisanih&nbsp; jedinjenja&nbsp; 1-15&nbsp; bila&nbsp; je&nbsp; D-glukoza,&nbsp; a<br />jedinjenja 16 D-arabinoza.</p> / <p>A multistep synthesis of 11 novel thiazole isosteres of goniofufurone (1-11), 4 novel conformationally constrained isosteres of goniofufurone (12-15), as well as&nbsp; one&nbsp; butanediole&nbsp; derivative&nbsp; of&nbsp; tiazofurin&nbsp; (16)&nbsp; has&nbsp; been&nbsp; achieved.&nbsp; In&nbsp; vitro cytotoxicity of newly synthetized derivatives has been evaluated and compared with the cytotoxicities of goniofufurone, tiazofurin and doxorubicin.</p>

The Results of Survey. During the acclimatization process fatten features of C and D lines pigs offspring are changing to the right side. But differences are not statistically trusted. During the acclimatization process fleshy features of C and D lines pigs’ offspring practically did not change. Trusted difference in D line estimated only to carcass side length (cm), which declined 3.9 cm (p<0.001), or in C line to carcass side length (p<0.005), which shorten pro rata 5.2 cm and 3.63 cm comparing with imported pigs offspring results. Trusted differences are not estimated to the remainder rates of fleshy features. That fleshy features did not change during the acclimatization process is seen from phenotipical estimation results. Fat thickness of C line pigs pedigree get – at 1 point rise 1.84 mm (p<0.005), or fat thickness of D line pedigree get – at 1 point even decrease 0.57 mm (p<0.005), comparing with imported pedigree get. During acclimatization process reproductive features C and D line sow practically did not change, only milkyness and percentage of piglets preservation from generation to generations improved. C line sow milkyness increased 10.68 kg (p<0.005), or D line sow 13.01 kg (p<0.001). Percentage of piglets preservation increased 7 % (p<0.025) in C line and 5.69 % (p<0.050) in D line. During acclimatization process time from piglet weaning till the first insemination is shorten 1.02 and 2.14 day (p<0.025) pro rata in C line F1 and F2 generations. But this time... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:37:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_luciana_aquini_fernandes_gil.pdf: 1257217 bytes, checksum: 0c4055569b5af0eb817b075544551d2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-08 / Bovine Botulism is a lethal intoxication caused by the ingestion of the neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum types C and D that inhibit the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction leading to death by flaccid paralysis. It produces important economic losses, being a major cause of casualties in cattle in several regions of Brazil. The control of the disease depends on the presence of neutralizing antibodies against botulinum neurotoxins (BONTs) in immunized cattle. Immunization is obtained inoculating toxoids produced from cultures of selected strains of C. botulinum types C and D, whose industrial production has limitations concerning efficiency and productivity. An alternative to the use of these toxoids is the production of recombinant antigens with high levels of purity and antigenicity. The C-terminal fraction of the heavy chain of botulinum neurotoxins has been the main target in the development of recombinant vaccines with promising results. In this work, two recombinant bivalent chimeras for the control of bovine botulism consisting of the neuronal receptor binding domains (NRBDs) of botulinum C and D toxins were efficiently produced in Escherichia coli. They were characterized and evaluated in mice, with promising results. Both the recombinant chimeras rLTB-C-D and rC-D were produced by cloning and expressing a synthetic gene encoding the C-terminal portion of both BONTs. The former also included the preferred codons of the E. coli heat labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB), a potent humoral immune adjuvant. The levels of expression of the recombinant antigens were satisfactory, yielding approximately 100 mg of each recombinant antigen per liter of culture. An ELISA performed to assess the antigenicity of the molecules showed that both were recognized by sera of immunized mice suggesting the preservation of epitopes with the properties of native BONTs. Both chimeras induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies without undesirable effects. The level of neutralizing antibodies of the groups inoculated with equimolar concentrations of rLTB-C-D and rC-D containing Aluminum Hydroxide as adjuvant were similar, confirming the adjuvant properties of LTB. These results demonstrated that the recombinant chimeras were immunogenic. Sera from mice inoculated with commercial vaccines were also analyzed by ELISA using as antigens rC and rD, corroborating the neutralization. / O botulismo bovino é uma intoxicação letal causada pela ingestão da neurotoxina produzida pelo Clostridium botulinum principalmente dos tipos C e D que atua inibindo a liberação de acetilcolina na junção neuromuscular levando à morte por paralisia flácida, com grande importância econômica e sanitária, sendo uma das principais causas de morte em bovinos adultos no Brasil. O controle imunológico do botulismo bovino depende da presença de anticorpos neutralizantes contra as neurotoxinas botulínicas (NBOTs) no momento da ingestão da toxina pré-formada, por meio de imunização dos animais. Atualmente, a imunização é realizada com toxóides obtidos da detoxificação do extrato de cultivos de cepas selecionadas de C. botulinum dos tipos C e D que apresentam limitações quanto à eficiência e produção. Uma alternativa ao uso dos toxóides clássicos é a produção de vacinas recombinantes usando antígenos específicos de alta pureza e imunogenicidade. A fração C-terminal da cadeia