The Ecclesiastical History is the primary historical source of the Christian Church in the pre-Constantinian era. The History narrates the nature and work of Christ, the highlights of the apostolic age and the advancement of the Christian Church in the Roman Empire up to the principate of Constantine. Investigating the Ecclesiastical History using a quantitative method reveals Eusebius' preoccupation with the office of the bishop. There is almost no subject that Eusebius addresses that does not reflect his portrayal of the bishop's influence and universal presence. This thesis demonstrates the high status and undisputed authority of the episcopate as presented by Eusebius of Caesarea. The research of this thesis contributes to an understanding of the bishop in Roman society before Imperial favour. / iv, 250 leaves ; 28 cm.

Orientador: Margarida Maria de Carvalho / Resumo: Nesta pesquisa, propomo-nos a analisar a noção de paideia de Orígenes (aprox. 185 – aprox. 253 d.C.) e o espaço de atuação desse autor em Cesareia Marítima, uma cidade situada na província da Judeia, no Império Romano. Em uma de suas obras, o Contra Celso, percebemos que Orígenes utiliza Celso como figura de retórica para expor suas noções de paideia, contrárias àquelas evidenciadas pelo autor do Discurso Verdadeiro, obra refutada e preservada parcialmente por Orígenes em seu Contra Celso. Dissertando sobre temas como a origem de Jesus e das ideias cristãs, Celso centra boa parte de sua crítica nas noções de paideia apostólica. O Contra Celso, com base nisto, contrapõe Celso embasando-se, principalmente, em uma paideia apostólica, alicerçada em uma retórica divina fundamentada pelos evangelhos, contracenando uma retórica humana – greco-romana – ante uma divina – cristã. Pretendemos, isto posto, comparar estes discursos presentes em um momento de desenvolvimento do cristianismo, apresentando como essa paideia apostólica marcou a legitimação de um espaço físico de atuação de Orígenes em Cesareia Marítima. Articulando-o com a sua reconhecida biblioteca na cidade, buscamos atestar como o Contra Celso põe em voga métodos de conversão de audiências mistas, com a ajuda de verdades canônicas em construção, garantindo uma forma de paideia que se mostraria como mais efetiva, assegurando o reconhecimento de Cesareia Marítima como um dos bastiões intelectuais do cristianismo a partir de ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this research, we propose to analyze the notion of paideia of Origen (ca. 185 – ca. 253 A.D.) and the acting area of this author at Caesarea Maritima, a city located at the province of Judaea, in the Roman Empire. In one of his works, the Contra Celsum, we realized that Origen uses Celsus as a rhetorical figure to expose his notions of paideia, contrary to those evidenced by the author of the True Discourse, a work refuted and preserved partially by Origen in his Contra Celsum. Discoursing about themes like the origins of Jesus and of the Christian ideas, Celsus centers a good part of his criticism on the notions of Christian paideia. The Contra Celsum, based on this, counterposes Celsus mainly based on an apostolic paideia, supported in a divine rhetoric substantiated by the gospels, countering a human rhetoric – Greco-Roman – before a divine one – Christian. We intend, that said, to compare these discourses present in a moment of Christian development, presenting how that apostolic paideia marked the legitimation of an acting area of Origen at Caesarea Maritima. Articulating it with his acknowledged library in the city, we seek to show how the Contra Celsum puts in vogue conversion methods of mixed audiences, with the help of canonical truths in construction, assuring a form of paideia that would show itself as more effective, ensuring the recognition of Caesarea Maritima as one of the intellectual bastions of Christianity as of Origen. / Mestre