pesada da neurotoxina botulínica tem sido o alvo principal no desenvolvimento de alternativas recombinantes a serem utilizadas como vacinas. Neste trabalho, duas quimeras recombinantes bivalentes compostas pelos domínios de ligação ao receptor neuronal (DLRNs) foram produzidas em Escherichia coli, caracterizadas e avaliadas em camundongos. As quimeras recombinantes rLTB-C-D e rC-D foram produzidas a partir da clonagem e expressão de um gene sintético que codifica a porção C-terminal das NBOTs construído com os códons preferenciais de E. coli e a subunidade B da enterotoxina termolábil de E. coli (LTB), um potente adjuvante da resposta imune humoral. O nível de expressão dos antígenos foi de aproximadamente 100mg de cada antígeno recombinante por litro de cultura. Um ELISA realizado para avaliar a antigenicidade das moléculas mostrou que ambas foram reconhecidas pelos soros padrões, sugerindo conservação de epitopos semelhantes aos dos DLRNs nativos. Ambas as quimeras foram inócuas para os camundongos, os quais não apresentaram lesões no local da inoculação bem como alteração de comportamento. Nos soros dos camundongos inoculados com as quimeras recombinantes foi possível detectar níveis de anticorpos neutralizantes. O grupo inoculado com a rLTB-C-D apresentou nível de anticorpos neutralizantes semelhante ao do grupo rC-D + hidróxido de alumínio confirmando o potencial adjuvante da LTB. As quantidades de antígenos utilizados foram equimolares. Esses resultados demonstram que as quimeras recombinantes foram imunogênicas. Os soros dos camundongos inoculados com as diferentes vacinas também foram analisados por ELISA indireto utilizando rC e rD como antígenos. Os dados obtidos neste ELISA corroboram os dados da soroneutralização.

This study is an initial attempt to investigate the relationship between banks and developers in Stockholm and its regions. It gives a good impression about the field of construction and project developments in terms of the finance and the negotiations associated with these types of projects. Main actors of the Stockholm’s construction financing market were of major interest for this study. On this regard, the relationships and ramifications of this group were investigated by using a qualitative and quantitative research method. The aim of the study was to analyze the attitudes of banks and developers, their partnerships and individual expectations. This empirical study was conducted between January and April 2015. In order to give a brief overview of the construction market in Stockholm, the study starts with an explanation of different characteristics and unique features of the real estate and construction field. Based on this, the study continues with a detailed presentation of the financing process with its loan terms, negotiations and regulations. In a subsequent chapter, the risk part within construction will be emphasized and explained. The theory part of the study closes with an exposition of the transaction cost theory and strategy as well as with a portrayal of the decision-making process of banks and developers in a construction project, the different types of partnerships and the according advantages and disadvantages. While keeping the above listed aspects in mind, all study participants were asked for their opinion on partnerships between banks and developers. In general, the study results prove the existence of a significant interest in partnerships between banks and developers. For both parties, a close relationship provides many benefits like a lower time-consumption or smoother loan negotiations. However, the following analysis also shows that due to reserved attitudes and a low interest of banks to change their investment strategies in construction and development projects, it seems very difficult to meet the full expectations of both parties on a level where both sides would agree on entering a strategic partnership. / Den här studien är ett inledande försök i att undersöka förhållandet mellan banker och byggföretag i Stockholm och dess tillhörande närområden. Den ger en god överblick i byggande och byggprojekt, framförallt när det kommer till finansiering och förhandlingar associerade med byggprojekt. Huvudintressenterna i studien var de största aktörerna på Stockholms bygg- och finansieringsområde. Dessa grupper undersöktes med hjälp av både en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ metod med mål att analysera deras attityder, partnerskap och individuella förväntningar på närmare sammarbeten. För att ge en bra överblick av byggbranschen i Stockholm så inleds studien med en förklaring av karaktärsdrag hos fastigheter och byggande. Studien fortsätter sedan med en mer detaljerad redovisning av finansieringsprocessen och dess lånevillkor, förhandlingar och regelverk. Sedan i följande avsnitt så presenteras och förklaras de risker som kan kopplas till byggande. Teoridelen av studien avslutas med en utläggning av en teori kring transaktionskostnader, relevanta strategier, en skildring av beslutsfattande av banker och byggföretag samt olika sorter av partnerskap och dess tillhörande för- och nackdelar. Med teorin i bakhuvudet så ställdes aktörer på marknaden frågor om vad de anser kring partnerskap mellan banker och byggföretag. Sammanfattningsvis, studiens resultat visar på ett tydligt intresse av partnerskap mellan banker och byggföretag. För både banker och byggföretag så genererar ett nära sammarbete många fördelar så som kortare projekt med smidigare förhandlingar. Dock så visar analysen att på grund av återhållsamma attityder och ett begränsat intresse från banker att ändra på sin investeringsstrategi kopplat till byggprojekt så verkar det svårt att uppfylla de förväntningar som de båda parterna har på ett partnerskap dem emellan.