Hintergrund: Die Bedeutung der intra- und postpartalen Betreuungserfahrung für die psychische und physische Gesundheit von Mutter und Kind ist weitgehend anerkannt. Aktuelle Daten aus größeren Untersuchungen im deutschen klinischen Kontext liegen nicht vor. Die Evidenzen zur Betreuungszufriedenheit in Abhängigkeit vom Geburtsmodus sind uneinheitlich, der Einfluss einzelner Betreuungsdimensionen auf die Gesamtzufriedenheit ist speziell im Bereich der postpartalen Versorgung wenig untersucht. Ziel: Ermittlung der Dimensionen der intra- und postpartalen Betreuungserfahrungen in deutschen Kliniken, Analyse des Einflusses des Geburtsmodus auf diese Dimensionen sowie Prüfung des Einflusses der Dimensionen auf die Betreuungszufriedenheit insgesamt. Methode: Analyse der Daten aus 235 postalischen Befragungen in 129 geburtshilflichen Abteilungen, durchgeführt vom Picker Institut Deutschland gGmbH zwischen 2002 und 2009. Teilnehmerinnen: 16.315 Wöchnerinnen, die ihr Kind nach der vollendeten 37. Schwangerschaftswoche in einem deutschen Krankenhaus zur Welt gebracht haben. Ergebnisse: Ermittelt wurden 9 Dimensionen, die die intra- und postpartale Betreuung, die postpartale Schmerzlinderung sowie Hotelaspekte der Versorgung im Krankenhaus abbilden. Generell zeigte sich eine hohe Zufriedenheit, jedoch wird die postpartale Betreuung kritischer beurteilt als die intrapartale Betreuung. Es zeigte sich eine unterschiedliche Betreuungszufriedenheit bei Frauen mit geplanter und ungeplanter Sectio, mit einer Tendenz zu höherer Unzufriedenheit bei letzteren. Im Vergleich zu Frauen mit vaginaler Geburt sind Frauen mit geplantem Kaiserschnitt mit der ärztlichen Betreuung zufriedener (OR 0,7, 99% KI 0,6 - 0,9), Frauen mit ungeplantem Kaiserschnitt mit der Hebammenbetreuung unzufriedener (OR 1,5, 99% KI 1,3 - 1,9) und Frauen sowohl mit geplanter als auch ungeplanter Sectio mit der postpartalen Schmerzlinderung unzufriedener (OR 1,8, 99% KI 1,5 - 2,1 bzw. OR 1,8, 99% KI 1,6 - 2,0). Die Dimension Betreuung auf der Wochenbettstation weist den mit Abstand stärksten Einfluss auf die Zufriedenheit mit der klinischen Betreuung insgesamt auf. Darüber hinaus sind es vor allem die Dimensionen mit Fokus auf der Interaktion mit den betreuenden Fachkräften, die maßgeblich die Gesamtzufriedenheit beeinflussen. Der subjektive Gesundheitszustand, die Zuversicht, mit dem Kind zuhause zurecht zu kommen, und die Verweildauer erwiesen sich als weitere wichtige Prädiktoren der Zufriedenheit mit den Betreuungsdimensionen und der Gesamtzufriedenheit. Schlussfolgerung: Die maßgebliche Bedeutung der interpersonellen Betreuungsaspekte sowie die kritischere Beurteilung der postpartalen Betreuung im Vergleich zur intrapartalen bestätigen sich auch für den deutschen klinischen Kontext. Der Geburtsmodus scheint insbesondere für die Zufriedenheit mit der intrapartalen Betreuung sowie der postpartalen Schmerzlinderung eine Rolle zu spielen. Die größere Unzufriedenheit mit der postpartalen Schmerzlinderung bei Kaiserschnittgeburt deutet auf die Notwendigkeit eines effektiveren Schmerzmanagements hin. Vor dem Hintergrund der negativen Auswirkungen starker Schmerzen auf den Aufbau der Mutter-Kind-Beziehung sollte die Entscheidung zum geplanten Kaiserschnitt ebenso wie der Einsatz von Interventionen, die einen ungeplanten Kaiserschnitt begünstigen, sehr sorgfältig abgewogen werden. Den konstituierenden Dimensionen und Einflussfaktoren der postpartalen Betreuungszufriedenheit sollte mehr Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden, insbesondere mit Blick auf effektive Betreuungskonzepte und eine systematische Verzahnung mit der ambulanten Betreuung.