Emissions of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from construction and demolition (C & D) landfills can result in odors that are a significant nuisance to nearby neighborhoods and businesses. As Florida’s population continues to grow and create development pressures, housing is built closer to existing landfills. Additionally, new landfills will be created in the future. This research project was undertaken to develop a detailed modeling methodology for use by counties and other landfill owners to provide them with an objective and scientifically defensible means to establish odor buffer zones around C & D landfills. A technique for estimating methane (and odorous gas) emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills was recently developed by researchers at the University of Central Florida. This technique was based on measuring hundreds of ambient methane concentrations near the surface of the landfill, and combining that data with matrix inversion mathematics to back-solve the dispersion equations. The technique was fully documented in two peer-reviewed journal articles. This project extends that methodology. In this work the author measured ambient H2S concentrations at various locations in a C & D landfill, and applied those same matrix inversion techniques to determine the H2S emission rates from the landfill. The emission rates were then input into the AERMOD dispersion model to determine H2S odor buffer distances around the landfill. Three sampling trips to one C & D landfill were undertaken, data were taken, and the modeling techniques were applied. One problem encountered was that H2S emissions from C & D landfills are typically about 1000 times smaller than methane emissions (from MSW landfills). Thus, H2S iv ambient concentrations often are near the detection limits of the instruments, and the data may not be as reliable. However, this approach could be used for any particular C & D landfill if the appropriate amount of data were available to characterize its emissions with some certainty. The graphical tool developed in this work shows isopleths of "H2S" concentrations at various distances, and color codes the isopleths into a "green-yellow-red" scheme (analogous to a traffic signal) that depicts zones where private landowners likely will not detect odors, where they may experience some odors, or where they likely will experience odors. The "likelihood" can be quantified by selecting the Nth highest hourly concentrations in one year to form the plot. In this study, N was conservatively selected as 8. Requiring that concentrations be at or below the 8 th highest concentration in a year corresponds to a 99.9% probability of not exceeding that concentration at that distance in any future year. The graphical tool can be applied to any C & D landfill but each landfill is different. So this technique depends on having a fairly good estimate of the rate of emissions of H2S from the landfill in question, and at least one year’s worth of hourly meteorological data (wind speed, direction, and stability class) that is representative of the landfill location. The meteorological data can be obtained with relative ease for most locations in Florida; however, the emission data must be obtained from on-site measurements for any given landfill.

O crescimento populacional e o acelerado processo de urbanização das cidades de médio e grande porte, têm contribuído para a geração de grandes volumes de resíduos da construção, renovação e demolição (RCD) de edificações e infra-estrutura urbana. A ausência de gerenciamento desses resíduos por parte das administrações municipais tem ocasionado significativo aumento nos custos de limpeza pública e degradação da qualidade ambiental das áreas de descarte. Diante destes fatos, faz-se necessário planejar políticas de desenvolvimento sustentável para o setor de construção civil como forma de minimizar os danos ambientais. Este trabalho apresenta o diagnóstico da situação atual dos RCD da cidade de São Carlos-SP e estudo do modelo de gestão desses resíduos, como primeiro passo para aproveitamento do potencial reciclável dos entulhos de construção. Na elaboração do diagnóstico dos RCD, foram estudados aspectos que cercam sua geração, composição, manejo e descarte. Descrição dos indicadores básicos do município foram importantes na análise do setor gerador e seu desenvolvimento. A caracterização quantitativa forneceu a dimensão da geração, enquanto a composição foi determinada pela caracterização qualitativa. Os sistemas de coleta, transporte e disposição final, apresentaram uma visão da situação do manejo dos entulhos em São Carlos. O mapeamento dos locais de deposição irregular de RCD, revela áreas mais vulneráveis a impactos ambientais com problemas para administração municipal. Todos esses fatores são essenciais na investigação, como subsídios para programa de gestão integrada entre a prefeitura municipal e os geradores. / Large amounts of waste debris (demolition and construction services) from urban infrastructure works has been noticed in the last years due, to increase of population, urbanization process of medium and large cities. The absence of management procedures for the wastes has implied important increase for urban cleaning costs, as well as environmental degradation of dumping areas. The implementation of plans for sustainable development of civil construction area is required in order to minimize the environmental damages. This work presents a diagnosis for the waste debris current situation in São Carlos - SP and the study for a management model, aiming to provide a first contribution for the re-use of recycle materials. Aspects related to generation, composition, collection, and disposal of waste debris were assessed. Basic municipal indexes were used to assess and to characterize the growth and production of the civil construction area. The quantitative characterization provided the generation dimension while waste composition was determined by a qualitative characterization. An overview of the current situation in São Carlos was obtained from the evaluation of collection, transportation and final disposal system. Mapping of legal and no legal disposal sites indicated the most environmentally vulnerable areas that represent a problem for the municipality. All these factors are essential for an integrated management program involving the municipality and the waste debris generators.