<p>This thesis comprises the first full-length study of Gregory of Nazianzus's theology of the Holy Spirit. Gregory was a major political and intellectual figure during the pneumatological controversies of the late Fourth Century. Gregory is the first author whose works are extant to declare that “the Holy Spirit is God” in so many words. He advocated, against leading figures including Basil of Caesarea, that such a declaration should be made by the Church, but largely met with failure in his lifetime. Yet, Gregory's affirmation of the Spirit's divinity was eventually to be embraced by nearly all Christians, and it remains so today. Despite these facts, Gregory is usually treated by historians as a minor influence on Fourth Century pneumatology. This thesis will not necessarily challenge this assessment, but will seek to establish a fuller understanding of how Gregory's pneumatology functions in itself such that his historical place can be reassessed in the future.</p> <p>Our key observation is that Gregory's pneumatology is rooted in his understanding of the Spirit's relationship to the Church. A discussion of Gregory's ecclesiological pneumatology comprises Part I. Having presented Gregory's understanding of the Spirit's relationship to the Church, and his understanding of his own place within this relationship, we explore, in Part II, some of the texts in which Gregory argues for his pneumatological doctrine in the face of various opponents. We note that Gregory remains consistently concerned with ecclesiology when engaging other thinkers on the Spirit. We conclude that when Gregory's ecclesiological pneumatology is accounted for, his reactions to the pneumatological controversies of his day appear as consistent, pastorally motivated responses to concerns about the Church's relationship to the Holy Spirit and the preaching of pneumatological truth which Gregory thought this relationship demanded.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This dissertation provides an English translation of Basil of Caesarea's sermon Homilia in divites based on Yves Courtonne's Greek text. I have included details of Basil's scriptural content in the notes. The searches to identify the scriptural content were done using LXX and GNT as databases and employing the search capabilities of Accordance Bible Software. Many scholars' comments on the sermon are also included in the notes. No English translation and annotation of Basil of Caesarea's sermon Homilia in divites has been available, though a devotional book with the translation appeared in 2009 after I began this project. As far as I know, Courtonne's 1935 French language version is the only commentary. While scholars have made assumptions about the date of the sermon, questions remain. I include details of a rigorous search to identify the date of composition which pulls together existing scholarly thought and an intricate search of internal data. I believe the sermon was written in 371 as Basil raised funds for his Basileiados. He invited a group of wealthy men to arrive early for a panegyris and delivered Homilia in divites in the days prior to the panegyris. Moreover, Basil's exegetical and theological writings have received much attention, while this sermon, which is neither overtly exegetical or theological, has only had limited study. Thematically, Homilia in divites is a sermon for Basil's and our times. He vividly describes the way God planned for wealth to be used: wealth is to be distributed not stored. Equally as vividly, Basil describes the consequences of storing wealth. / Religion

In this paper, the Hexaemeron is approached using a new perspective. This perspective has been used in other papers or books on the Hexaemeron, but only briefly and without any in-depth evidence or investigation. Many scholars have pointed out, in one way or another, that the Hexaemeron contains density of philosophy, doctrine, sciences of Basil’s era, and density of literal interpretation, in addition to the interpretive and moral components; They stated that it is therefore better to consider this work as an apologetic work, instead of merely an interpretive work. But on the other hand, Basil composed this work to be preached to laypeople. So, I had inquiries about this: Why did Basil use these components to preach in front of this audience? What are his motives? And what are his goals? In this paper, the historical-critical method is used to prove that this work is actually an apologetic work composed by Basil because he found that his people are surrounded by heretical thoughts, and it is necessary for them to understand their orthodox faith in order to guarantee a good afterlife. Therefore, before his death, he conveyed his orthodox thoughts briefly, using Genesis 1. I first looked at the doctrinal and philosophical thoughts that he discussed in the Hexaemeron, and then after some investigation into his earlier works, it became clear to me that he had argued the same ideas before, so the Hexaemeron is actually a summary of his entire life. I then investigated his use of both literal and allegorical methods in dealing with Scriptures, and demonstrated that he intentionally used literal method in the Hexaemeron, rather than in the rest of his interpretational works, to extract dogma from Genesis 1. Finally, I investigated the situation of his audience to prove that his audience, regardless of their intellectual levels, need this discourse to support their faith. This paper highlights the importance of using doctrines, philosophy, and contemporary science in sermons addressed to laypeople, and not just the spirituality, in order to protect them from false doctrines, and urges priests to become familiar with them.

This thesis addresses Constantine's developments of the Roman province of Palaestina. It analyzes two important Christian bishops, Eusebius of Caesarea and Cyril of Jerusalem, and one nameless Christian traveler, the Bordeaux pilgrim, to illuminate how fourth-century Christians understood these developments. This study examines the surviving writings of these Christian authors: the Bordeaux Itinerary, Cyril's Catechetical Lectures, and Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History, Onomasticon, Preparation of the Gospel, Proof of the Gospel, and the Life of Constantine, and the archaeological remains of several Constantinian basilicas to interpret their views of the imperial attentions that were being poured into the land. Together these accounts provide views of fourth-century Palaestina and Jerusalem that when combined more fully illuminate how Christians understood Constantine's Holy Land policy. This study focuses on Constantine's developments of the city of Jerusalem, primarily the so-called Triad of Churches (The church of the Nativity, the Eleona, and the Holy Sepulchre) built in and around the city. It likewise considers the countryside of Palaestina outside of Jerusalem. While some Christians were resistant to the developments of Jerusalem, our sources reveal how many Christians supported, or at least desired to experience, the newly developing Christian Holy Land. This thesis argues that most of the discrepancies over the city of Jerusalem between our sources, especially Eusebius and Cyril, developed from long-standing political tensions between the cities of Caesarea and Jerusalem. The Bordeaux pilgrim, on the other hand, traveled across the Roman Empire to see and experience the developing sites throughout the land with no interest in local political debates. With this added perspective we can see how Christians, separated from the positions of church fathers, experienced the developing Holy Land.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The theology of empire is a critical theme that dates back many centuries. This research work is inspired by that of Eusebius of Caesarea who was emphatic in his support for the Roman Empire under Constantine during the first part of the fourth century of our common era. It could be said that appealing to such a theme in a colonial context marred by gross injustices yet premised on gospel imperatives as they guide the progress of a given church is not only challenging but interesting as well. By using the Diocese of Mashonaland as our referral case, the idea is to interrogate how the influence of Eusebius’ approach to history could be prevalent even in our time. By putting Anglican missionaries on the spotlight, who worked in the Diocese of Mashonaland, from the early 1890s up to 1979, an attempt is made to analyse their activities and attitudes, the way historians favourable to their venture narrated the Church’s progress and related matters. One major question leading all the analyses made in this context is to what extent could we justify the claim that the spirit of Eusebius is behind the Mashonaland Anglican Church narratives and attitudes? This question naturally leads us to bring in other perspectives that are linked to the socio-economic developments of the country, the political dispensations defining issues of governance, and the overall impact these had on racial matters given the critical reference to Christianity and civilisation. Historians and others who help us to appreciate this context are therefore taken to task as to whether they could be trusted unconditionally. The theology of empire is therefore allowed to dictate the way we could interrogate those who opt to ignore gross injustices that the Church in this context did not challenge in any conclusive manner. The history of the Diocese of Mashonaland from this perspective is therefore an interesting narrative. Our work that looks at the period between 1890 and 1979 leaves us with a lot of curious questions that call for further scholarly investigation within the same Mashonaland Anglican context. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Church History)

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